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Colombi S, Alemán C, García-Torres J. Free-standing, flexible and conformable bilayered polymeric nanomembranes modified with gold nanomaterials as electronic skin sensors. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2025; 250:114558. [PMID: 39947097 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/15/2025]
Abstract
Skin is a barrier that protects us against physical, chemical and biological agents. However, any damage to the skin can disrupt this barrier and therefore compromise its function leading to sometimes catastrophic consequences like sepsis. Thus, methods to detect early signs of infection are necessary. In this work, we have developed a straightforward method for producing 2D nanomembranes with regularly spaced 1D metallic nanostructures integrating sensing capabilities to pH and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which are critical analytes revealing infection. To achieve this, we have successfully fabricated a bilayered nanomembrane combining a pH-responsive polyaniline (PANI) layer and a nanoperforated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) layer containing gold nanowires (Au NWs) as NADH sensing element. SEM, FTIR, Raman and AFM techniques revealed the formation of the bilayered PANI/PLA nanomembrane and the successful incorporation of the Au NWs inside the nanoperforations. The resulting bilayered nanomembrane showed significant flexibility and conformability onto different substrates due to the softness of the polymers and the ultrathin thickness with stiffness values similar to human skin. These nanomembranes also exhibited remarkable electrochemical sensing performance towards pH and NADH detection. Thus, the nanomembrane displayed linearity with good sensitivity (47 mV pH-1) in the critical pH range 4-10 and fast response time (10 s). On the other hand, PANI/PLA-Au nanomembranes also allowed the quantitative sensing of NADH with a limit of detection of 0.39 mM and a sensitivity of 1 µA cm-2 mM-1 in the concentration range 0-5 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Colombi
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Jose García-Torres
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Barcelona 08019, Spain; Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona 08019, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
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Mohammed-Sadhakathullah AHM, Paulo-Mirasol S, Torras J, Armelin E. Advances in Functionalization of Bioresorbable Nanomembranes and Nanoparticles for Their Use in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10312. [PMID: 37373461 PMCID: PMC10299464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioresorbable nanomembranes (NMs) and nanoparticles (NPs) are powerful polymeric materials playing an important role in biomedicine, as they can effectively reduce infections and inflammatory clinical patient conditions due to their high biocompatibility, ability to physically interact with biomolecules, large surface area, and low toxicity. In this review, the most common bioabsorbable materials such as those belonging to natural polymers and proteins for the manufacture of NMs and NPs are reviewed. In addition to biocompatibility and bioresorption, current methodology on surface functionalization is also revisited and the most recent applications are highlighted. Considering the most recent use in the field of biosensors, tethered lipid bilayers, drug delivery, wound dressing, skin regeneration, targeted chemotherapy and imaging/diagnostics, functionalized NMs and NPs have become one of the main pillars of modern biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahammed H. M. Mohammed-Sadhakathullah
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.H.M.M.-S.); (S.P.-M.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.S, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Paulo-Mirasol
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.H.M.M.-S.); (S.P.-M.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.S, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Torras
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.H.M.M.-S.); (S.P.-M.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.S, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.H.M.M.-S.); (S.P.-M.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.S, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Ruano G, Molina BG, Torras J, Alemán C. Free-Standing, Flexible Nanofeatured Polymeric Films Prepared by Spin-Coating and Anodic Polymerization as Electrodes for Supercapacitors. Molecules 2021; 26:4345. [PMID: 34299621 PMCID: PMC8303661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible and self-standing multilayered films made of nanoperforated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) layers separated by anodically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting layers have been prepared and used as electrodes for supercapacitors. The influence of the external layer has been evaluated by comparing the charge storage capacity of four- and five-layered films in which the external layer is made of PEDOT (PLA/PEDOT/PLA/PEDOT) and nanoperforated PLA (PLA/PEDOT/PLA/PEDOT/PLA), respectively. In spite of the amount of conducting polymer is the same for both four- and five-layered films, they exhibit significant differences. The electrochemical response in terms of electroactivity, areal specific capacitance, stability, and coulombic efficiency was greater for the four-layered electrodes than for the five-layered ones. Furthermore, the response in terms of leakage current and self-discharge was significantly better for the former electrodes than for the latter ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda G. Molina
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edif. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (G.R.); (J.T.)
| | | | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edif. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (G.R.); (J.T.)
