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Divandari N, Bird ML, Vakili M, Jaberzadeh S. The association between dynamic balance and executive function: Which dynamic balance test has the strongest association with executive function? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024:10.1007/s11910-024-01340-3. [PMID: 38730213 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aging global population poses increasing challenges related to falls and dementia. Early identification of cognitive decline, particularly before noticeable symptoms manifest, is crucial for effective intervention. This review aims to determine the dynamic balance test most closely associated with executive function, potentially serving as a biomarker for cognitive decline. RECENT FINDINGS Based on recent reviews, inhibitory control, a component of executive function, holds significance in influencing balance performance. Studies suggest that the strength of the correlation between cognition and balance tends to be domain-specific and task-specific. Despite these findings, inconclusive evidence remains regarding the connection between executive function and various dynamic balance assessments. Our review identifies a significant association between all dynamic balance tests and executive function, albeit with varying strengths. Notably, a medium effect size is observed for the Timed Up and Go and Functional Reach Test, a small effect size for balance scales, and a strong effect size for postural sway. This review underscores a clear relationship between dynamic balance task performance and executive function. Dynamic posturography holds potential as a clinical biomarker for early detection of cognitive decline, with a note of caution due to observed heterogeneity and limited studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Divandari
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Melbourne, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
| | - Marie-Louise Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham Tasmania, 7248, Australia
| | | | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Melbourne, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
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Wu LY, Hsu HC, Ni LF, Yan YJ, Hwang RJ. Effect of Physical Exercise on Executive Functions Using the Emotional Stroop Task in Perimenopausal Women: A Pilot Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:338. [PMID: 38667134 PMCID: PMC11047564 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has beneficial effects on emotional cognitive control for the majority of the population. However, the impact of exercise on cognitive processes in perimenopausal women remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on the cognitive processes of perimenopausal women using an emotional Stroop task (EST). METHOD A quasi-experimental pilot study was conducted involving 14 perimenopausal women (Peri-MG) and 13 healthy young women (YG) who completed an EST before and after an aerobic cycling exercise. Mixed-effects models for repeated measures were used to analyze reaction times (RTs) and error rates (ERs) during emotional word processing (positive, negative, and neutral) for both groups. RESULTS Compared with the YG, the Peri-MG showed significantly shortened RTs for positive and negative emotions (p < 0.05) post-exercise, but not for neutral words. In addition, the Peri-MG exhibited significantly increased ERs for negative words at baseline compared with the YG (p < 0.05), but this difference was not observed during the post-exercise test. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that aerobic exercise can enhance executive control performance in perimenopausal women. The Peri-MG exhibited marked behavioral plasticity in the form of reduced bias to salient cues that were significantly more sensitive to alterations due to exercise. This new evidence enhances the understanding of emotional vulnerability and beneficial susceptibility to exercise in perimenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Wu
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan; (L.-Y.W.); (L.-F.N.); (Y.-J.Y.)
| | - Hsiu-Chin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Ni
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan; (L.-Y.W.); (L.-F.N.); (Y.-J.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Clinical Competency Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Yan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan; (L.-Y.W.); (L.-F.N.); (Y.-J.Y.)
- Intellectual Property Office, MOEA, Taipei City 100210, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jen Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan; (L.-Y.W.); (L.-F.N.); (Y.-J.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Clinical Competency Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333424, Taiwan
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Méndez-Martínez M, Rodríguez-Grande EI. Effects of therapeutic exercise on the motor function of adults with Down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21962. [PMID: 38081839 PMCID: PMC10713621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic exercise exerts positive effects by mitigating or reducing the motor or cognitive changes that people with Down syndrome undergo throughout their life. There are no updated systematic reviews that integrate the evidence available in a way that facilitates decision-making for physical rehabilitation teams. This study therefore aimed to consolidate the information available and compare the effects of different types of physical exercise on the motor function of adults with DS. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies. The literature search was performed between January 2023 and February 2023 using the PubMed, SCIELO, Epistemonikos, and Lilacs databases. Studies were selected according to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the risk-of-bias rating tool for randomized clinical trial (RoB) and the risk of bias of non-randomized comparative studies was assessed using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Risk-of-bias assessment and meta-analyses were performed using the RevMan software package. Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria for the qualitative synthesis and 4 were included in the meta-analyses. Combined exercise significantly increased muscle strength both in the upper limbs (SMD = 0.74 [95% CI 0.25-1.22]) and lower limbs (SMD = 0.56[95% CI 0.08-1.04]). Aerobic exercise improved spatiotemporal gait parameters. Aerobic exercise showed significant improvements in dynamic balance while combined exercise significantly increased dynamic and static balance. The certainty of the evidence was low to moderate for all outcomes. There was low and moderate certainty of evidence for the outcomes proposed in this review. However, therapeutic exercise could be effective in improving muscle strength and gait functionality.
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Divandari N, Bird ML, Vakili M, Jaberzadeh S. The Association Between Cognitive Domains and Postural Balance among Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:681-693. [PMID: 37856048 PMCID: PMC10673728 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to explore which cognitive domain is more closely associated with which type of balance (static or dynamic). RESENT FINDING Based on recent reviews, inhibitory control, a part of cognition, plays a crucial role in balance performance. Previous reviews report significant links between cognition, mobility, and physical function in older adults. However, evidence regarding the relationship between cognition and balance scores remains inconclusive. The strength of association between cognition and balance appears to be domain-specific and task-specific. Executive function exhibits the strongest correlation with balance, while episodic memory shows a small link with dynamic balance. Processing speed and global cognition demonstrate moderate correlations. Additionally, there is a slight association between cognitive domains and static balance. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for managing balance-related concerns that are domain-specific and task-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Divandari
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Melbourne, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
| | - Marie-Louise Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham Tasmania 7248, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mahdi Vakili
- Mowbray Medical Clinic, Invermay, TAS, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Melbourne, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
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Zhao D, Chai S, Gao T, Li J, Zhou C. Physical Mobility, Social Isolation and Cognitive Function: Are There Really Gender Differences? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:726-736. [PMID: 37147164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the mediating role of social isolation between physical mobility and cognitive function, and whether there are gender differences in the above mediating effects among Chinese older adults. METHODS This is a prospective and cohort study. We obtained data from the 2011 (Time 1, T1), 2015 (Time 2, T2) and 2018 (Time 3, T3) waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, including 3,395 participants aged 60 years or above. Cognition was evaluated by Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status, words recall, and figure drawing, which was widely used in previous research. We used a cross-lagged model to test the hypothesis that social isolation mediated the association between physical mobility and cognitive function among Chinese older adults. RESULTS The total effects of T1 physical mobility limitations on T3 cognitive function (β = -0.055, bootstrap p < 0.001) were significantly negative. Social isolation played a mediating role among both males and females (male: β = -0.008, bootstrap p = 0.012; female: β = -0.006, bootstrap p = 0.023), demonstrating that the mediating effect of social isolation between physical mobility and cognitive function was not gender specific. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that social isolation mediated the association between physical mobility and cognitive function among both Chinese male and female older adults. These findings indicate that reversing social isolation can be a priority intervention target for cognitive decline prevention and promote successful ageing, particularly among older adults with impaired physical mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine (DZ, SC, TG, JL, CZ), Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujun Chai
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine (DZ, SC, TG, JL, CZ), Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine (DZ, SC, TG, JL, CZ), Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine (DZ, SC, TG, JL, CZ), Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengchao Zhou
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine (DZ, SC, TG, JL, CZ), Shandong University, Jinan, China; NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University) (CZ), Jinan, China; Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University (CZ), Jinan, China.
