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Hiew Y, Powell NL, Wong QY, Fong ZH, Fong YJ, Chee TT. Factors associated with informal and formal help-seeking among Asian adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024:13591045241241109. [PMID: 38565258 DOI: 10.1177/13591045241241109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among adolescents and is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, many adolescents with NSSI do not seek help. However, there is a lack of research on the factors that may increase the likelihood of help-seeking, especially within Asia. To address this gap, the present study examined whether certain factors were associated with informal and formal help-seeking - specifically gender, severity of NSSI, functions of NSSI and authoritative parenting. 121 adolescents (Mage = 16.2 years, 71.1% female) were recruited from specialist outpatient clinics and inpatient psychiatric wards from a public hospital in Singapore. One caregiver per adolescent was also recruited. Data from self-report questionnaires were analysed using logistics regression analyses. The results suggest that the severity of NSSI increases the likelihood of informal help-seeking, while adolescents who have parents with more authoritative parenting style are less likely to seek informal help. Gender and functions of NSSI were not found to be associated with help-seeking. The findings from this study can guide professionals in their efforts to encourage help-seeking within Asian populations, as well as inform prevention and treatment programs for Asian adolescents with NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Hiew
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Qiu Yan Wong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hui Fong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ying Jie Fong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tji Tjian Chee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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Kamashita R, Setsu R, Numata N, Koga Y, Nakazato M, Matsumoto K, Ando H, Masuda Y, Maral S, Shimizu E, Hirano Y. Atypical social cognition processing in bulimia nervosa: an fMRI study of patients thinking of others' mental states. Biopsychosoc Med 2024; 18:5. [PMID: 38383440 PMCID: PMC10880368 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-023-00297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding and eating disorders are severe mental disorders that gravely affect patients' lives. In particular, patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) appear to have poor social cognition. Many studies have shown the relationship between poor social cognition and brain responses in AN. However, few studies have examined the relationship between social cognition and BN. Therefore, we examined which brain regions impact the ability for social cognition in patients with BN. METHODS We used task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain responses during a social cognition task and the Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). During the fMRI, 22 women with BN and 22 healthy women (HW) took the RMET. Participants also completed the eating disorder clinical measures Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) and Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) measure of depression; and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) measure of anxiety. RESULTS No difference was observed in the RMET scores between women with BN and HW. Both groups showed activation in brain regions specific to social cognition. During the task, no differences were shown between the groups in the BOLD signal (p < 0.05, familywise error corrected for multiple comparisons). However, there was a tendency of more robust activation in the right angular gyrus, ventral diencephalon, thalamus proper, temporal pole, and middle temporal gyrus in BN (p < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Moreover, HW showed a positive correlation between RMET scores and the activation of two regions: medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); however, no significant correlation was observed in women with BN. CONCLUSIONS While activation in the mPFC and ACC positively correlated to the RMET scores in HW, no correlation was observed in BN patients. Therefore, women with BN might display modulated neural processing when thinking of others' mental states. Further examination is needed to investigate neural processing in BN patients to better understand their social cognition abilities. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN, UMIN000010220. Registered 13 March 2013, https://rctportal.niph.go.jp/s/detail/um?trial_id=UMIN000010220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Kamashita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Rikukage Setsu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Sato Hospital, Nanyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Numata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuko Koga
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Department of Psychiatry, Narita, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Masuda
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sertap Maral
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan.
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Kokkinos CM, Koutsospyros A. The Moderating Role of University Students' Humor Styles on the Association between General Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 157:473-495. [PMID: 37625138 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2244128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the associations among humor styles, general mental health (GMH), and subjective well-being (SWB) in a non-clinical sample of 662 university students (Mage = 21.35, SD = 4.14; 66.3% females) attending Greek public universities, via an online survey. In addition, it investigated possible moderating effects of humor styles in the association between GMH and SWB as well as gender differences. Positive correlations emerged between GMH and SWB, as well as among GMH, SWB, and benign humor styles. Malignant humor styles had a negative correlation with both GMH and SWB. The use of aggressive and self-defeating humor moderated the association between GMH and SWB in that at low levels of these humor styles the link between GMH and SWB was stronger. Finally, males scored higher on self-enhancing and aggressive humor than females. The findings expand previous research and are discussed in terms of their implications.
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Pedro J, Fernandes J, Schmidt L, Costa ME, Martins MV. Mapping intentions to adopt fertility protective behaviours: the role of couple congruence and the importance of relationship and fertility awareness. HUM FERTIL 2022; 25:993-1002. [PMID: 34348572 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2021.1960436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies worldwide have shown that reproductive-aged people often have inadequate fertility awareness (FA). Since attitudes and health behaviours are influenced by the partner, there is a need for studies exploring the role of these influences on the individuals' adoption of fertility protective behaviours (FPB). This study explores the role of FA and relationship quality on couples' intention to adopt FPB. One hundred and twelve childless couples answered an online questionnaire about reproductive life plan, FA and intentions to adopt FPB. The results showed that couples were moderately congruent on their reproductive life plan. The female partners who reported higher female relationship quality and higher female willingness to undergo fertility treatments were more willing to adopt FPB. The male partners who had heightened FA also reported higher intention to adopt FPB. The influences of male and female FA, relationship quality and congruence on reproductive life plan were neither associated with couples' congruence on the intention to adopt FPB. Although the cross-sectional design restricts our ability to draw causal conclusions, these findings emphasize that future interventions should be targeted at couples and designed according to their expectations and reproductive desires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pedro
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Reproductive Genetics A. Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lone Schmidt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria E Costa
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana V Martins
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Brewerton TD. Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:162. [PMID: 36372878 PMCID: PMC9661783 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple published sources from around the world have confirmed an association between an array of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and other traumatic events with eating disorders (EDs) and related adverse outcomes, including higher morbidity and mortality. METHODS In keeping with this Special Issue's goals, this narrative review focuses on the ACEs pyramid and its purported mechanisms through which child maltreatment and other forms of violence toward human beings influence the health and well-being of individuals who develop EDs throughout the life span. Relevant literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highlighted when applicable. RESULTS At every level of the pyramid, it is shown that EDs interact with each of these proclaimed escalating mechanisms in a bidirectional manner that contributes to the predisposition, precipitation and perpetuation of EDs and related medical and psychiatric comorbidities, which then predispose to early death. The levels and their interactions that are discussed include the contribution of generational embodiment (genetics) and historical trauma (epigenetics), social conditions and local context, the ACEs and other traumas themselves, the resultant disrupted neurodevelopment, subsequent social, emotional and cognitive impairment, the adoption of health risk behaviors, and the development of disease, disability and social problems, all resulting in premature mortality by means of fatal complications and/or suicide. CONCLUSIONS The implications of these cascading, evolving, and intertwined perspectives have important implications for the assessment and treatment of EDs using trauma-informed care and trauma-focused integrated treatment approaches. This overview offers multiple opportunities at every level for the palliation and prevention of EDs and other associated trauma-related conditions, including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis as a rare cause of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Ir J Med Sci 2022:10.1007/s11845-022-03107-6. [PMID: 35895178 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare multisystem necrotizing vasculitis that involves small- to medium-sized blood vessels. We report a rare case of syndrome of the inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion (SIADH) secondary to EGPA. A 53-year-old man applied with complaints of pain in the large joints and morning stiffness in knee for 2 months. The patient had the history of impaired fasting glucose, asthma, nasal polyps, and urticaria. Physical examination revealed intrinsic muscle atrophy and weakness in the right hand. Peripheral eosinophil count was 9.78 × 109/L (0.02-0.5), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 39 mm/h (0-20), and C-reactive protein 5.77 mg/dL (0-0.5). Migratory ground-glass pulmonary opacities had been reported in previous chest computed tomography scans. Echocardiography revealed findings compatible with eosinophilic involvement. Electroneuromyographic evaluation showed acute distal axonal neuropathy of right ulnar nerve. EGPA was considered. Oral methylprednisolone treatment was initiated. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and cyclophosphamide treatment and gradual tapering of oral steroids were planned. In 24-h urine analysis, sodium was 387 mEq, creatinine was 1156 mg, and volume was 3000 mL. When his medical records were investigated, it was observed that hyponatremia was present for nearly 2 years. While serum osmolality was 270, urine osmolality was 604 mOsm/kg H2O. So, SIADH diagnosis was made. Fluid intake was restricted. Although the patient's sodium level did not return to normal, it rose up to 130 mEq/L. After second cycle of EGPA treatment (cyclophosphamide and IVIG), serum sodium was normal. There is only four other documented cases of SIADH associated with EGPA. We hypothesized that blood supply to the hypothalamus and/or posterior hypophysis might be affected from EGPA vasculitis. Here, in this case, with effective treatment of EGPA, SIADH was resolved which implies a causality between two conditions.