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Ordoño J, Del Valle LJ, Pérez-Amodio S, Engel E, Alemán C. Tuning multilayered polymeric self-standing films for controlled release of L-lactate by electrical stimulation. J Control Release 2021; 330:669-683. [PMID: 33388340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examine different approaches for the controlled release of L-lactate, which is a signaling molecule that participates in tissue remodeling and regeneration, such as cardiac and muscle tissue. Robust, flexible, and self-supported 3-layers films made of two spin-coated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) layers separated by an electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer, are used as loading and delivery systems. Films with outer layers prepared using homochiral PLA and with nanoperforations of diameter 146 ± 70 experience more bulk erosion, which also contributes to the release of L-lactic acid, than those obtained using heterochiral PLA and with nanoperforations of diameter 66 ± 24. Moreover, the release of L-lactic acid as degradation product is accelerated by applying biphasic electrical pulses. The four approaches used for loading extra L-lactate in the 3-layered films were: incorporation of L-lactate at the intermediate PEDOT layer as primary dopant agent using (1) organic or (2) basic water solutions as reaction media; (3) substitution at the PEDOT layer of the ClO4- dopant by L-lactate using de-doping and re-doping processes; and (4) loading of L-lactate at the outer PLA layers during the spin-coating process. Electrical stimuli were applied considering biphasic voltage pulses and constant voltages (both negative and positive). Results indicate that the approach used to load the L-lactate has a very significant influence in the release regulation process, affecting the concentration of released L-lactate up to two orders of magnitude. Among the tested approaches, the one based on the utilization of the outer layers for loading, approach (4), can be proposed for situations requiring prolonged and sustained L-lactate release over time. The biocompatibility and suitability of the engineered films for cardiac tissue engineering has also been confirmed using cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús Ordoño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Pérez-Amodio
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Jakšić Z, Jakšić O. Biomimetic Nanomembranes: An Overview. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E24. [PMID: 32485897 PMCID: PMC7345464 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomembranes are the principal building block of basically all living organisms, and without them life as we know it would not be possible. Yet in spite of their ubiquity, for a long time their artificial counterparts have mostly been overlooked in mainstream microsystem and nanosystem technologies, being a niche topic at best, instead of holding their rightful position as one of the basic structures in such systems. Synthetic biomimetic nanomembranes are essential in a vast number of seemingly disparate fields, including separation science and technology, sensing technology, environmental protection, renewable energy, process industry, life sciences and biomedicine. In this study, we review the possibilities for the synthesis of inorganic, organic and hybrid nanomembranes mimicking and in some way surpassing living structures, consider their main properties of interest, give a short overview of possible pathways for their enhancement through multifunctionalization, and summarize some of their numerous applications reported to date, with a focus on recent findings. It is our aim to stress the role of functionalized synthetic biomimetic nanomembranes within the context of modern nanoscience and nanotechnologies. We hope to highlight the importance of the topic, as well as to stress its great applicability potentials in many facets of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jakšić
- Center of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Molina BG, Lopes-Rodrigues M, Estrany F, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Armelin E, Alemán C. Free-standing flexible and biomimetic hybrid membranes for ions and ATP transport. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Molina BG, Cuesta S, Besharatloo H, Roa JJ, Armelin E, Alemán C. Free-Standing Faradaic Motors Based on Biocompatible Nanoperforated Poly(lactic Acid) Layers and Electropolymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29427-29435. [PMID: 31313896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electro-chemo-mechanical response of robust and flexible free-standing films made of three nanoperforated poly(lactic acid) (pPLA) layers separated by two anodically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layers has been demonstrated. The mechanical and electrochemical properties of these films, which are provided by pPLA and PEDOT, respectively, have been studied by nanoindentation, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge assays. The unprecedented combination of properties obtained for this system is appropriated for its utilization as a Faradaic motor, also named artificial muscle. Application of square potential waves has shown important bending movements in the films, which can be repeated for more than 500 cycles without damaging its mechanical integrity. Furthermore, the actuator is able to push a huge amount of mass, as it has been proved by increasing the mass of the passive pPLA up to 328% while keeping the mass of electroactive PEDOT unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda G Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Cuesta
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hossein Besharatloo
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Josep Roa
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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