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Heilmann F, Formenti D, Trecroci A, Lautenbach F. The effects of a smartphone game training intervention on executive functions in youth soccer players: a randomized controlled study. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1170738. [PMID: 37601169 PMCID: PMC10436001 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training primarily aims to improve executive functions (EFs). It has become a popular research topic, as previous studies have provided preliminary evidence that EFs relate to sports performance. However, whether a domain-generic cognitive training intervention can improve EFs in high-performance athletes is still unclear. The present randomized controlled study aimed to examine the effects of an eight-week (5 min/day, 5 days/week) smartphone-based domain-generic cognitive training intervention (i.e., the smartphone game "Fruit Ninja") on EFs in youth soccer athletes (N = 33; intervention: n = 15, passive control: n = 18; German youth soccer academy). We assessed working memory (3-back task), inhibition (Flanker & Go/NoGo task), and cognitive flexibility (number-letter task) in a pre-post design with computerized tasks. The results showed no significant time x group differences attributable to the cognitive training between the intervention group and the control group, except for a response time variable of the Go/NoGo task. These preliminary results do not suggest an application of CT as a smartphone-based game to improve EFs performance in soccer players. However, more research is needed to establish the efficacy of domain-specific interventions in high-level team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heilmann
- Movement Science Lab, Institute for Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute for Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mack M, Stojan R, Bock O, Voelcker-Rehage C. The association of executive functions and physical fitness with cognitive-motor multitasking in a street crossing scenario. Sci Rep 2023; 13:697. [PMID: 36639402 PMCID: PMC9839686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in cognitive-motor multitasking performance has been attributed to declines in executive functions and physical fitness (motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness). It has been suggested that those cognitive and physical resources strongly depend on lifestyle factors such as long-term regular physical activity and cognitive engagement. Although research suggests that there is covariation between components of executive functions and physical fitness, the interdependence between these components for cognitive-motor multitasking performance is not yet clear. The aim of the study was to examine the contribution and interrelationship between executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness on street crossing while multitasking. We used the more ecologically valid scenario to obtain results that might be directly transferable to daily life situation. Data from 50 healthy older adults (65-75 years, 17 females, recruited in two different cities in Germany) were analyzed. Participants' executive functions (composite score including six tests), motor coordinative fitness (composite score including five tests), and cardiovascular fitness (spiroergometry), as well as their street crossing performance while multitasking were assessed. Street crossing was tested under single-task (crossing a two-line road), and multitask conditions (crossing a two-line road while typing numbers on a keypad as simulation of mobile phone use). Street crossing performance was assessed by use of cognitive outcomes (typing, crossing failures) and motor outcomes (stay time, crossing speed). Linear mixed-effects models showed beneficial main effects of executive functions for typing (p = 0.004) and crossing failures (p = 0.023), and a beneficial main effect of motor coordinative fitness for stay time (p = 0.043). Commonality analysis revealed that the proportion of variance commonly explained by executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness was small for all street crossing outcomes. For typing and crossing failures (cognitive outcomes), the results further showed a higher relative contribution of executive functions compared to motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness. For stay time (motor outcome), the results correspondingly revealed a higher relative contribution of motor coordinative fitness compared to executive functions and cardiovascular fitness. The findings suggest that during cognitive-motor multitasking in everyday life, task performance is determined by the components of executive functions and physical fitness related to the specific task demands. Since multitasking in everyday life includes cognitive and motor tasks, it seems to be important to maintain both executive functions and physical fitness for independent living up to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mack
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Robert Stojan
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Otmar Bock
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50927, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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van Wieringen A, Van Wilderode M, Van Humbeeck N, Krampe R. Coupling of sensorimotor and cognitive functions in middle- and late adulthood. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1049639. [PMID: 36532286 PMCID: PMC9752872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1049639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study explored age effects and the coupling of sensorimotor and cognitive functions in a stratified sample of 96 middle-aged and older adults (age 45-86 years) with no indication of mild cognitive decline. In our sensorimotor tasks, we had an emphasis on listening in noise and postural control, but we also assessed functional mobility and tactile sensitivity. Methods Our cognitive measures comprised processing speed and assessments of core cognitive control processes (executive functions), notably inhibition, task switching, and working memory updating. We explored whether our measures of sensorimotor functioning mediated age differences in cognitive variables and compared their effect to processing speed. Subsequently, we examined whether individuals who had poorer (or better) than median cognitive performance for their age group also performed relatively poorer (or better) on sensorimotor tasks. Moreover, we examined whether the link between cognitive and sensorimotor functions becomes more pronounced in older age groups. Results Except for tactile sensitivity, we observed substantial age-related differences in all sensorimotor and cognitive variables from middle age onward. Processing speed and functional mobility were reliable mediators of age in task switching and inhibitory control. Regarding coupling between sensorimotor and cognition, we observed that individuals with poor cognitive control do not necessarily have poor listening in noise skills or poor postural control. Discussion As most conditions do not show an interdependency between sensorimotor and cognitive performance, other domain-specific factors that were not accounted for must also play a role. These need to be researched in order to gain a better understanding of how rehabilitation may impact cognitive functioning in aging persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid van Wieringen
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mira Van Wilderode
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Van Humbeeck
- Research Group Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ralf Krampe
- Research Group Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Downey R, Bherer L, Pothier K, Vrinceanu T, Intzandt B, Berryman N, Lussier M, Vincent T, Karelis AD, Nigam A, Vu TTM, Bosquet L, Li KZH. Multiple routes to help you roam: A comparison of training interventions to improve cognitive-motor dual-tasking in healthy older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:710958. [PMID: 36408116 PMCID: PMC9670126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.710958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive-motor dual-tasking is a complex activity that predicts falls risk and cognitive impairment in older adults. Cognitive and physical training can both lead to improvements in dual-tasking; however, less is known about what mechanisms underlie these changes. To investigate this, 33 healthy older adults were randomized to one of three training arms: Executive function (EF; n = 10), Aerobic Exercise (AE; n = 10), Gross Motor Abilities (GMA; n = 13) over 12 weeks (1 h, 3×/week). Single and dual-task performance (gait speed, m/s; cognitive accuracy, %) was evaluated before and after training, using the 2-back as concurrent cognitive load. Training arms were designed to improve cognitive and motor functioning, through different mechanisms (i.e., executive functioning – EF, cardiorespiratory fitness – CRF, and energy cost of walking – ECW). Compared to baseline, we observed few changes in dual-task gait speed following training (small effect). However, dual-task cognitive accuracy improved significantly, becoming facilitated by walking (large effect). There were no differences in the magnitude of improvements across training arms. We also found that older adults with lower cognitive ability (i.e., MoCA score < 26; n = 14) improved more on the dual-task cognitive accuracy following training, compared to older adults with higher cognitive ability (i.e., MoCA ≥26; n = 18). Taken together, the results suggest that regardless of the type of intervention, training appears to strengthen cognitive efficiency during dual-tasking, particularly for older adults with lower baseline cognitive status. These gains appear to occur via different mechanisms depending on the form of intervention. Implications of this research are paramount, as we demonstrate multiple routes for improving cognitive-motor dual-tasking in older adults, which may help reduce risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Downey
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rachel Downey, ; Karen Z. H. Li
| | - Louis Bherer
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kristell Pothier
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Tudor Vrinceanu
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brittany Intzandt
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Vincent
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antony D. Karelis
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Laurent Bosquet
- Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Karen Z. H. Li
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rachel Downey, ; Karen Z. H. Li
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Alfini AJ, Won J, Weiss LR, Nyhuis CC, Zipunnikov V, Spira AP, Liu-Ambrose T, Shackman AJ, Smith JC. Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Moderator of Sleep-Related Associations with Hippocampal Volume and Cognition. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1360. [PMID: 36291294 PMCID: PMC9599432 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand the associations of sleep and cardiorespiratory fitness with hippocampal volume and global cognition among older adults (n = 30, age = 65.8 years, female = 73.3%). Wrist actigraphy provided objective measures of nighttime sleep including sleep duration, average wake bout length (WBL; sleep disturbance), and wake-to-sleep transition probability (WTSP; sleep consolidation). Cardiorespiratory fitness was quantified via cycle exercise using a modified heart rate recovery approach. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine hippocampal volume and the Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess global cognition. Fitness moderated associations of sleep with hippocampal volume and cognitive performance, whereby the association of WBL-an index of poor sleep-with hippocampal atrophy was stronger among less-fit individuals, and the association of sleep duration with cognitive performance was stronger among more-fit individuals. Across the fitness levels, a longer WBL was associated with lower cognitive performance, and a higher WTSP-an index of more consolidated sleep-was associated with greater hippocampal volume. Sleep and fitness were unrelated to the volume of an amygdala control region, suggesting a degree of neuroanatomical specificity. In conclusion, higher cardiorespiratory fitness may attenuate sleep disturbance-related hippocampal atrophy and magnify the cognitive benefits of good sleep. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J. Alfini
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lauren R. Weiss
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Casandra C. Nyhuis
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vadim Zipunnikov
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adam P. Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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11
