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Shinohara N, Oguri T, Takagi M, Ueyama J, Isobe T. Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108399. [PMID: 38157606 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer and associated with various health issues. Recently, non-phthalate plasticizers are replacing phthalates; however, the exposure to these substances and the risk in Japan is unclear. In this study, we assessed the concentrations of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers, and phthalate degradation products in house dust and determined their respective exposure risks via oral and dermal routes. Twelve phthalates, seven non-phthalate plasticizers, and two degradation products were determined in the house dust obtained from 100 Japanese homes. The median concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), accounting for 85 % of the total concentration of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers detected in this study, was 2.1 × 103 μg/g of dust. Apart from DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) were the most abundant in the house dust, accounting for 6.2 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) and 6.1 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) of the total concentrations, respectively. DEHP and DEHT concentrations in house dust were higher in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m2 or 31-60 m2 for DEHP and 31-60 m2 for DEHT) than in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m2). Conversely, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) concentrations were significantly higher in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m2) than in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m2). The total hazard quotient (HQ), using the maximum concentration in house dust, revealed that oral and dermal exposure to house dust was 1.3 × 10-6-0.11 for adults (all substances) and 1.6 × 10-5-2.2 × 10-2 for preschool children (except for DnBP and DEHP), suggesting no risk. The HQs for DnBP and DEHP exposure via house dust for preschool children using the maximum values were 0.46 and 1.2, and 6.0 × 10-3 and 0.18 using the median values, indicating that risk of DEHP exposure should be exhaustively determined by considering other exposure routes that were not evaluated in this study, such as diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Shinohara
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Oguri
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mai Takagi
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yun H, Park J, Kim MK, Yoon C, Lee K, Zoh KD. Non-target screening of volatile organic compounds in spray-type consumer products and their potential health risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115695. [PMID: 37976932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of spray-type consumer products can raise significant concerns regarding their effects on indoor air quality and human health. In this study, we conducted non-target screening using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze VOCs in 48 different spray-type consumer products. Using this approach, we tentatively identified a total of 254 VOCs from the spray-type products. Notably, more VOCs were detected in propellant-type products which are mostly solvent-based than in trigger-type ones which are mostly water-based. The VOCs identified encompass various chemical classes including alkanes, cycloalkanes, monoterpenoids, carboxylic acid derivatives, and carbonyl compounds, some of which arouse concerns due to their potential health effects. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are frequently detected in propellant-type products, whereas perfumed monoterpenoids are ubiquitous across all product categories. Among the identified VOCs, 12 compounds were classified into high-risk groups according to detection frequency and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and their concentrations were confirmed using reference standards. Among the identified VOCs, D-limonene was the most frequently detected compound (freq. 21/48), with the highest concentration of 1.80 mg/g. The risk assessment was performed to evaluate the potential health risks associated with exposure to these VOCs. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the assessed VOC compounds were relatively low. However, it is important not to overlook the risk faced by occupational exposure to these VOCs, and the risk from simultaneous exposure to various VOCs contained in the products. This study serves as a valuable resource for the identification of unknown compounds in the consumer products, facilitating the evaluation of potential health risks to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Fuentes-Ferragud E, Miralles P, López A, Ibáñez M, Coscollà C. Non-target screening and human risk assessment for adult and child populations of semi-volatile organic compounds in residential indoor dust in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139879. [PMID: 37598947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical strategy based on non-target screening of semi-volatile organic compounds and subsequent risk assessment for adult and child populations has been conducted for the first time in household indoor dust samples in Spain. The methodology was based on a microwave-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry determination, using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap analyzer. The procedure was applied to 19 residential indoor dust samples, collected in different Spanish regions (namely Galicia, La Rioja, Catalunya, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Region). From the generated data, 4067 features were obtained, of which 474 compounds were tentatively identified with a high level of identification confidence (probable structure by library spectrum match or confirmed by reference standard), using a restrictive set of identification criteria. Most of the identified chemicals were natural products, metabolites, additives, and substances with industrial applications in the field of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics. Finally, risk assessment was carried out by applying the threshold of toxicological concern approach, showing that risk to adult and child populations associated with the presence of the identified substances in the indoor dust was not expected, although the existence of indoor environments with conditions of potential risk cannot be discarded under a worst-case scenario approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuentes-Ferragud
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pablo Miralles
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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Duc BV, Huong VT, Ly NH, Jeong J, Jang S, Vasseghian Y, Zoh KD, Joo SW. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon thin film layers on glass, dust, and polyurethane foam surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138668. [PMID: 37060959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted into the dynamic behavior of two polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) naphthalene (NAP) and benzo [ghi]perylene (BghiP) in air and on various surfaces including glass, dust, and polyurethane foam (PUF) to understand their interaction with different media. A confocal fluorescence microscope and an infrared microscope were employed to detect and monitor the concentration-, time-, and temperature-dependent changes of the aromatic NAP and BghiP species on the surfaces. Infrared two-dimensional mapping of the vibrational characteristic peaks was used to track the two PAHs on the surfaces. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to measure the gaseous concentrations. The sorption of NAP and BghiP on the surfaces was estimated using Arizona desert sand fine (ISO 12103-1 A2) dust and organic contaminant household (SRM 2585) dust. The surface-to-air partition coefficients of NAP and BghiP were estimated on the different surfaces of glass, dust, and PUF. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed on dust surfaces based on the Hatcher model to understand the behavior of NAP and BghiP on dust surfaces. The Weschler-Nazaroff model was introduced to predictPAH film accumulation on the surfaces, providing a better understanding of PAH interaction with different environmental media. These findings could contribute to developing effective strategies to mitigate the adverse impact of PAHs on the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Van Duc
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu Thi Huong
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan.