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Ruan VA, Hartz A, Hueck M, Dahmen B, von Polier G, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Schulte-Rüther M, Seitz J. Neural mechanisms underlying social recognition and theory of mind in adolescent patients with bulimia nervosa and transdiagnostic comparison with anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:486-500. [PMID: 35701077 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theory of mind (ToM) is important for social interactions and typical development and has been found to be impaired in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Hypoactivation in frontotemporal brain regions seems to be the underlying neural mechanism in AN while whole-brain analyses in BN are lacking. METHODS We used the well-validated social recognition task fMRI paradigm to assess ToM in a total of 72 female adolescents (16 BN, 18 AN and 38 matched healthy controls [HC]). RESULTS Compared to HCBN , patients with BN showed hyperactivity during ToM-activity in the right frontal pole, middle temporal gyrus and left temporal pole and differed fundamentally from hypoactivation in these regions observed in patients with AN before and after short-term weight rehabilitation. Interaction and overlap analyses confirmed that similar regions were affected in opposite directions in both diseases. Hyperactivations in BN in the right middle temporal gyrus and right frontal pole were associated with clinical BN-severity markers binging and purging frequency. DISCUSSION The hyperactivation in BN suggest different underlying neural mechanisms for ToM compared to AN. Hyperactivity might correspond to a different but also ineffective cognitive style in patients with BN when approaching social interactions. These important transdiagnostic differences are relevant for future brain-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ande Ruan
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Hartz
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Hueck
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dahmen
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg von Polier
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Reseaerch Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine Jüllich, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jüllich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine Jüllich, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jüllich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Tesfay FH, Backholer K, Zorbas C, Bowe SJ, Alston L, Bennett CM. The Magnitude of NCD Risk Factors in Ethiopia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095316. [PMID: 35564716 PMCID: PMC9106049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors are the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. To date, there has been no synthesis of the literature on the relative prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia. Methodology: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary studies reporting on the prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia published in English from 2012 to July 2020. Pre-tested NCD search terms were applied to Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and Global Health. Three reviewers screened and appraised the quality of the identified papers. Data extraction was conducted using a pilot tested proforma. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 16 and pooled prevalence estimated with associated 95% confidence intervals. Clinically heterogeneous studies that did not fulfil the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis were narratively synthesised. I2 was used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Results: 47 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and contributed 68 NCD risk factor prevalence estimates. Hypertension was the most frequently examined NCD risk factor, with a pooled prevalence of 21% (n = 27 studies). The pooled prevalence percentages for overweight and obesity were 19.2% and 10.3%, respectively (n = 7 studies each), with a combined prevalence of 26.8% (n = 1 study). It was not possible to pool the prevalence of alcohol consumption, smoking, metabolic disorders, or fruit consumption because of heterogeneity across studies. The prevalence of alcohol use, as reported from the included individual studies, ranged from 12.4% to 13.5% (n = 7 studies). More than 90% of participants met the WHO-recommended level of physical activity (n = 5 studies). The prevalence of smoking was highly variable, ranging between 0.8% and 38.6%, as was the prevalence of heavy alcohol drinking (12.4% to 21.1%, n = 6 studies) and metabolic syndrome (4.8% to 9.6%, n = 5 studies). Fruit consumption ranged from 1.5% up to the recommended level, but varied across geographic areas (n = 3 studies). Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia is relatively high. National NCD risk factor surveillance is required to inform the prioritisation of policies and interventions to reduce the NCD burden in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Christina Zorbas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Steven J. Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | - Laura Alston
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Catherine M. Bennett
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
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El Gindi H, Shalaby R, Gusnowski A, Vuong W, Surood S, Hrabok M, Greenshaw AJ, Agyapong V. The Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Physicians, Nurses, and Other Health Care Providers in Alberta: Cross-sectional Survey. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e27469. [PMID: 34995203 PMCID: PMC8916101 DOI: 10.2196/27469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, threats to mental health, psychological safety, and well-being are evident, particularly among the first responders and the health care staff. Objective This study aims to examine the prevalence and potential predictors of the likely stress, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder among health care workers (HCWs). Methods A cross-sectional survey was used through a survey link sent to gather demographic information and responses on several self-report scales, including the Perceived Stress Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among HCWs enrolled in the Text4Hope program. Results The result from this study suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, HCWs reported a high likelihood of moderate-to-high perceived stress (n=840, 81.2%), moderate-to-severe anxiety (n=369, 38.6%), and depression (n=317, 32.7%) symptoms. Nurses and other HCWs were significantly more likely to report depressive symptoms compared to physicians (F(2, 159.47)=15.89, 95% CI –5.05 to –2.04). Younger age groups of HCWs (≤30 years) were more prone to report likely stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms compared to HCWs 41-50 and >50 years old (odds ratio [OR] 1.82-3.03). Similarly, females and those who reported a lack of social support (separated/divorced and single) among HCWs had a higher likelihood to report likely stress and depressive symptoms, respectively (OR 1.8 and 1.6, respectively). Conclusions This cross-sectional study explored a high level of mental health burdens during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs in Alberta. Levels of psychological symptoms were more noticeable in the female gender and the nursing profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany El Gindi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Shalaby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - April Gusnowski
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesley Vuong
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shireen Surood
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianne Hrabok
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Sonntag M, Russell J. The mind-in-mind study: A pilot randomised controlled trial that compared modified mentalisation based treatment with supportive clinical management for patients with eating disorders without borderline personality disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:206-220. [PMID: 35132749 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mentalisation-based treatment (MBT) aims to improve reflective functioning. There is a growing evidence base outlining positive clinical outcomes for the use of MBT in eating disorder patients with co-morbid borderline personality disorder (BPD). The use of MBT has not been studied for eating disorder patients without BPD. This pilot study is an exploratory randomised controlled trial in which outcomes from MBT are compared with standard clinical management in a cohort of patients diagnosed with an eating disorder but not BPD. The main objectives were two-fold-to explore the use of MBT as a therapeutic modality and to test the acceptability and feasibility of the protocol design. METHOD Thirty-two participants were randomised to receive either MBT or standard treatment during an inpatient eating disorders program. All patients enrolled in the study were diagnosed with an eating disorder but did not meet DSM-5 criteria for BPD. On admission patients were categorised as very underweight (BMI 15.0-16.4 kg/m2 ), underweight (BMI 16.5-18.4 kg/m2 ) or healthy weight range (BMI ≥ 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ). Upon discharge participants were further categorised as weight restored (BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 ) or non-weight restored (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 ). The primary outcome was the subscale score on the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8). Secondary outcomes were subscale scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)-21. Participants were assessed at baseline and on discharge. Statistical significance was determined using repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Both groups experienced improvements in eating disorder symptoms and measures of psychological well-being. Participants within the MBT group exhibited greater improvements in reflective capacity as defined by the RFQ-8 however these benefits appeared to be limited to patients who achieved weight restoration at discharge. The eligibility criteria-which excluded comorbid BPD-led to challenges in recruitment which limited the power of the study analysis. As participants with a range of different eating disorder diagnoses were included this led to complexities in estimating the treatment effect within a defined cohort. CONCLUSIONS Although the small sample size must be noted as a limitation-the finding that weight restoration appears to be associated with improvements in reflective capacity in MBT would be worth exploring in a subsequent larger study. Modification of eligibility criteria and recruitment from a defined cohort may increase the efficiency of a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Sonntag
- Level 7 Eating Disorders, Northside Clinic, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Drug & Alcohol Consultation Liaison Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janice Russell