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Kalu ME, Bello-Haas VD, Griffin M, Boamah S, Harris J, Zaide M, Rayner D, Khattab N, Abrahim S, Richardson TK, Savatteri N, Wang Y, Tkachyk C. Cognitive, psychological and social factors associated with older adults' mobility: a scoping review of self-report and performance-based measures. Psychogeriatrics 2022; 22:553-573. [PMID: 35535013 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although many factors have been associated with mobility among older adults, there is paucity of research that explores the complexity of factors that influence mobility. This review aims to synthesise the available evidence for factors comprising the cognitive, psychological, and social mobility determinants and their associations with mobility self-reported and performance-based outcomes in older adults (60 years). We followed Arksey and O'Malley's five stages of a scoping review and searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, AgeLine, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Sociological Abstract databases. Reviewers in pairs independently conducted title, abstract, full-text screening and data extraction. We reported associations by analyses rather than articles because articles reported multiple associations for factors and several mobility outcomes. Associations were categorised as significantly positive, negative, or not significant. We included 183 peer-reviewed articles published in 27 countries, most of which were cross-sectional studies and conducted among community-dwelling older adults. The 183 articles reported 630 analyses, of which 381 (60.5%) were significantly associated with mobility outcomes in the expected direction. For example, older adults with higher cognitive functioning such as better executive functioning had better mobility outcomes (e.g., faster gait speed), and those with poor psychological outcomes, such as depressive symptoms, or social outcomes such as reduced social network, had poorer mobility outcomes (e.g., slower gait speed) compared to their counterparts. Studies exploring the association between cognitive factors, personality (a psychological factor) and self-reported mobility outcomes (e.g., walking for transportation or driving), and social factors and performance-based mobility outcomes in older adults are limited. Understanding the additive relationships between cognitive, psychological, and social factors highlights the complexity of older adults' mobility across different forms of mobility, including independence, use of assistive devices, transportation, and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Kalu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanina Dal Bello-Haas
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meridith Griffin
- Department of Health, Aging & Society, Faculty of Social Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Boamah
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Harris
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mashal Zaide
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Rayner
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nura Khattab
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salma Abrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yimo Wang
- Myodetox Markham, Markham, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Nicholls VI, Wiener JM, Meso AI, Miellet S. The Relative Contribution of Executive Functions and Aging on Attentional Control During Road Crossing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:912446. [PMID: 35645940 PMCID: PMC9133663 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, many physical, perceptual and cognitive abilities decline, which can critically impact our day-to-day lives. However, the decline of many abilities is concurrent; thus, it is challenging to disentangle the relative contributions of different abilities in the performance deterioration in realistic tasks, such as road crossing, with age. Research into road crossing has shown that aging and a decline in executive functioning (EFs) is associated with altered information sampling and less safe crossing decisions compared to younger adults. However, in these studies declines in age and EFs were confounded. Therefore, it is impossible to disentangle whether age-related declines in EFs impact on visual sampling and road-crossing performance, or whether visual exploration, and road-crossing performance, are impacted by aging independently of a decline in EFs. In this study, we recruited older adults with maintained EFs to isolate the impacts of aging independently of a decline EFs on road crossing abilities. We recorded eye movements of younger adults and older adults while they watched videos of road traffic and were asked to decide when they could cross the road. Overall, our results show that older adults with maintained EFs sample visual information and make similar road crossing decisions to younger adults. Our findings also reveal that both environmental constraints and EF abilities interact with aging to influence how the road-crossing task is performed. Our findings suggest that older pedestrians' safety, and independence in day-to-day life, can be improved through a limitation of scene complexity and a preservation of EF abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Nicholls
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Jan M Wiener
- Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Isaac Meso
- Neuroimaging Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Miellet
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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13
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Investigating functional fitness of older adults in Korea in the period 2013-2018. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6073. [PMID: 35414702 PMCID: PMC9005543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) to examine differences in the body compositions and the functional fitness tests across genders, age groups, and the test periods; and (b) to develop the functional fitness standards for older Korean adults. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards. The data were derived from 155,256 old adults aged 65–90 who participated in the National Fitness Award Project from 2013 to 2018 in Korea. A series of t-test, ANOVA, and Cajori’s 5-grade method were used to analyze the data. The group comparison tests revealed significant differences in the body compositions and the fitness tests across genders (p < 0.001 for all items), five age groups (p < 0.001 for all items), and two test periods (p < 0.001 for all items, except for sit-reach [p = 0.138] in males and body mass index [p = 0.258] and grip strength [p = 0.130] in females). The study also proposed the guidelines for the functional fitness standards for this population. This study would provide useful information to practitioners to design more effective physical activity programs or interventions for people at-risk of declining health, thus improving health conditions of the older adults in Korea.
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14
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Predovan D, Berryman N, Lussier M, Comte F, Vu TTM, Villalpando JM, Bherer L. Assessment of the Relationship Between Executive Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:742184. [PMID: 34803824 PMCID: PMC8595132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain health in healthy older adults have been reported using a variety of cardiorespiratory fitness estimates (CRFe). Using commonly used methods to determine CRF, we assessed the relationship between CRFe and executive function performance. Healthy older adults (n = 60, mean age 68 years, 77% women), underwent three CRF tests: a Maximal Graded Exercise Test performed on a cycle ergometer, the Rockport Fitness Walking Test, and a Non-Exercise Prediction Equation. Executive function was assessed by a computerized cognitive assessment using an N-Back task (updating cost) and a Stroop task (interference cost, global and local switch cost). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between different CRFe and executive function performance. Regardless of age and education, cardiorespiratory fitness estimated from the Maximal Graded Exercise Test and the Rockport Fitness Walking Test was significantly associated with the global switch cost. All CRFe were associated with the interference cost. No association was observed between CRFe and local switching costs or the updating costs. In the present study, not all subcomponents of executive function were related to CRFe. Interestingly, the executive functions that were associated with CRFe are those that are known to be the most affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Predovan
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Comte
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de Gériatrie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Associations Between Physical and Executive Functions Among Community-Dwelling Older Men and Women. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:332-339. [PMID: 34453020 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Walking is a complex task requiring the interplay of neuromuscular, sensory, and cognitive functions. Owing to the age-related decline in cognitive and physical functions, walking may be compromised in older adults, for cognitive functions, especially poor performance in executive functions, is associated with slow walking speed. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between different subdomains of executive functions and physical functions and whether the associations found differ between men and women. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on data collected from 314 community-dwelling older adults who did not meet physical activity guidelines but had intact cognition. Our results showed that, while executive functions were associated with gait and lower extremity functioning, the associations depended partly on the executive process measured and the nature of the physical task. Moreover, the associations did not differ between the sexes.
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16
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Mobility impact and well-being in later life: A multidisciplinary systematic review. RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS 2021; 86:100975. [PMCID: PMC7547325 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In modern societies, the understanding of how active mobility affects the elderly's psycho-physical well-being is crucial to design ageing-friendly transport measures. From a multidisciplinary perspective, this systematic review points out the mobility impact on three elements of the EU Active Ageing Index: health, independence and social connectedness. By scanning four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and TRID), 3727 peer-reviewed papers published in the last decade were found, of which 57 met the inclusion criteria. The screening process was conducted following the PRISMA protocol and registered to the database PROSPERO, while the quality assessment was done using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. More than 80% of the papers showed that an active mobility prevents psycho-physical harms, while only few papers study the relation of mobility with independence and social inclusion, to reduce the need for assistance and the related public expenditures. The findings of this review give important information both to transportation researchers and policymakers and companies, underlining the need for further research as well as investments in targeted age-friendly transport systems. The Covid-19 emergency has further underlined the importance of this issue, being the elderly one of the more disadvantaged and frailer social group.
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17
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Brain Structure, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Executive Control Changes after a 9-Week Exercise Intervention in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040292. [PMID: 33808225 PMCID: PMC8066797 DOI: 10.3390/life11040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is assumed to exert beneficial effects on brain structure and executive control (EC) performance. However, empirical evidence of exercise-induced cognitive enhancement is not conclusive, and the role of CRF in younger adults is not fully understood. Here, we conducted a study in which healthy young adults took part in a moderate aerobic exercise intervention program for 9 weeks (exercise group; n = 48), or control condition of non-aerobic exercise intervention (waitlist control group; n = 72). Before and after the intervention period maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as an indicator of CRF, the Flanker task as a measure of EC performance and grey matter volume (GMV), as well as cortical thickness via structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were assessed. Compared to the control group, the CRF (heart rate, p < 0.001; VO2max, p < 0.001) and EC performance (congruent and incongruent reaction time, p = 0.011, p < 0.001) of the exercise group were significantly improved after the 9-week aerobic exercise intervention. Furthermore, GMV changes in the left medial frontal gyrus increased in the exercise group, whereas they were significantly reduced in the control group. Likewise, analysis of cortical morphology revealed that the left lateral occipital cortex (LOC.L) and the left precuneus (PCUN.L) thickness were considerably increased in the exercise group, which was not observed in the control group. The exploration analysis confirmed that CRF improvements are linked to EC improvement and frontal grey matter changes. In summary, our results support the idea that regular endurance exercises are an important determinant for brain health and cognitive performance even in a cohort of younger adults.