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
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Manz KE, Feerick A, Braun JM, Feng YL, Hall A, Koelmel J, Manzano C, Newton SR, Pennell KD, Place BJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Prasse C, Young JA. Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA): a review of examining the chemical exposome. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:524-536. [PMID: 37380877 PMCID: PMC10403360 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA) are powerful techniques that rely on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and computational tools to detect and identify unknown or suspected chemicals in the exposome. Fully understanding the chemical exposome requires characterization of both environmental media and human specimens. As such, we conducted a review to examine the use of different NTA and SSA methods in various exposure media and human samples, including the results and chemicals detected. The literature review was conducted by searching literature databases, such as PubMed and Web of Science, for keywords, such as "non-targeted analysis", "suspect screening analysis" and the exposure media. Sources of human exposure to environmental chemicals discussed in this review include water, air, soil/sediment, dust, and food and consumer products. The use of NTA for exposure discovery in human biospecimen is also reviewed. The chemical space that has been captured using NTA varies by media analyzed and analytical platform. In each media the chemicals that were frequently detected using NTA were: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in water, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediment, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air, flame retardants in dust, plasticizers in consumer products, and plasticizers, pesticides, and halogenated compounds in human samples. Some studies reviewed herein used both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) HRMS to increase the detected chemical space (16%); however, the majority (51%) only used LC-HRMS and fewer used GC-HRMS (32%). Finally, we identify knowledge and technology gaps that must be overcome to fully assess potential chemical exposures using NTA. Understanding the chemical space is essential to identifying and prioritizing gaps in our understanding of exposure sources and prior exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT: This review examines the results and chemicals detected by analyzing exposure media and human samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry based non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Anna Feerick
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin J Place
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joshua A Young
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Chao HR, Chen PS, Lee CW, Thi Phuong Tran Q, Ciou JY, Chang WH. Investigating the associations between organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and fine particles in paired indoor and outdoor air: A probabilistic prediction model for deriving OPFRs in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107871. [PMID: 36931197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are associated with atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5), which pose the greatest health risk in the world. However, few surveys have explored the interaction between PM2.5 and OPFRs in residential paired indoor/outdoor environments. 11 priority OPFRs and PM2.5 were investigated across 178 paired indoor and outdoor air samples taken from 89 children's households in southern Taiwan, across cold and warm seasons. This involved exploring their associations with building characteristics, interior materials, and human activities. We developed a probabilistic predictive model for indoor OPFRs based on the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of contaminants and an air quality index. The significant associations of paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 were explored. The indoor level of OPFRs was greater than that of outdoor households, contrasting with PM2.5. The I/O OPFRs ratio was higher than 1 (except for TEHP, EHDPP, and TCP), which suggests that the sources of OPFRs were primarily emitted from indoors. Indoor TCEP was significantly positively associated with indoor and outdoor PM2.5. The OPFR level detected in apartments was higher than in houses due to the greater decoration, furniture and electronic devices. However, this was not the case for PM2.5. TCIPP was the dominant compound in paired indoor and outdoor air. The indoor OPFR predictive model obtained a high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.87. The material used in mattresses, the use of purifiers and heaters, and the total material area were the main influencing factors for indoor OPFRs in households. These findings could provide important evidence of the interaction between paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 and interior equipment in different building types. In addition, it could prevent the potential risks posed by indoor/outdoor air pollutants and eliminate OPFR emissions through the selection of better construction and building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Quynh Thi Phuong Tran
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jyun-Yi Ciou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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