- Peter Beumont Eating Disorders Service, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Schaumberg K, Zerwas SC, Bulik CM, Fiorentini C, Micali N. Prospective associations between childhood social communication processes and adolescent eating disorder symptoms in an epidemiological sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1929-1938. [PMID: 33064208 PMCID: PMC8050127 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in social cognition and communication, the processes associated with human social behavior and interaction, have been described in individuals with eating disorder psychopathology. The current study examined whether social communication characteristics present in middle childhood (ages 8-14) were associated with eating disorder behaviors, cognitions, and diagnoses across adolescence (ages 14-18) in a large, population-based sample. Participants (N = 4864) were children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population-based, prospective study of women and their children. Regression methods tested prospective associations between social functioning using a facial emotion recognition task and parentally reported social communication symptoms (or difficulties), measured by the Social Communication Disorder Checklist (SCDC), with eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses. Misattribution of faces as sad or angry at age 8.5 was associated with purging and anorexia nervosa diagnosis at age 14, respectively, among girls. Furthermore, autistic-like social communication difficulties during middle childhood were associated with bulimia nervosa symptoms during adolescence among both girls and boys. Results did not support global associations between measured social communication deficits and eating disorder risk in this sample, but specific difficulties with facial emotion recognition and social communication may enhance the risk for disordered eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, USA.
| | - Stephanie C. Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States,Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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12
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Tauro JL, Wearne TA, Belevski B, Filipčíková M, Francis HM. Social cognition in female adults with Anorexia Nervosa: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:197-210. [PMID: 34822877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in interpersonal and social functioning are well established in females with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and are thought to be key features involved in the onset and maintenance of the disease. Growing literature suggests these may be attributed to poor social cognitive processes. This systematic review evaluates whether differences in social cognition exist in adult females with AN. A total of 32 studies that compared females with AN against a healthy control group using social cognitive measures and/or questionnaires were analysed. The majority of studies were deemed to have a low or moderate risk of bias. Overall, empathy appears to be intact in AN, however greater emotion regulation difficulties, elevated alexithymia and reduced emotional awareness are evident in AN. Findings relating to emotion recognition and emotional Theory of Mind were inconsistent. The nature of the task appeared to influence the domains of cognitive ToM and social perception, warranting further research. These findings are discussed within the broader context of social cognitive models and AN rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Tauro
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Travis A Wearne
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bianca Belevski
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Michaela Filipčíková
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Heather M Francis
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
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13
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Stott N, Fox JRE, Williams MO. Attentional bias in eating disorders: A meta-review. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1377-1399. [PMID: 34081355 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-review summarizes and synthesizes the most reliable findings regarding attentional bias in eating disorders across paradigms and stimulus types and considers implications for theory and future research. METHOD Four databases were systematically searched, along with reference lists of included reviews, yielding 15 systematic reviews (four of which were also meta-analyses). The quality of each review was appraised using the AMSTAR-2. RESULTS Key findings from systematic reviews are summarized, organized by paradigm and stimulus type. DISCUSSION The authors synthesize evidence from the highest-quality studies. There is evidence for attentional avoidance and vigilance in eating disorders depending on stimulus properties (low vs. high-calorie food; high-body mass vs. low-body mass index photos of others) and attentional avoidance of food stimuli in those with anorexia nervosa. Sad mood induction may generate attentional bias for food in those with binge-eating disorder. There may also be attentional bias to general threat in eating disorder samples. This meta-review concludes that most systematic reviews in this field are low in quality and summarizes the main areas that could be improved upon in future reviews. Implications of this study's findings for theory and intervention research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stott
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John R E Fox
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Heath DS, Jhinjar N, Hayward DA. Altered social cognition in a community sample of women with disordered eating behaviours: a multi-method approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14683. [PMID: 34282195 PMCID: PMC8289917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work suggests that individuals with an eating disorder demonstrate task-based and overall differences in sociocognitive functioning. However, the majority of studies assessed specifically anorexia nervosa and often employed a single experimental paradigm, providing a piecemeal understanding of the applicability of various lab tasks in denoting meaningful differences across diverse individuals. The current study was designed to address these outstanding issues. Participants were undergraduate females who self-identified as having an official (n = 18) eating disorder diagnosis or disordered eating behaviours with no diagnosis (n = 18), along with a control group (n = 32). Participants completed three social tasks of increasing complexity with different outcome measures, namely a gaze cueing task, passive video-watching using eyetracking, and a task to measure preferred social distance. Results diverged as a function of group across tasks; only the control group produced typical social attention effects, the disordered eating group looked significantly more at faces, and the eating disorder group demonstrated a significantly larger preferred social distance. These results suggest variations in task efficacy and demonstrate that altered sociocognitive functioning extends beyond official eating disorder diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Heath
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nimrit Jhinjar
- Department of Psychology, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dana A Hayward
- Department of Psychology, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada. .,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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15
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Schell SE, Banica I, Weinberg A, Racine SE. Hunger games: Associations between core eating disorder symptoms and responses to rejection by peers during competition. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:802-811. [PMID: 33605485 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with eating disorder (ED) symptoms are sensitive to social threat and report maladaptive interpersonal styles that may contribute to and exacerbate negative evaluation from others. Research in this area has relied primarily on self-report. The current study examined associations between behavioral responses to social threat and core ED symptoms using a behavioral paradigm. Based on previous findings that individuals with binge-eating report being more reactive and confrontational, whereas individuals with dietary restriction tend to be more submissive and avoidant of conflict, we hypothesized that binge eating would be associated with a greater tendency to retaliate against rejection perpetrators, whereas dietary restriction would be associated with a lower tendency to retaliate when rejected. METHOD Undergraduate women (N = 132) completed a self-report measure of ED symptoms and participated in an online "Survivor"-type game in which they voted to either accept or reject computerized coplayers, while also receiving acceptance or rejection feedback from others. RESULTS Neither ED symptom was associated with how often participants retaliated against coplayers who rejected them. However, dietary restriction was related to more rejection votes overall (i.e., the tendency to reject others regardless of how others voted). DISCUSSION Findings suggest that individuals with dietary restriction may rely on a maladaptive defensive strategy aimed at pre-empting rejection, or alternatively, have difficulty shifting from habitual self-isolating behavior that results from over-involvement with restricting symptoms. Interventions targeting hypersensitivity to social threat or interpersonal flexibility may help reduce interpersonal stress and mitigate its impact on restricting symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schell
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Iulia Banica
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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16
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Mobile phone addiction and depression: Multiple mediating effects of social anxiety and attentional bias to negative emotional information. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Abolmagd S, Aly El-Gabry D, Elkholy H, Abdel Aziz K. Tackling myths of common prescribing patterns in schizophrenia amongst Egyptian psychiatrists. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-020-00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is limited data related to how psychiatrists actually choose amongst different medications, especially in Egypt. Our aim was to survey a sample of psychiatrists regarding common patterns of antipsychotic prescribing practices and review how these vary from the evidence-based. We conducted a qualitative, cross-sectional survey of 124 psychiatrists of different grades from hospitals across Cairo, Egypt. Questions were asked to elicit attitudes towards common antipsychotic prescribing practices and the use of treatment guidelines in schizophrenia.