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18
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Pothier K, Vrinceanu T, Intzandt B, Bosquet L, Karelis AD, Lussier M, Vu TTM, Nigam A, Li KZH, Berryman N, Bherer L. A comparison of physical exercise and cognitive training interventions to improve determinants of functional mobility in healthy older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111331. [PMID: 33774144 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mobility is a complex but crucial clinical outcome in older adults. Past observational studies have highlighted that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), energy cost of walking (ECW), and cognitive switching abilities are associated with mobility performance, making these key determinants of mobility intervention targets to enhance mobility in older adults. The objective of this study was to compare, in the same design, the impact of three training methods - each known to improve either CRF, ECW, or cognitive switching abilities - on mobility in healthy older adults. METHODS Seventy-eight participants (69.28 ± 4.85yo) were randomly assigned to one of three twelve-week interventions: Aerobic Exercise (AE; n = 26), Gross Motor Abilities (GMA; n = 27), or Cognitive (COG; n = 25) training. Each intervention was designed to improve one of the three key determinants of mobility (CRF, ECW, and cognitive switching). Primary outcomes (usual gait speed, and TUG performance) and the three mobility determinants were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a time effect for TUG performance (F(1,75) = 14.92, p < .001): all groups equally improved after the intervention (ΔTUGpost-pre, in seconds, with 95% CI: AE = -0.44 [-0.81 to -0.08]; GMA = -0.60 [-1.10 to -0.10]; COG = -0.33 [-0.71 to 0.05]). No significant between group differences were observed. CRF was improved in the AE group only (Hedges' G = 0.27, small effect), ECW and cognitive switching improved the most in the GMA (Hedges' G = -0.78, moderate effect) and COG groups (Hedges' G = -1.93, large effect) respectively. Smaller improvements in ECW were observed following AE and COG trainings (Hedges' G: AE = -0.39, COG = -0.36, both small effects) as well as in cognitive switching following AE and GMA training (Hedges' G: AE = -0.42, GMA = -0.21, both small effects). DISCUSSION This study provides further support to the notion that multiple interventional approaches (aerobic, gross motor exercise, or cognitive training) can be employed to improve functional mobility in older adults, giving them, and professionals, more options to promote healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristell Pothier
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada; EA 2114, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Tudor Vrinceanu
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Brittany Intzandt
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Antony D Karelis
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - T T Minh Vu
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Karen Z H Li
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada; Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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19
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Boutros S, El Hachem E, Mattar J, Hallit S, Mattar H. Arabic version of the Hayling sentence completion test: scale validation, normative data and factors associated with executive functions in a sample of the Lebanese adults. Head Face Med 2020; 16:36. [PMID: 33308273 PMCID: PMC7730776 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-020-00251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted for several reasons, primarily because of the lack of an Arabic version of the HSCT that could be beneficial in our clinical practice. Another reason is the need to find potential relationships between various factors with executive functions, especially problematic mobile phone use as suggested by many previous studies, since smartphones have become, nowadays, a daily companion of people from all generations. Thus, it is important to conduct this study in Lebanon to be adapted to the ideas, customs and social behavior of the Lebanese citizens. Hence, the objectives of the current study are to use the Arabic version of the HSCT in healthy community-dwelling Arabic-speaking adults in Lebanon, to check its validity compared to other versions of the test, as well as to identify risk factors that might affect the executive functions in these adults. METHODS Between August-December 2019, 350 participants were randomly selected. The Arabic version of the HSCT, divided into automatic and inhibition conditions, was used; in each condition, participants' response-time and number of errors committed were recorded. RESULTS None of the scale items was removed. For the automatic condition, response-time items converged over one factor (αCronbach = 0.905) and number of errors converged over seven factors (αCronbach = 0.334). For the inhibition condition, response-time converged over one factor (αCronbach = 0.943) and number of errors converged over four factors (αCronbach = 0.728). Using electricity as a heating method inside the house was significantly associated with a lower response-time, whereas higher problematic mobile phone use was associated with higher response-time. Using wood as a heating system inside the house and higher problematic mobile phone use were associated with higher number of errors, while using Arabian incense (bakhour) inside the house was associated with lower number of errors. CONCLUSION We were able to set normative data for the HSCT Arabic version for use in the Lebanese population. Problematic mobile phone use was associated with lower inhibitory control in terms of response-time and errors number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boutros
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Emilio El Hachem
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Mattar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hanna Mattar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Neurology, Notre Dame des Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon
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20
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Hamrick MW, Stranahan AM. Metabolic regulation of aging and age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101175. [PMID: 32971259 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inquiry into relationships between energy metabolism and brain function requires a uniquely interdisciplinary mindset, and implementation of anti-aging lifestyle strategies based on this work also involves consistent mental and physical discipline. Dr. Mark P. Mattson embodies both of these qualities, based on the breadth and depth of his work on neurobiological responses to energetic stress, and on his own diligent practice of regular exercise and caloric restriction. Dr. Mattson created a neurotrophic niche in his own laboratory, allowing trainees to grow their skills, form new connections, and eventually migrate, forming their own labs while remaining part of the extended lab family. In this historical review, we highlight Dr. Mattson's many contributions to understanding neurobiological responses to physical exercise and dietary restriction, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that may underlie neuroprotection in ageing and age-related disease. On the occasion of Dr. Mattson's retirement from the National Institute on Aging, we highlight his foundational work on metabolism and neuroplasticity by reviewing the context for these findings and considering their impact on future research on the neuroscience of aging.
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21
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Galvin JE, Tolea MI, Rosenfeld A, Chrisphonte S. The Quick Physical Activity Rating (QPAR) scale: A brief assessment of physical activity in older adults with and without cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241641. [PMID: 33125429 PMCID: PMC7598491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) currently affect over 5.7 million Americans and over 35 million people worldwide. At the same time, over 31 million older adults are physically inactive with impaired physical performance interfering with activities of daily living. Low physical activity is a risk factor for ADRD. We examined the utility of a new measure, the Quick Physical Activities Rating (QPAR) as an informant-rated instrument to quantify the dosage of physical activities in healthy controls, MCI and ADRD compared with Gold Standard assessments of objective measures of physical performance, fitness, and functionality. METHODS This study analyzed 390 consecutive patient-caregiver dyads who underwent a comprehensive evaluation including the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), mood, neuropsychological testing, caregiver ratings of patient behavior and function, and a comprehensive physical performance and gait assessment. The QPAR was completed prior to the office visit and was not considered in the clinical evaluation, physical performance assessment, staging or diagnosis of the patient. Psychometric properties including item variability and distribution, floor and ceiling effects, strength of association, known-groups performance, and internal consistency were determined. RESULTS The patients had a mean age of 75.3±9.2 years, 15.7±2.8 years of education and were 46.9% female. The patients had a mean CDR-SB of 4.8±4.7 and a mean MoCA score of 18.6±7.1 and covered a range of healthy controls (CDR 0 = 54), MCI or very mild dementia (CDR 0.5 = 161), mild dementia (CDR 1 = 92), moderate dementia (CDR 2 = 64), and severe dementia (CDR 3 = 29). The mean QPAR score was 20.2±18.9 (range 0-132) covering a wide range of physical activity. The QPAR internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was very good at 0.747. The QPAR was correlated with measures of physical performance (dexterity, grip strength, gait, mobility), physical functionality rating scales, measures of activities of daily living and comorbidities, the UPDRS, and frailty ratings (all p < .001). The QPAR report of physical activities was able to discriminate between individuals with impaired physical functionality (32.2±23.9 vs 15.2±13.8, p < .001), falls risk (28.4±21.6 vs. 14.5±13.2, p < .001), and the presence of frailty (28.1±22.7 vs. 11.8±9.4, p < .001). The QPAR showed strong psychometric properties and excellent data quality, and worked equally well across different patient ages, sexes, informant relationships, and in individuals with and without cognitive impairment. DISCUSSION The QPAR is a brief detection tool that captures informant reports of physical activities and differentiates individuals with normal physical functionality from those individuals with impaired physical functionality. The QPAR correlated with Gold Standard assessments of strength and sarcopenia, activities of daily living, gait and mobility, fitness, health related quality of life, frailty, global physical performance, and provided good discrimination between states of physical functionality, falls risk, and frailty. The QPAR performed well in comparison to standardized scales of objective physical performance, but in a brief fashion that could facilitate its use in clinical care and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Galvin
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Magdalena I. Tolea
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amie Rosenfeld
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Chrisphonte
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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22
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Vrinceanu T, Lagacé-Lavoie G, Kaushal N, Esmail A, Vu TTM, Berryman N, Nigam A, Bherer L. Mind the Rhythm: ECG QT Dispersion and Cognition in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566341. [PMID: 33117235 PMCID: PMC7561416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autonomic function has been linked to cognitive abilities in aging. Even in non-clinical states, a certain variability in heart rhythm regulation can be measured with QT dispersion (QTcD), an ECG marker of ventricular repolarization which has been linked to autonomic function and cardiovascular health. QTcD has been shown to be higher in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and the highest in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. The goal of this study was to see if QTcD is associated with cognitive performance in healthy individuals. Methods Sixty-three healthy inactive older adults (> 60 years) completed an extensive cognitive assessment (including inhibition, divided attention, updating, working memory, and processing speed), a physical fitness assessment, and underwent a resting ECG. Results After controlling for age, sex, and education, QTcD significantly predicted global cognition (MoCA) scores (R2 = 0.17, F(4.58) = 3.00, p < 0.03, β = −0.36). Exploratory analysis on the MoCA subcomponents revealed a significant association between the visual/executive subcomponent and QTcD (R2 = 0.12, F(1.61) = 7.99, p < 0.01, β = −0.34). In individuals with high QTcD, QTcD values were linked to executive functions (R2 = 0.37), processing speed (R2 = 0.34), and dual-task performances (R2 = 0.47). No significant associations were found within the low QTcD group. Conclusion This study shows an association between ventricular repolarization (QTcD) and cognitive performance, in particular speed and executive functions, in healthy older adults. The results provide further support for linking autonomic heart regulation and age-related cognitive changes, and suggest that deviations on ECG, even within-normal range, could help detect early cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Vrinceanu
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Navin Kaushal
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Alida Esmail
- École de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T T Minh Vu
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherché du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Hassan EB, Imani M, Duque G. Is Physical Frailty a Neuromuscular Condition? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 20:1556-1557. [PMID: 31780040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mahdi Imani
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.