Results
A total 77.4% participants said they would prescribe atypical antipsychotics as first-line treatment if cost were not an issue, 42.7% said they commonly add anticholinergics from the start with antipsychotics, 50% said they would maintain patients on anticholinergics for as long as they were receiving antipsychotics, 93.5% said they commonly or in some situations combine typical depot antipsychotics with oral atypical antipsychotics, 88.7% said they commonly or in some situations use antipsychotics in small doses for sedation, and 55.6% sometimes add a mood stabilizer to enhance the effect of antipsychotic drugs. Using logistic regression, physician grade significantly predicted whether participants commonly add anticholinergic medication from the start with antipsychotics (p = 0.001). Age and gender significantly predicted whether participants sometimes add a mood stabilizer to enhance the effect of antipsychotics (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
We demonstrated that several antipsychotic prescribing practices were not evidence-based, yet appeared to be prevalent in a large proportion of participants. A number of demographic and psychiatrist-related factors predicted certain prescribing patterns.
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18
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Gagliardini G, Gullo S, Tinozzi V, Baiano M, Balestrieri M, Todisco P, Schirone T, Colli A. Mentalizing Subtypes in Eating Disorders: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564291. [PMID: 33329192 PMCID: PMC7734030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mentalizing, the mental capacity to understand oneself and others in terms of mental states, has been found to be reduced in several mental disorders. Some studies have suggested that eating disorders (EDs) may also be associated with impairments in mentalizing. The aim of this work is to investigate the possible presence of mentalizing subtypes in a sample of patients with EDs. Method: A sample of patients with eating disorders (N = 157) completed a battery of measures assessing mentalization and related variables, including the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies (DERS), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Clinicians rated patients in relation to imbalances in different dimensions of mentalization to prementalizing modes and attachment style by using the Mentalization Imbalances Scale, the Modes of Mentalization Scale (MMS), and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire. A latent profile analysis was conducted to test the possible presence of different subgroups. MANOVA was used to test the possible differences between the four mentalizing profiles in relation to emotion dysregulation (DERS), empathy (IRI), and adequate and impairments in mentalizing (MMS and RFQ). Results: The latent profile analysis suggested the presence of four different profiles in relation to impairments in the dimensions of mentalization: (1) affective/self/automatic imbalances, (2) external imbalance, (3) cognitive/self/automatic imbalances, and (4) cognitive/other/automatic imbalances. Patients belonging to profile 1 are characterized by the prevalence of affective mentalization that overwhelms the capacity to reflect on mental states with an imbalance on the self-dimension; profile 2 patients are excessively focused on the external cues of mentalization; profile 3 patients are characterized by an over-involvement on the cognitive and self-facets of mentalization, with an impairment in adopting the other mind perspective; and profile 4 patients have similar impairments compared to profile 3 patients but with an excessive focus on others and deficits in self-reflection. These profiles were heterogeneous in terms of EDs represented in each group and presented significant differences on various variables such as attachment style, emotion dysregulation, empathy, interpersonal reactivity, and reflective function. This study represents, so far, the first work that confirms the presence of different mentalizing patterns in ED patients. Conclusions: ED patients can be classified in relation to impairments in different dimensions of mentalization above and beyond ED diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gagliardini
- Department of Humanities, "Carlo Bo" University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gullo
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Tinozzi
- Department of Humanities, "Carlo Bo" University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Monica Baiano
- Centre for Eating Disorders, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Schirone
- Department of Humanities, "Carlo Bo" University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonello Colli
- Department of Humanities, "Carlo Bo" University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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19
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Turan S, Özyurt G, Çatlı G, Öztürk Y, Abacı A, Akay AP. Social cognition and emotion regulation may be impaired in adolescents with obesity independent of the presence of binge eating disorder: a two-center study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1693727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Turan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ödemiş State Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gonca Özyurt
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gönül Çatlı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Öztürk
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Abacı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aynur Pekcanlar Akay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
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20
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Eddy CM. What Do You Have in Mind? Measures to Assess Mental State Reasoning in Neuropsychiatric Populations. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:425. [PMID: 31354534 PMCID: PMC6636467 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is closely associated with both functional capacity and well-being. Previous research has not only revealed evidence of social dysfunction in individuals with a wide range of psychiatric and neurological disorders but also generated an abundance of potential measures for assessing social cognition. This review explores the most popular measures used within neuropsychiatric populations to investigate the ability to recognize or reason about the mental states of others. Measures are also critically analyzed in terms of strengths and limitations to aid task selection in future clinical studies. The most frequently applied assessment tools use verbal, visual or audiovisual forms of presentation and assess recognition of mental states from facial features, self-rated empathy, the understanding of other's cognitive mental states such as beliefs and intentions, or the ability to combine knowledge of other's thoughts and emotions in order to understand subtle communications or socially inappropriate behavior. Key weaknesses of previous research include limited investigation of relationships with clinical symptoms, and underutilization of measures of everyday social functioning that offer a useful counterpart to traditional "lab" tasks. Future studies should aim to carefully select measures not only based on the range of skills to be assessed but also taking into account potential difficulties with interpretation and the need to gain insight into the application of social cognitive skills as well as ability per se. Some of the best measures include those with well-matched control trials (e.g., Yoni Task) or those that restrict the influence of verbal deficits (e.g., intentions comic strip task), elicit spontaneous mentalizing (e.g., Animations Task), and possess greater ecological validity (e.g., Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition). Social cognitive research within psychiatric populations will be further enhanced through the development of more closely matched control tasks, and the exploration of relationships between task performance, medication, strategy use, and broader emotional and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M. Eddy
- Research and Innovation, BSMHFT National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Mitrovic M, Ristic M, Dimitrijevic B, Hadzi Pesic M. Facial Emotion Recognition and Persecutory Ideation in Paranoid Schizophrenia. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:1099-1116. [PMID: 31092137 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119849016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of facial signals has a crucial role in social interaction. It is well known that people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia have problems in the social domain, predominantly related to misinterpreting the intentions, emotions, and actions of others. The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in facial emotion recognition between people with paranoid schizophrenia and healthy controls. In addition, we examined the correlation between facial emotion recognition and the expression of persecutory ideation in people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia. The study involved 60 participants, 30 of whom suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls, equalized by gender, age, and education. The following instruments were used: Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion and Neutral Faces and the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire. Compared with the controls, people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia were significantly less accurate in recognizing the following emotions: surprise, contempt, sadness, disgust, and emotionally neutral faces. Since the attribution of emotions to emotionally neutral faces is an important finding that could be linked with the social (dis)functionality of people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, we analyzed and compared the wrong answers given by the two groups and found some differences between them. The results show that persecutory ideation has a statistically significant negative correlation with the successful recognition of emotionally neutral faces. All of the findings lead to the conclusion that paranoid schizophrenia, and within it the existence of persecutory ideation, leads to problems in recognizing the basic facial signals that form the foundation of everyday social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milica Ristic