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24
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Psychophysical Health Factors and Its Correlations in Elderly Wheelchair Users Who Live in Nursing Homes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051706. [PMID: 32150994 PMCID: PMC7084309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aging is a multi-faceted process comprising both-the physical and mental alterations. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the variables affecting the psychophysical state of the elderly people using wheelchairs and living in nursing homes (NH). Methods: 165 older wheelchair users were included in the study after meeting the inclusion criteria and expressing written consent. The assessment involved cognitive functioning, depression, body balance and flexibility, lung capacity and upper limbs dexterity, strenght and endurance. The results showed negative correlation between depression and balance, upper limb dexterity and endurance and shoulder flexion. A positive correlation between cognitive functioning and balance, upper limb dexterity, strenght and endurance, lung capacity and joint mobility was determined. Also, the study proved positive correlation between daily functioning and functional fitness, muscle strength and endurance, body flexibility, joint mobility. The regression analysis showed that better scores in balance test and joint mobility implied with higher scores in cognitive functioning. The most important determinants of functional fitness were balance, hand grip strenght and joint mobility. Conclusion: The future study should be focused on developing interventions aimed at senior wheelchair users living in NHs to prevent the deterioration of their mental and physical fitness.
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25
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Rodrigues L, Bherer L, Bosquet L, Vrinceanu T, Nadeau S, Lehr L, Bobeuf F, Kergoat MJ, Vu TTM, Berryman N. Effects of an 8-week training cessation period on cognition and functional capacity in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110890. [PMID: 32114076 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple types of exercise interventions have been described as effective methods for improving cognition and mobility in older adults. In addition to combined strength and aerobic training, gross motor activities have shown benefits. However, adherence to exercise is a challenge, which may bring about periods of training cessation. Importantly, short-term training cessation may lead to a loss of fitness adaptations. The effects of training cessation on cognition and functional capacity are not well known, especially within the context of dual-tasking in older adults. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of an 8-week training cessation period on cognition (executive functioning (EF) in single (ST) and dual-task (DT)) and functional capacity (10 m Walk and 6 Minute Walk Test) of healthy older adults, after one of three training interventions: combined lower body strength and aerobic, combined upper body strength and aerobic, or gross motor activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty older adults (70.5 ± 5.5 years, 67.5% F) participated in training sessions, 3×/week for 8 weeks prior to training cessation. Pre (T0), post (T1) and follow-up (post-cessation, T2) measures of EF (performance in inhibition and updating/working memory indices of the Random Number Generation task) in ST and DT (treadmill walking at 0.67 m·s-1, 1.11 m·s-1, and 1.56 m·s-1), and functional capacity were assessed. Changes in ST and DT as well as functional capacity tests were analyzed using two-way ANOVAs (time ∗ group) with repeated measures for the time factor (T0, T1 and T2). RESULTS Improvements in inhibition indices were observed in ST for all time comparisons (T0-T1, T1-T2 and T0-T2). Inhibition in DT improved from T0-T2 and from T1-T2. Working memory declined from T0-T2 and from T1-T2. Functional capacity performance was maintained from T1-T2 (small improvement from T0-T1 and from T0-T2). DISCUSSION Performances in inhibition were maintained or improved after cessation of training. We found no interaction between training groups, whatever the condition, indicating similar training cessation effects regardless of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Multiple types of exercise interventions may lead to positive benefit to inhibition and functional capacity in older adults, and it may also be possible to retain these benefits after a short cessation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynden Rodrigues
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Réadaptation du Montréal Métropolitain (CRIR), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital (CISSS-Laval), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Tudor Vrinceanu
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nadeau
- École de Réadaptation, Université of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Réadaptation du Montréal Métropolitain (CRIR), Institut universitaire sur la réadaptation en déficience physique de Montréal (IURDPM), du CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lora Lehr
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Jeanne Kergoat
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de gériatrie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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26
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Montero-Odasso M, Almeida QJ, Bherer L, Burhan AM, Camicioli R, Doyon J, Fraser S, Muir-Hunter S, Li KZH, Liu-Ambrose T, McIlroy W, Middleton L, Morais JA, Sakurai R, Speechley M, Vasudev A, Beauchet O, Hausdorff JM, Rosano C, Studenski S, Verghese J. Consensus on Shared Measures of Mobility and Cognition: From the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:897-909. [PMID: 30101279 PMCID: PMC6521916 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A new paradigm is emerging in which mobility and cognitive impairments, previously studied, diagnosed, and managed separately in older adults, are in fact regulated by shared brain resources. Deterioration in these shared brain mechanisms by normal aging and neurodegeneration increases the risk of developing dementia, falls, and fractures. This new paradigm requires an integrated approach to measuring both domains. We aim to identify a complementary battery of existing tests of mobility and cognition in community-dwelling older adults that enable assessment of motor-cognitive interactions. Methods Experts on mobility and cognition in aging participated in a semistructured consensus based on the Delphi process. After performing a scoping review to select candidate tests, multiple rounds of consultations provided structured feedback on tests that captured shared characteristics of mobility and cognition. These tests needed to be sensitive to changes in both mobility and cognition, applicable across research studies and clinics, sensitive to interventions, feasible to perform in older adults, been previously validated, and have minimal ceiling/floor effects. Results From 17 tests appraised, 10 tests fulfilled prespecified criteria and were selected as part of the “Core-battery” of tests. The expert panel also recommended a “Minimum-battery” of tests that included gait speed, dual-task gait speed, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Trail Making Test A&B. Conclusions A standardized assessment battery that captures shared characteristics of mobility and cognition seen in aging and neurodegeneration may increase comparability across research studies, detection of subtle or common reversible factors, and accelerate research progress in dementia, falls, and aging-related disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to: Manuel Montero-Odasso MD, PhD, AGSF, FRCPC, FGSA, Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, 550 Wellington Road, London, Ontario N6C 0A7, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Quincy J Almeida
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Department of Psychology and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amer M Burhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric and Cognitive Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Muir-Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Karen Z H Li
- Department of Psychology and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - William McIlroy
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Centre of Excellence in Aging and Chronic Disease, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryota Sakurai
- Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Speechley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Akshya Vasudev
- Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Olivier Beauchet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- RUIS McGill Centre of Excellence on Aging and Chronic Disease – CEViMaC, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Studenski
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Hester GM, Ha PL, Dalton BE, VanDusseldorp TA, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Bailly AR, Vroman TM. Rate of Force Development as a Predictor of Mobility in Community-dwelling Older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2020; 44:74-81. [PMID: 31917715 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rate of force development (RFD) is influential, and possibly more influential than other muscular performance parameters, for mobility in older adults. However, only a few studies have investigated this matter, and this has not been examined for the plantar flexors (PFs). The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of PF RFD and other common tests of muscular performance to Up-and-Go (UG) performance and walking speed (WS) in older adults. METHODS Twenty-six (19 females) healthy, community-dwelling older adults (73.7 ± 4.9 years) were recruited from a senior citizen center for this observational study. Handgrip strength, UG performance, as well as preferred and maximal WS were obtained. Time taken to complete 5-chair rises and the number of chair rises completed in 30 seconds were recorded. Rate of force development of the PFs was obtained during a rapid, bilateral calf raise performed on a force plate. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to identify significant predictors, after adjusting for physical activity level and body mass index, of mobility (ie, UG, preferred and maximal WS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No muscular performance variables correlated with preferred WS. Rate of force development (adjusted R2 = 0.356; P = .008) and handgrip strength (adjusted R2 = 0.293; P = .026) were the only predictors of maximal WS and accounted for a 21.7% and 16.1% change in R2, respectively, after accounting for physical activity level and body mass index. Rate of force development was the only predictor of UG performance (adjusted R2 = 0.212; P = .006) and accounted for a 29.2% change in R2 after adjustment variables were applied. CONCLUSIONS Compared to common assessments of muscular performance, such as handgrip strength and chair rise performance, PF RFD was a greater predictor of mobility in older adults. These findings, in conjunction with recent reports, indicate that the assessment of RFD likely complements strength testing, thereby enabling a more robust assessment of functional decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | | | - Alex A Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Alyssa R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
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Vrinceanu T, Esmail A, Berryman N, Predovan D, Vu TTM, Villalpando JM, Pruessner JC, Bherer L. Dance your stress away: comparing the effect of dance/movement training to aerobic exercise training on the cortisol awakening response in healthy older adults. Stress 2019; 22:687-695. [PMID: 31124397 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1617690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine in healthy older adults the effects of dance/movement training (DMT) on the cortisol awakening response (CAR), a marker of chronic stress. Forty participants (mean age = 67.45, 75% women) were randomized into three groups: DMT (n = 12) - a set of exercises to promote gross motor skills, body awareness, and socialization; aerobic exercise training (AT; n = 14) - high intensity activity on a recumbent bicycle, and wait list (WL; n = 14). Both DMT and AT groups were supervised by licensed instructors and met three times a week for three months. Before and after their respective program, participants of all groups provided saliva samples on 3 d at 0-, 30- and 60-min after awakening, and had their fitness level evaluated. A significant group × time interaction (F(2,34) = 5.79, p = .01, η2partial = 0.25) was found, with the DMT group showing lower salivary cortisol values post-training, while the other two groups showed no change from baseline in their CAR. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved only in the AT group, while DMT showed no group-specific physical functioning improvements. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of physical and psychological effects of training on change in cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Vrinceanu
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal , Canada
| | - Alida Esmail
- École de Réadaptation, Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Institut universitaire sur la réadaptation en déficience physique de Montréal, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - David Predovan
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | | | - Jens C Pruessner
- McGill University , Montreal , Canada
- University of Constance , Constance , Germany
| | - Louis Bherer
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal , Canada
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Langeard A, Houdeib R, Saillant K, Kaushal N, Lussier M, Bherer L. Switching Ability Mediates the Age-Related Difference in Timed Up and Go Performance. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:S23-S28. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Langeard
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ramzi Houdeib
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Concordia University, Department of Psychology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathia Saillant
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Navin Kaushal
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Palmer TB, Pineda JG, Cruz MR, Agu-Udemba CC. Duration-Dependent Effects of Passive Static Stretching on Musculotendinous Stiffness and Maximal and Rapid Torque and Surface Electromyography Characteristics of the Hamstrings. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:717-726. [PMID: 30664114 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palmer, TB, Pineda, JG, Cruz, MR, and Agu-Udemba, CC. Duration-dependent effects of passive static stretching on musculotendinous stiffness and maximal and rapid torque and surface electromyography characteristics of the hamstrings. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 717-726, 2019-This study aimed to examine the effects of stretching duration on passive musculotendinous stiffness and maximal and rapid torque and surface electromyography (EMG) characteristics of the hamstrings. Thirteen young females (age = 21 ± 2 years) underwent 2 passive straight-leg raise (SLR) assessments and 2 isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the hamstrings before and after 4 randomized conditions that included a control treatment and 3 experimental treatments of passive static stretching for 30-, 60-, and 120-second durations. Passive stiffness was calculated during each SLR as the slope of the final 10% of the angle-torque curve. Isometric peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), peak EMG amplitude (PEMG), and rate of EMG rise (RER) were extracted from each MVC. Results indicated that PT and PEMG were not affected (p = 0.993 and 0.422, respectively) by any of the experimental treatments. Rate of torque development and RER decreased from pre- to post-treatment for 120 seconds (p = 0.001 and 0.001) but not for the control (p = 0.616 and 0.466), 30- (p = 0.628 and 0.612), and 60-second (p = 0.396 and 0.815) interventions. The slope coefficient decreased from pre- to post-treatment for the 30- (p = 0.001), 60- (p = 0.002), and 120-second (p = 0.001) stretching interventions but not for the control (p = 0.649). Given the significant stiffness reductions and lack of changes in PT and RTD for the 30- and 60-second interventions, it may be advantageous for practitioners who are using hamstring passive stretching as part of a warm-up routine, to perform such stretching on their clients for short (30-60 seconds) rather than moderate (120-second) stretching durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Esmail A, Vrinceanu T, Lussier M, Predovan D, Berryman N, Houle J, Karelis A, Grenier S, Minh Vu TT, Villalpando JM, Bherer L. Effects of Dance/Movement Training vs. Aerobic Exercise Training on cognition, physical fitness and quality of life in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 24:212-220. [PMID: 31987547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that physical activity promotes healthy aging. Recent studies suggest dance could also benefit cognition and physical health in seniors, but many styles and approaches of dance exist and rigorous designs for intervention studies are still scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Dance/Movement Training (DMT) to Aerobic Exercise Training (AET) on cognition, physical fitness and health-related quality of life in healthy inactive elderly. METHODS A single-center, randomized, parallel assignment, open label trial was conducted with 62 older adults (mean age = 67.48 ± 5.37 years) recruited from the community. Participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week (3x/week, 1hr/session) DMT program, AET program or control group. Cognitive functioning, physical fitness and health-related quality of life were assessed at baseline (T-0), and post-training (T-12 weeks). RESULTS 41 participants completed the study. Executive and non-executive composite scores showed a significant increase post-training (F(1,37) = 4.35, p = .04; F(1,37) = 7.01, p = .01). Cardiovascular fitness improvements were specific to the AET group (F(2,38) = 16.40, p < .001) while mobility improvements were not group-dependent (10 m walk: F(1,38) = 11.67, p = .002; Timed up and go: F(1,38) = 22.07, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that DMT may have a positive impact on cognition and physical functioning in older adults however further research is needed. This study could serve as a model for designing future RCTs with dance-related interventions. REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials. gov Identifier NCT02455258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Esmail
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire sur La Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Montréal, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tudor Vrinceanu
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Predovan
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Janie Houle
- Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antony Karelis
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Exercise Science, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Grenier
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Louis Bherer
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; PERFORM Centre and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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de Oliveira Silva F, Ferreira JV, Plácido J, Sant'Anna P, Araújo J, Marinho V, Laks J, Camaz Deslandes A. Three months of multimodal training contributes to mobility and executive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment, but not in those with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Maturitas 2019; 126:28-33. [PMID: 31239114 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a 12-week multimodal physical exercise program on global cognition, executive function and mobility in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of two groups in parallel; single-blind. METHOD Patients were allocated to a control group (CG; n = 28 comprising MCI = 14 and AD = 14) and an exercise group (EG; n = 28 comprising MCI = 14 and AD = 14). The participants' physical and cognitive abilities were evaluated before and three months after the intervention. The training consisted of a 1-hour supervised program of multimodal physical exercises (aerobic, strength, balance and flexibility) of moderate intensity, delivered twice a week. RESULTS The independent t-test of the delta (Δ = post-intervention - pre-intervention) was used to compare the groups (CG x EG) for each diagnosis (MCI and AD). There was a significant difference only in the simple task mobility test (ΔCG: -0.18 ± 0.53; ΔEG: -1.05 ± 0.57; P = 0.03) and in the verbal fluency (ΔCG: -1.30 ± 2.49; ΔEG: 3.16 ± 1.72, P = 0.05) of the elderly with MCI, showing a beneficial effect of the multimodal exercise in this group. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a 12-week multimodal physical exercise program contributed to improvements in the mobility and executive function of elderly individuals with MCI, but not of those with AD. Although more RCTs are needed, physical exercise should be recommended to those in the early stages of neurocognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jéssica Plácido
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Sant'Anna
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Araújo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeska Marinho
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson Laks
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lee HS, Ko M, Park SW, Braden H. Concurrent validity of the Groningen Meander Walking and Timed Up and Go tests in older adults with dementia. Physiother Theory Pract 2019; 36:1432-1437. [PMID: 30739570 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1579285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The Groningen Meander Walking time (GMW-sec) test has not been clinically validated as a feasible assessment to test functional mobility skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of the GMW-sec test with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in older adults with dementia. Methods: This study included a cross-sectional and between subjects design with one factor, which had three different levels of group. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit 145 elderly participants in dementia and senior care facilities. Participants were divided into three groups based on the result of a Mini-Mental Status Exam for Dementia Screening: 57 older adults with dementia, 25 older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and 63 healthy older adults. Results: Spearman rank order correlation showed that the TUG test had moderate association with the GMW-sec test not only in older adults with dementia (r = 0.69; p < 0.01), but also for the mild cognitive group (r = 0.63; p = 0.01) and healthy group (r = 0.47; p < 0.01). Older adults with dementia had a significant functional reduction for both GMW-sec and TUG tests compared to other two groups (p < 0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Turning motions with the TUG test may cause similar challenges that relate to a curved walking path for the GMW-sec test in older adults with dementia. Both the TUG and GMW-sec tests could be effective approaches for screening the severity of cognitive impairment on functional mobility in people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Suk Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Eulji University , Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Mansoo Ko