- Pedagogical Faculty in Vranje, University of Nis, Serbia
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22
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Sacchetti S, Robinson P, Bogaardt A, Clare A, Ouellet-Courtois C, Luyten P, Bateman A, Fonagy P. Reduced mentalizing in patients with bulimia nervosa and features of borderline personality disorder: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:134. [PMID: 31060534 PMCID: PMC6501333 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mentalizing, the mental capacity to understand oneself and others in terms of mental states, has been found to be reduced in some mental disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Some studies have suggested that Eating Disorders (EDs) may also be associated with impairments in mentalizing, but studies have not always yielded consistent results. This is the first study to systematically investigate mentalizing impairments in patients with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) compared with controls. In addition, we investigated whether impairments in mentalizing were related to BPD features, rather than BN per se, given the high comorbidity between BPD and BN. METHODS Patients with BN (n = 53) and healthy controls (HCs; n = 87) completed a battery of measures assessing mentalizing including the Reflective Function Questionnaires (RFQ), the Object Relations Inventory (ORI; Differentiation-Relatedness Scales) and the Reading The Mind in The Eyes Test (RMET). RESULTS Patients with BN scored significantly lower than HCs on all tests of mentalizing, with moderate to large between-group effect sizes. These differences were partially accounted for by BPD features as assessed with the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD), and partially by bulimic symptoms measured with the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). CONCLUSIONS Patients with BN have significantly lower levels of mentalizing as assessed with a broad range of tests compared to HCs. These differences were related to both bulimic symptoms and BPD features. Although further research in larger samples is needed, if replicated, these findings suggest that poor mentalizing may be a significant factor in BN patients and should be addressed in treatment, regardless of the presence of BPD features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sacchetti
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Robinson
- Nutrition Science Group, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK.
| | | | - Ajay Clare
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Bateman
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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23
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Caldú X, Ottino-González J, Sánchez-Garre C, Hernan I, Tor E, Sender-Palacios MJ, Dreher JC, Garolera M, Jurado MÁ. Effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val 158 Met polymorphism on theory of mind in obesity. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2019; 27:401-409. [PMID: 30761671 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is often accompanied with psychosocial adjustment problems, such as difficulties in social interactions and social withdrawal. A key aspect of social cognition is theory of mind, which allows inferring mental states, feelings, motivations, and beliefs of others and to use this information to predict their future behaviour. Theory of mind is highly dependent on prefrontal dopaminergic neurotransmission, which is regulated by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity. We aimed at determining whether theory of mind is altered in obesity and if this ability is modulated by COMT. Fifty patients with obesity and 47 normal-weight individuals underwent the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Vocabulary subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The genotype for the COMT Val 158 Met functional polymorphism was determined for all subjects. Patients with obesity obtained significantly lower scores in the negative items of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test than normal-weight subjects. Further, an interaction effect was observed between group and COMT genotype. Specifically, the presence of the Met allele was associated to a better identification of negative mental states only in patients with obesity. Our results indicate that obesity is accompanied with difficulties in theory of mind and that this ability is influenced by the COMT genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Caldú
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jonatan Ottino-González
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Garre
- Unitat d'Endocrinologia Pediàtrica, Departament de Pediatria, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Imma Hernan
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Encarnació Tor
- Centre d'atenció primària Terrassa Nord, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision Making Team, Cognitive Neuroscience Centre, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maite Garolera
- Unitat de Neuropsicologia, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Jurado
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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24
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Stroebel SS, O’Keefe SL, Griffee K, Harper-Dorton KV, Beard KW, Young DH, Swindell S, Stroupe WE, Steele K, Lawhon M, Kuo SY. Effects of the sex of the perpetrator on victims’ subsequent sexual behaviors and adulthood sexual orientations. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1564424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S. Stroebel
- School Psychology Program, Marshall University Graduate College, 100 Angus E. Peyton Drive, South Charleston, WV 25303-1600, USA
- Department of Psychology, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Stephen L. O’Keefe
- Department of Psychology, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Karen Griffee
- Division of Social Sciences, Concord University, PO Box 1000, Athens, WV 24712, USA
| | | | - Keith W. Beard
- Department of Psychology, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Debra H. Young
- Department of Social Work, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Sam Swindell
- Justice, Law and Public Safety Studies Department, Lewis University, Romeoville, IL and Samuel V.S. Swindell, Attorney and Counselor at Law, Christiansburg, VA, USA
| | - Walter E. Stroupe
- Department of Criminal Justice, West Virginia State University, P.O. Box 1000, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Kerri Steele
- Department of Criminal Justice, West Virginia State University, P.O. Box 1000, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Megan Lawhon
- Department of Psychology, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Shih-Ya Kuo
- Department of Criminal Justice, West Virginia State University, P.O. Box 1000, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
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Oni OD, Olagunju AT, Olisah VO, Aina OF, Ojini FI. Post-stroke depression: Prevalence, associated factors and impact on quality of life among outpatients in a Nigerian hospital. S Afr J Psychiatr 2018; 24:1058. [PMID: 30263206 PMCID: PMC6138133 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of post-stroke depression (PSD), its associated factors and impact on quality of life (QoL) among outpatients in a Nigerian hospital. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out among 140 adults made up of 70 stroke survivors and matched controls with stable hypertension. Participants were administered questionnaires to profile their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Subsequently, they were assessed with the modified mini-mental state examination (MMSE), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), schedule for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQoL-BREF). RESULTS The mean ages (± s.d.) of stroke survivors and controls were 57.43 (± 9.67) years and 57.33 (± 9.33) years, respectively. Majority of stroke survivors (n = 55 [78.6%]) had infarctive stroke, and 37 (52.9%) had right hemispheric lesion. Sixteen (22.9%) stroke survivors had PSD, with moderate to severe depression (F32.1) being the most prevalent, while none of the controls was clinically depressed. PSD correlated positively with monthly health bill above 10 000 naira ($61), significant post-stroke disability and poorer scores on all QoL domains (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Depression was 20-fold prevalent in stroke survivors compared to controls with stable hypertension, and sevenfold the life-time prevalence reported among adult general population in Nigeria. Furthermore, increased health care bills per month, significant post-stroke disability and poorer QoL indicated survivors more likely to have depression. Findings in this study support the need to pay closer attention to psychosocial needs of stroke survivors to improve well-being. Future longitudinal study on psychosocial burden of stroke is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osunwale D Oni
- Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victor O Olisah
- Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - Olatunji F Aina
- Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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Dapelo MM, Surguladze S, Morris R, Tchanturia K. Emotion Recognition in Face and Body Motion in Bulimia Nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:595-600. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin Morris
- Department of Psychology, IoPPN; King's College London (KCL); UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Psychological Medicine, IoPPN; King's College London (KCL); UK
- Ilia State University Tbilisi; Georgia
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Lasisi D, Ani C, Lasebikan V, Sheikh L, Omigbodun O. Effect of attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder training program on the knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers in Kaduna, North West Nigeria. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 28331540 PMCID: PMC5359824 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are indications that teachers have limited knowledge about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), despite its high prevalence in childhood and its long-term effects on students such as academic underachievement, reduced self-esteem, and social and behavioural difficulties. This study is therefore aimed at assessing the effect of an ADHD training program on the knowledge of ADHD among primary school teachers in Kaduna, Nigeria and their attitudes towards pupils with ADHD. METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial involving 84 primary school teachers in the intervention group and 75 teachers in the control group. Participants in the intervention group received an initial 3-h training with a one-and-a-half hour booster session 2 weeks later using the World Health Organisation MhGAP-IG module on behavioural disorders focusing on ADHD. Outcome measures were knowledge of ADHD, attitude towards ADHD, and knowledge of behavioural intervention. RESULTS Controlling for baseline scores, the intervention group had significantly higher post intervention scores on knowledge of ADHD, lower scores on attitude towards ADHD (i.e. less negative attitudes), and higher scores on knowledge of behavioural intervention compared with the control group respectively. The intervention showed moderate to large effect sizes. The booster training was associated with a further statistically significant increase in knowledge of ADHD only. CONCLUSIONS The training program significantly improved the knowledge and attitudes of the teachers in the intervention group towards ADHD. Considerations should be given to incorporating ADHD training programs into teacher-training curricula in Nigeria, with regular reinforcement through in-service training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dupe Lasisi
- Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Barnawa, Kaduna Nigeria
| | - Cornelius Ani
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victor Lasebikan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lateef Sheikh
- Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Barnawa, Kaduna Nigeria
| | - Olayinka Omigbodun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Ibadan, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Aloi M, Rania M, Caroleo M, De Fazio P, Segura-García C. Social Cognition and Emotional Functioning in Patients with Binge Eating Disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:172-178. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences; University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Marianna Rania
- Department of Health Sciences; University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Mariarita Caroleo
- Department of Health Sciences; University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences; University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro; Catanzaro Italy
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Seitz J, Hueck M, Dahmen B, Schulte-Rüther M, Legenbauer T, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K. Attention Network Dysfunction in Bulimia Nervosa - An fMRI Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161329. [PMID: 27607439 PMCID: PMC5015972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence has suggested an increased rate of comorbid ADHD and subclinical attentional impairments in bulimia nervosa (BN) patients. However, little is known regarding the underlying neural mechanisms of attentional functions in BN. METHOD Twenty BN patients and twenty age- and weight-matched healthy controls (HC) were investigated using a modified version of the Attention Network Task (ANT) in an fMRI study. This design enabled an investigation of the neural mechanisms associated with the three attention networks involved in alerting, reorienting and executive attention. RESULTS The BN patients showed hyperactivation in parieto-occipital regions and reduced deactivation of default-mode-network (DMN) areas during alerting compared with HCs. Posterior cingulate activation during alerting correlated with the severity of eating-disorder symptoms within the patient group. Conversely, BN patients showed hypoactivation during reorienting and executive attention in anterior cingulate regions, the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and parahippocampus compared with HCs, which was negatively associated with global ADHD symptoms and impulsivity, respectively. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate altered brain mechanisms in BN associated with all three attentional networks. Failure to deactivate the DMN and increased parieto-occipital activation required for alerting might be associated with a constant preoccupation with food or body image-related thoughts. Hypoactivation of executive control networks and TPJ might increase the likelihood of inattentive and impulsive behaviors and poor emotion regulation. Thus, dysfunction in the attentional network in BN goes beyond an altered executive attentional domain and needs to be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel Hueck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dahmen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Hamm, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
- Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Hanson E, Hellström A, Sandvide Å, Jackson GA, MacRae R, Waugh A, Abreu W, Tolson D. The extended palliative phase of dementia – An integrative literature review. DEMENTIA 2016; 18:108-134. [PMID: 27460046 DOI: 10.1177/1471301216659797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an integrative literature review of the experience of dementia care associated with the extended palliative phase of dementia. The aim was to highlight how dementia is defined in the literature and describe what is known about the symptomatology and management of advanced dementia regarding the needs and preferences of the person with dementia and their family carer/s. There was no consistent definition of advanced dementia. The extended palliative phase was generally synonymous with end-of-life care. Advanced care planning is purported to enable professionals to work together with people with dementia and their families. A lack of understanding of palliative care among frontline practitioners was related to a dearth of educational opportunities in advanced dementia care. There are few robust concepts and theories that embrace living the best life possible during the later stages of dementia. These findings informed our subsequent work around the concept, ‘Dementia Palliare’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hanson
- The Swedish Family Care Competence Centre, Linnaeus University, Sweden
| | - Amanda Hellström
- The Swedish Family Care Competence Centre, Linnaeus University, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sandvide
- The Swedish Family Care Competence Centre, Linnaeus University, Sweden
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Family Functioning and Dysfunctional Eating Among Italian Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Gender. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:43-52. [PMID: 25776344 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of family functioning and dysfunctional eating in a sample of Italian adolescent boys and girls. The second aim was to investigate whether gender moderates the relationship between family functioning and dysfunctional eating. Seven hundred and twenty seven adolescents (500 boys and 227 girls) with ages ranging from 15 to 18 years completed a survey of self-report measures. Findings from hierarchical multiple regression analysis suggested that aspects of family functioning such as flexibility, cohesion, disengagement, enmeshment, rigidity and chaotic were related to dysfunctional eating in adolescents. Additionally the results indicated differences between boys and girls, in particular dysfunctional eating in adolescent boys seemed to be more affected by dimensions of enmeshment and disengagement than dysfunctional eating in girls. This research highlights the important role of various aspects of family functioning in relation to dysfunctional eating in adolescents.