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sun-Wook Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Samsung Medical Center , Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heather Braden
- Department of Physical Therapy, Angelo State University , San Angelo, Texas, USA
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Abstract
A variety of physical fitness regimens have been shown to improve cognition, including executive function, yet our understanding of which parameters of motor training are important in optimizing outcomes remains limited. We used functional brain mapping to compare the ability of two motor challenges to acutely recruit the prefrontal-striatal circuit. The two motor tasks - walking in a complex running wheel with irregularly spaced rungs or walking in a running wheel with a smooth internal surface - differed only in the extent of skill required for their execution. Cerebral perfusion was mapped in rats by intravenous injection of [C]-iodoantipyrine during walking in either a motorized complex wheel or in a simple wheel. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was quantified by whole-brain autoradiography and analyzed in three-dimensional reconstructed brains by statistical parametric mapping and seed-based functional connectivity. Skilled or simple walking compared with rest, increased rCBF in regions of the motor circuit, somatosensory and visual cortex, as well as the hippocampus. Significantly greater rCBF increases were noted during skilled walking than for simple walking. Skilled walking, unlike simple walking or the resting condition, was associated with a significant positive functional connectivity in the prefrontal-striatal circuit (prelimbic cortex-dorsomedial striatum) and greater negative functional connectivity in the prefrontal-hippocampal circuit. Our findings suggest that the level of skill of a motor training task determines the extent of functional recruitment of the prefrontal-corticostriatal circuit, with implications for a new approach in neurorehabilitation that uses circuit-specific neuroplasticity to improve motor and cognitive functions.
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Effects of Knee Position on the Reliability and Production of Maximal and Rapid Strength Characteristics During an Isometric Squat Test. J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:111-117. [PMID: 29017410 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of knee position on the reliability and production of peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD) characteristics during an isometric squat. Fourteen resistance-trained females performed isometric squats at 90, 120, and 150° knee angles (corresponding to parallel, half, and quarter squat positions, respectively) on 2 different occasions, from which PF, peak RFD, and early (RFD30, RFD50, RFD100) and late (RFD200) phase RFD variables were extracted. PF and RFD200 were highly consistent across trials for all 3 squat positions, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging between 0.812-0.904 and coefficients of variation (CVs) between 6.6-19.4%. For peak and early RFD characteristics, higher ICCs and lower CV values were observed for the quarter squat (ICCs = 0.818-0.852, CVs = 17.3-19.4%) compared to the parallel (ICCs = 0.591-0.649, CVs = 30.1-55.9%) and half squats (ICCs = 0.547-0.598,CVs = 31.1-34.2%). In addition, isometric PF and RFD200 increased (P ≤ .001-0.04) with squat position (parallel < half < quarter); however, there were no differences for peak RFD (P ≥ .27), RFD30 (P ≥ .99), RFD50 (P ≥ .99), and RFD100 (P ≥ .09). These findings suggest that performing isometric squats at higher (150°) rather than lower knee joint angles (90-120°) may provide for an improved capacity to produce greater PF and RFD200 as well as a more reliable testing position for measuring peak and early RFD characteristics.
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Arrieta H, Rezola-Pardo C, Echeverria I, Iturburu M, Gil SM, Yanguas JJ, Irazusta J, Rodriguez-Larrad A. Physical activity and fitness are associated with verbal memory, quality of life and depression among nursing home residents: preliminary data of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 29580209 PMCID: PMC5869769 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have simultaneously examined changes in physical, cognitive and emotional performance throughout the aging process. METHODS Baseline data from an ongoing experimental randomized study were analyzed. Physical activity, handgrip, the Senior Fitness Test, Trail Making Test A, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease Scale (QoL-AD) and the Goldberg Depression Scale were used to assess study participants. Logistic regression models were applied. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12616001044415 (04/08/2016). RESULTS The study enrolled 114 participants with a mean age of 84.9 (standard deviation 6.9) years from ten different nursing homes. After adjusting for age, gender and education level, upper limb muscle strength was found to be associated with Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test [EXP(B): 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.30] and QoL-AD [EXP(B): 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.31]. Similarly, the number of steps taken per day was negatively associated with the risk of depression according to the Goldberg Depression Scale [EXP(B): 1.14, 95% CI: 1.000-1.003]. Additional analyses suggest that the factors associated with these variables are different according to the need for using an assistive device for walking. In those participants who used it, upper limb muscle strength remained associated with Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test [EXP(B): 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.44] and QoL-AD tests [EXP(B): 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02-1.40]. In those individuals who did not need an assistive device for walking, lower limb muscle strength was associated with Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test [EXP(B): 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07-1.69], time spent in light physical activity was associated with QoL-AD test [EXP(B): 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02], and the number of steps walked per day was negatively associated with the risk of depression according to the Goldberg Depression Scale [EXP(B): 1.27, 95% CI: 1.000-1.004]. CONCLUSIONS Muscle strength and physical activity are factors positively associated with a better performance on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, QoL-AD and Goldberg Depression Scale in older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment living in nursing homes. These associations appeared to differ according to the use of an assistive device for walking. Our findings support the need for the implementation of interventions directed to increase the strength and physical activity of individuals living in nursing homes to promote physical, cognitive and emotional benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12616001044415 (04/08/2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Arrieta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Chloe Rezola-Pardo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Iñaki Echeverria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Miren Iturburu
- Matia Instituto Gerontológico Foundation, Camino de los Pinos 35, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Susana Maria Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Jose Javier Yanguas
- Matia Instituto Gerontológico Foundation, Camino de los Pinos 35, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Larrad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
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Miller CT, Teychenne M, Maple JL. The perceived feasibility and acceptability of a conceptually challenging exercise training program in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:451-461. [PMID: 29606858 PMCID: PMC5868626 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s154664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training is an essential component of falls prevention strategies, but they do not fully address components of physical function that leads to falls. The training approaches to achieve this may not be perceived as appropriate or even feasible in older adults. This study aims to assess the perceived feasibility and acceptability of novel exercise training approaches not usually prescribed to older adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fourteen adults were exposed to conceptually and physically demanding exercises. Interviews were then conducted to determine perceptions and acceptability of individual exercise tasks. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify themes. RESULTS Safety and confidence, acceptability, and population participation were the key themes identified. Staff knowledge, presence, program design, and overt safety equipment were important for alleviating initial apprehension. Although physically demanding, participants expressed satisfaction when challenged. Prior disposition, understanding the value, and the appeal of novel exercises were perceived to influence program engagement. CONCLUSION Given the evidence for acceptability, this type of training is feasible and may be appropriate as part of an exercise training program for older adults. Further research should be conducted to confirm that the physical adaptations to exercise training approaches as presented in this study occur in a similar manner to that observed in younger adults, and to also determine whether these adaptations lead to prolonged independence and reduced falls in older adults compared to usual care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Miller
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Teychenne
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaimie-Lee Maple
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Palmer TB, Followay BN, Thompson BJ. Age-related effects on maximal and rapid hamstrings/quadriceps strength capacities and vertical jump power in young and older females. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:1231-1239. [PMID: 28247210 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Declines in hamstrings and quadriceps maximal and rapid strength are commonly reported as a consequence of aging; however, few studies have investigated the influence of age on maximal and rapid hamstrings to quadriceps (H/Q) strength ratios. This study aimed to examine the effects of age on leg extension and flexion maximal and rapid torque production, H/Q strength ratios, and muscle power in healthy, young and old females. METHODS Fifteen young (21 ± 2 years) and 15 old (69 ± 7 years) females performed 3 isometric leg extension and flexion maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), from which peak torque (PT), early (0-30 ms) and late (0-200 ms) phase rate of torque development (RTD), and PT and RTD H/Q strength ratios were extracted. Lower-body peak power output (P max) was assessed through a vertical jump test. RESULTS P max, PT, and early (RTD30) and late (RTD200) RTD variables of the leg extensors and flexors were lower (P ≤ 0.048) and PT and RTD200 H/Q strength ratios were higher (P ≤ 0.030) in the old compared to the younger females; however, no difference was observed for RTD30 H/Q (P = 0.300). There were also significant negative relationships in the older (r = -0.616 and -0.522; P = 0.014 and 0.046) but not the younger (r = 0.295 and -0.109; P = 0.286 and 0.698) females between P max and RTD30 and RTD200 H/Q strength ratios. CONCLUSION The higher RTD200 H/Q ratio for the older females may contribute to the muscle power deficits often observed in elderly populations. Practitioners may use these findings to help identify older adults with low muscle power capacities and possibly overall functional decline.