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Kothari R, Barona M, Treasure J, Micali N. Social cognition in children at familial high-risk of developing an eating disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:208. [PMID: 26300753 PMCID: PMC4528178 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Diagnosis of an eating disorder (ED) has been associated with differences in social cognition. To date research investigating social cognition and ED has mainly employed patient and recovered samples. It is therefore unclear whether differences in social cognition are present prior to onset of ED, potentially contributing to development, or whether differences observed are a consequence of the disorder. We aimed to further explore whether individuals at high-risk for ED present social cognition characteristics previously found in ED groups. Methods: Our sample was drawn from a population-based cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Data on maternal ED behaviors over the lifetime were collected through in-depth clinical interviews (n = 1128) conducted using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID), and were used to categorize mothers according to ED behaviors over the lifetime: Restricting and Excessive Exercising (n = 58), Purging (n = 70), Binge-eating (n = 72), Binging and Purging (n = 66), no ED (n = 862). High-risk status of children was determined using these maternal lifetime behavioral phenotypes. Children at high-risk (maternal ED exposure) were compared to children at low-risk (born to mothers with no ED) on three measures of social cognition: the Social Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC) (n = 922), the faces subtest of the Diagnostic Analysis of Non-Verbal Accuracy (DANVA) (n = 722), and the Emotional Triangles Task (n = 750). Results: Children at high-risk for ED showed poorer performance on measures of social cognition compared to children at low-risk. Maternal lifetime binge-eating, and maternal lifetime binging and purging were associated with poorer social communication in children (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0, 5.7, p = 0.05; and OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 6.5, p = 0.03 respectively). Maternal binging and purging was also found to be associated with differential facial emotion processing and poorer recognition of fear from social motion cues (B: −0.7, 95% CI: −1.1, −0.2, p = 0.004). Discussion: Children at high-risk for ED showed slight differences in some areas of social cognition when compared to children at low-risk. Characteristic patterns in social cognition are present in children at high-risk for ED, particularly among children whose mothers have binge-eating and purging behaviors over the lifetime. Our findings support the hypothesis that these differences may be part of an intermediate phenotype for ED: perhaps contributing to development, or perhaps indexing a shared liability with psychiatric disorders characterized by abnormal social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Kothari
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK ; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | - Manuela Barona
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Psychological Medicine, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry London, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK ; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Medical School at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mindich Child health and Development Institute, Icahn Medical School at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
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Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Engel SG, Gordon KH, Kaye WH, Mitchell JE. Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 40:111-22. [PMID: 26112760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several existing conceptual models and psychological interventions address or emphasize the role of emotion dysregulation in eating disorders. The current article uses Gratz and Roemer's (2004) multidimensional model of emotion regulation and dysregulation as a clinically relevant framework to review the extant literature on emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Specifically, the dimensions reviewed include: (1) the flexible use of adaptive and situationally appropriate strategies to modulate the duration and/or intensity of emotional responses, (2) the ability to successfully inhibit impulsive behavior and maintain goal-directed behavior in the context of emotional distress, (3) awareness, clarity, and acceptance of emotional states, and (4) the willingness to experience emotional distress in the pursuit of meaningful activities. The current review suggests that both AN and BN are characterized by broad emotion regulation deficits, with difficulties in emotion regulation across the four dimensions found to characterize both AN and BN, although a small number of more specific difficulties may distinguish the two disorders. The review concludes with a discussion of the clinical implications of the findings, as well as a summary of limitations of the existing empirical literature and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lavender
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kathryn H Gordon
- North Dakota State University, Department of Psychology, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James E Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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Gentile S. A safety evaluation of aripiprazole for treating schizophrenia during pregnancy and puerperium. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:1733-42. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.951325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ginsberg Y, Beusterien KM, Amos K, Jousselin C, Asherson P. The unmet needs of all adults with ADHD are not the same: a focus on Europe. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:799-812. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.926220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sharpe H, Schober I, Treasure J, Schmidt U. The role of high-quality friendships in female adolescents' eating pathology and body dissatisfaction. Eat Weight Disord 2014; 19:159-68. [PMID: 24668325 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-014-0113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Peers may serve as risk factors for body dissatisfaction and eating pathology through two possible routes: (1) promoting body dissatisfaction through appearance-related interactions (e.g. weight-teasing); (2) a non-specific social support route whereby poor quality peer relations result in depression and consequently eating pathology. The second route has received little attention and, therefore, was the focus of this study. METHODS A cross-sectional study in which 216 adolescent girls (aged 13-16 years) completed self-report measures of positive and negative friendship qualities, friendship functions, eating pathology, body dissatisfaction and depression. RESULTS Those reporting poorer quality friendships tended to show greater eating pathology and greater body dissatisfaction. These associations were reduced to non-significance when covarying depression. There was no evidence that the role of friendships was moderated by the extent to which participants valued close relations. CONCLUSIONS Low-quality friendships are associated with disordered eating and may be suitable targets for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sharpe
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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37
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Caglar-Nazali HP, Corfield F, Cardi V, Ambwani S, Leppanen J, Olabintan O, Deriziotis S, Hadjimichalis A, Scognamiglio P, Eshkevari E, Micali N, Treasure J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ‘Systems for Social Processes’ in eating disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:55-92. [PMID: 24333650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Robinson P, Barrett B, Bateman A, Hakeem A, Hellier J, Lemonsky F, Rutterford C, Schmidt U, Fonagy P. Study Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of mentalization based therapy against specialist supportive clinical management in patients with both eating disorders and symptoms of borderline personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:51. [PMID: 24555511 PMCID: PMC3996076 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NOURISHED study: Nice OUtcomes for Referrals with Impulsivity, Self Harm and Eating Disorders.Eating Disorders (ED) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are both difficult to treat and the combination presents particular challenges. Both are associated with vulnerability to loss of mentalization (awareness of one's own and others' emotional state). In BPD, Mentalization Based therapy (MBT) has been found effective in reducing symptoms. In this trial we investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of MBT adapted for Eating disorders (Mentalization Based Therapy for Eating Disorders (MBT-ED)) compared to a standard comparison treatment, Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM-ED) in patients with a combination of an Eating Disorder and either a diagnosis of BPD or a history of self-harm and impulsivity in the previous 12 months. METHODS/DESIGN We will complete a multi-site single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) of MBT-ED vs SSCM-ED. Participants will be recruited from three Eating Disorder Services and two Borderline Personality Disorder Services in London. Participants allocated to MBT-ED will receive one year of weekly group and individual therapy and participants allocated to SSCM-ED will receive 20 sessions of individual therapy over 1 year. In addition, participants in both groups will have access to up to 5 hours of dietetic advice. The primary outcome measure is the global score on the Eating Disorders Examination. Secondary outcome measures include total score on the Zanarini BPD scale, the Object Relations Inventory, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Measures are taken at recruitment and at 6 month intervals up to 18 months. DISCUSSION This is the first Randomised Controlled Trial of MBT-ED in patients with eating disorders and symptoms of BPD and will provide evidence to inform therapy decisions in this group of patients. During MBT-ED mentalization is encouraged, while in SSCM-ED it is not overtly addressed. This study will help elucidate mechanisms of change in the two therapies and analysis of therapy and interview transcripts will provide qualitative information about the conduct of therapy and changes in mentalization and object relations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN51304415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robinson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Barbara Barrett
- Department of Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, de Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anthony Bateman
- Halliwick Centre, St Ann’s Hospital, St Ann’s Road, London N15 3TH, UK
| | - Az Hakeem
- The Dartmouth Park Unit, London N19 5NX, UK
| | - Jennifer Hellier
- Department of Biostatistics, King's College Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Clare Rutterford
- King's College Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, de Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Psychology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Laghi F, Cotugno A, Cecere F, Sirolli A, Palazzoni D, Bosco FM. An exploratory assessment of theory of mind and psychological impairment in patients with bulimia nervosa. Br J Psychol 2013; 105:509-23. [PMID: 24117350 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate psychosocial functioning and different dimensions of theory of mind (ToM) in people with bulimia nervosa (BN) and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified-BN type (EDNOS-BN). Psychosocial functioning and ToM were assessed in a sample of young adult females, 16 BN and 16 EDNOS-BN outpatients and 16 healthy controls (HCs). They were assessed using the Eating Disorder Inventory-Symptom Checklist-2 (EDI-2 SC) for evaluating psychological traits associated with eating disorders; the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) for evaluating psychopathological status; and the Theory of Mind Assessment Scale (Th.o.m.a.s.), a semi-structured interview aimed at assessing a person's different dimensions of ToM. The BN and EDNOS-BN groups exhibited worse performance than the control group on all dimensions of the SCL-90-R, and on all dimensions of the EDI-2 SC. The only difference for perfectionism was that BN obtained higher scores than EDNOS-BN group. Our results also revealed an impairment of third-person and second-order ToM in patients with bulimia (BN and EDNOS-BN) with respect to control subjects. These preliminary data have important implications for future empirical work, in that they provide valuable information regarding the importance of investigating the various facets of ToM ability separately, in order to provide a more detailed profile of ToM functioning in the clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
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Renwick B, Dejong H, Kenyon M, Samarawickrema N, Loomes R, Watson C, Ghelani S, Schmidt U. Social perception in people with eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2013; 28:436-41. [PMID: 23769324 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social perception is a key aspect of social cognition which has so far not been investigated in eating disorders (ED). This study aimed to investigate social perception in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS Outpatients with AN (restricting subtype [AN-R]: n=51; binge-purge subtype [AN-BP]: n=26) or BN (n=57) and 50 healthy control (HC) participants completed the Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT-15). This is an ecologically valid task, which consists of 15 video clips, depicting complex social situations relating to intimacy, status, kinship, competition and deception. The participants have to assess relationships between protagonists' based on non-verbal cues. RESULTS Overall, there was no difference between groups on the IPT total score and subscale scores. Group differences on the Intimacy subscale approached significance so post hoc comparisons were carried out. HCs performed significantly better than AN-R participants in determining the degree of intimacy between others. CONCLUSIONS Social perception is largely preserved in ED patients. Individuals with AN-R show impairments in identifying intimacy in social situations, this may be due to the lack of relationship experience. Further research into different aspects of social cognition is required to establish the link between interpersonal difficulties and ED psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Renwick
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom.
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Treasure J, Schmidt U. The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: a summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors. J Eat Disord 2013; 1:13. [PMID: 24999394 PMCID: PMC4081714 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the evidence base relating to the Cognitive-Interpersonal Maintenance Model for anorexia nervosa (AN). BACKGROUND A Cognitive-Interpersonal Maintenance Model maintenance model for anorexia nervosa was described in 2006. This model proposed that cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal elements acted together to both cause and maintain eating disorders. METHOD A review of the empirical literature relating to the key constructs of the model (cognitive, socio-emotional, interpersonal) risk and maintaining factors for anorexia nervosa was conducted. RESULTS Set shifting and weak central coherence (associated with obsessive compulsive traits) have been widely studied. There is some evidence to suggest that a strong eye for detail and weak set shifting are inherited vulnerabilities to AN. Set shifting and global integration are impaired in the ill state and contribute to weak central coherence. In addition, there are wide-ranging impairments in socio-emotional processing including: an automatic bias in attention towards critical and domineering faces and away from compassionate faces; impaired signalling of, interpretation and regulation of emotions. Difficulties in social cognition may in part be a consequence of starvation but inherited vulnerabilities may also contribute to these traits. The shared familial traits may accentuate family members' tendency to react to the frustrating and frightening symptoms of AN with high expressed emotion (criticism, hostility, overprotection), and inadvertently perpetuate the problem. CONCLUSION The cognitive interpersonal model is supported by accumulating evidence. The model is complex in that cognitive and socio-emotional factors both predispose to the illness and are exaggerated in the ill state. Furthermore, some of the traits are inherited vulnerabilities and are present in family members. The clinical formulations from the model are described as are new possibilities for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, The Basement, P059, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, The Basement, P059, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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McAdams CJ, Krawczyk DC. Neural Responses during Social and Self-Knowledge Tasks in Bulimia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:103. [PMID: 24065928 PMCID: PMC3770922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-evaluation closely dependent upon body shape and weight is one of the defining criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN). We studied 53 adult women, 17 with BN, 18 with a recent history of anorexia nervosa (AN), and 18 healthy comparison women, using three different fMRI tasks that required thinking about self-knowledge and social interactions: the Social Identity task, the Physical Identity task, and the Social Attribution task. Previously, we identified regions of interest (ROI) in the same tasks using whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons of the healthy comparison women and women with a recent history of AN. Here, we report on the neural activations in those ROIs in subjects with BN. In the Social Attribution task, we examined activity in the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), an area frequently associated with mentalization. In the Social Identity task, we examined activity in the precuneus (PreC) and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC). In the Physical Identity task, we examined activity in a ventral region of the dACC. Interestingly, in all tested regions, the average activation in subjects with bulimia was more than the average activation levels seen in the subjects with a history of anorexia but less than that seen in healthy subjects. In three regions, the RTPJ, the PreC, and the dACC, group responses in the subjects with bulimia were significantly different from healthy subjects but not subjects with anorexia. The neural activations of people with BN performing fMRI tasks engaging social processing are more similar to people with AN than healthy people. This suggests biological measures of social processes may be helpful in characterizing individuals with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J McAdams
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
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Lavender A, Startup H, Naumann U, Samarawickrema N, Dejong H, Kenyon M, van den Eynde F, Schmidt U. Emotional and social mind training: a randomised controlled trial of a new group-based treatment for bulimia nervosa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46047. [PMID: 23118850 PMCID: PMC3485274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a need to improve treatment for individuals with bulimic disorders. It was hypothesised that a focus in treatment on broader emotional and social/interpersonal issues underlying eating disorders would increase treatment efficacy. This study tested a novel treatment based on the above hypothesis, an Emotional and Social Mind Training Group (ESM), against a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Group (CBT) treatment. Method 74 participants were randomised to either ESM or CBT Group treatment programmes. All participants were offered 13 group and 4 individual sessions. The primary outcome measure was the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) Global score. Assessments were carried out at baseline, end of treatment (four months) and follow-up (six months). Results There were no differences in outcome between the two treatments. No moderators of treatment outcome were identified. Adherence rates were higher for participants in the ESM group. Discussion This suggests that ESM may be a viable alternative to CBT for some individuals. Further research will be required to identify and preferentially allocate suitable individuals accordingly. Trial Registration ISRCTN61115988
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lavender
- Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Paradiso S, Rudrauf D. Struggle for life, struggle for love and recognition: the neglected self in social cognitive neuroscience. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22577306 PMCID: PMC3341651 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2012.14.1/sparadiso] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the following article we present a view that social cognition and social neuroscience, as shaped by the current research paradigms, are not sufficient to improve our understanding of psychopathological phenomena. We hold that the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity are integral to social perception and actions. In addition, we emphasize that the self and self-awareness are, by their very nature and function, involved over the entire lifespan with the way the individual is perceived in the social environment. Likewise, the modes of operation and identification of the self and self-awareness receive strong developmental contributions from social interactions with parental figures, siblings, peers, and significant others. These contributions are framed by a competitive and cooperative struggle for love and recognition. We suggest that in humans social cognitive neuroscience should be informed by a thoughtful appreciation of the equal significance of the struggle for "life" and that for love and recognition. In order to be better positioned to improve the research agenda and practice of clinical psychiatry, we propose that cognitive and social neurosciences explicitly incorporate in their models phenomena relative to the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Paradiso
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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