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The Relationship Between Mobility Dysfunction Staging and Global Cognitive Performance. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2017; 30:230-6. [PMID: 26840544 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship and the directionality between mobility and cognitive performance. METHOD A cross-sectional analysis of a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 327 community-dwelling adults (mean age=68.9±9.9 y; range, 40 to 100 y) categorized as having no mobility dysfunction, upper-extremity (UE) impairment, lower-extremity (LE) impairment, or mobility limitation (both UE and LE impairments), and compared by global cognition with multiple hierarchical linear regression adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and mood factors. A bootstrapping mediation analysis investigated the directionality of the mobility-cognition association. RESULTS LE (Est.=-2.95±0.77, P=0.001) but not UE impairment (Est.=-1.43±1.05, P=0.175) was associated with a poorer global cognitive performance/impairment. The presence of mobility limitation had the strongest effect on cognition (Est.=-3.78±1.09, P<0.001) adjusting for sociodemographic factors, body composition, comorbidities, and mood. Mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between cognition and mobility likely operates in both directions. DISCUSSION The association between cognitive function and mobility follows a dose-response pattern in which the likelihood of poor global cognition increases with the progression of mobility dysfunction, with evidence that LE impairments may be better indicators of an impaired cognitive status than UE impairments. Using brief, valid tools to screen older patients for early signs of mobility dysfunction, especially when the LE is affected, is feasible, and may provide the first detectable stage of future cognitive impairment and provide actionable steps for interventions to improve performance, reduce burden, and prevent the development of physical disability and loss of independence.
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Hobert MA, Meyer SI, Hasmann SE, Metzger FG, Suenkel U, Eschweiler GW, Berg D, Maetzler W. Gait Is Associated with Cognitive Flexibility: A Dual-Tasking Study in Healthy Older People. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:154. [PMID: 28596731 PMCID: PMC5442228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze which gait parameters are primarily influenced by cognitive flexibility, and whether such an effect depends on the walking condition used. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Tübingen evaluation of Risk factors for Early detection of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Participants: A total of 661 non-demented individuals (49–80 years). Measurements: A gait assessment with four conditions was performed: a 20 m walk at convenient speed (C), at fast speed (F), at fast speed while checking boxes (FB), and while subtracting serial 7s (FS). Seven gait parameters from a wearable sensor-unit (McRoberts, Netherlands) were compared with delta Trail-Making-Test (dTMT) values, which is a measure of cognitive flexibility. Walking strategies of good and poor dTMT performers were compared by evaluating the patterns of gait parameters across conditions. Results: Five parameters correlated significantly with the dTMT in the FS condition, two parameters in the F and FB condition, and none in the C condition. Overall correlations were relatively weak. Gait speed was the gait parameter that most strongly correlated with the dTMT (r2 = 7.4%). In good, but not poor, dTMT performers differences between FB and FS were significantly different in variability-associated gait parameters. Conclusion: Older individuals need cognitive flexibility to perform difficult walking conditions. This association is best seen in gait speed. New and particularly relevant for recognition and training of deficits is that older individuals with poor cognitive flexibility have obviously fewer resources to adapt to challenging walking conditions. Our findings partially explain gait deficits in older adults with poor cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Hobert
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of KielKiel, Germany
| | - Sinja I Meyer
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra E Hasmann
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Geriatric Center, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard W Eschweiler
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Geriatric Center, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of KielKiel, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of KielKiel, Germany.,Geriatric Center, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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41
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Berryman N, Bherer L, Nadeau S, Lauzière S, Lehr L, Bobeuf F, Kergoat MJ, Vu TTM, Bosquet L. Relationships between lower body strength and the energy cost of treadmill walking in a cohort of healthy older adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:53-59. [PMID: 27815704 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gait speed is associated with survival in older adults and it was suggested that an elevated energy cost of walking (Cw) is an important determinant of gait speed reduction. Thus far, little is known about the factors that contribute to a lower Cw but it was shown that lower body strength training could reduce the Cw. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower body strength and the Cw in a cohort of healthy older adults. METHODS A total of 48 participants were included in this study (70.7 ± 5.4 years). After a geriatric and a neuropsychological assessment, participants underwent a fitness testing protocol which included a maximal oxygen uptake test, assessment of the Cw at 4 km h-1 on a treadmill, an isokinetic maximal strength test for the ankle, knee and hip joints and a body composition assessment. Relationships between strength variables and the Cw were assessed with partial correlations and linear regression analyses. RESULTS Hip extensors and hip flexors peak torque was significantly correlated with the Cw (r = -0.36 and -0.32, respectively; p < 0.05). A tendency towards significance was identified for the ankle plantar flexors (r = -0.25, p = 0.09). Hip extensors peak torque was the only significant neuromuscular parameter included in the linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results show that hip extensors are an important muscle group with regards to the Cw measured on a treadmill in this cohort of healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berryman
- Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, 2600 College, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada. .,Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.
| | - Louis Bherer
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Centre Perform, Université Concordia, 7200 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nadeau
- École de réadaptation-Faculté de médecine, Université of Montréal, CP 6128, succ. centre ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal du CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (IRGLM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Séléna Lauzière
- École de réadaptation-Faculté de médecine, Université of Montréal, CP 6128, succ. centre ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal du CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (IRGLM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Lora Lehr
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Marie Jeanne Kergoat
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de gériatrie, 1058 St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6413) Université de Poitiers, 8 Jean Monnet, 86000, Poitiers, France
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42
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between mobility and cognition in healthy older adults. Gait Posture 2016; 50:164-174. [PMID: 27621086 PMCID: PMC5081060 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with declines in cognitive function and mobility. The extent to which this relationship encompasses the subdomains of cognition and mobility remains unclear, however. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for cross-sectional studies examining the association between objective mobility measures (gait, lower-extremity function, balance) and cognitive function (global, executive function, memory, processing speed) in healthy older adults. Of the 642 studies identified, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 26,355 participants. For each feature of physical mobility, the relation to each aspect of cognition was reviewed. In the context of each association, we summarised the results to date and performed random-effects meta-analyses of published data. Reviewed findings suggest that individuals with better mobility perform better on assessments of global cognition, executive function, memory and processing speed. Not all measures of mobility were equally associated with cognitive function, however. Although there was a larger number of gait and lower-extremity function studies, and this may have driven findings, most studies examining balance and cognition measures reported no significant results. Meta-analyses on reported associations supported results by revealing significant, albeit small, effect sizes in favour of a positive association between performance on mobility measures and cognitive assessments. Future research should aim to establish the mechanisms driving this relationship, as this may identify predictors of age-related impairments.
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43
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Niemann C, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C. Senior Dance Experience, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Volume in Older Women. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9837321. [PMID: 27738528 PMCID: PMC5055974 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9837321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is positively related to cognitive functioning and brain volume in older adults. Interestingly, different types of physical activity vary in their effects on cognition and on the brain. For example, dancing has become an interesting topic in aging research, as it is a popular leisure activity among older adults, involving cardiovascular and motor fitness dimensions that can be positively related to cognition. However, studies on brain structure are missing. In this study, we tested the association of long-term senior dance experience with cognitive performance and gray matter brain volume in older women aged 65 to 82 years. We compared nonprofessional senior dancers (n = 28) with nonsedentary control group participants without any dancing experience (n = 29), who were similar in age, education, IQ score, lifestyle and health factors, and fitness level. Differences neither in the four tested cognitive domains (executive control, perceptual speed, episodic memory, and long-term memory) nor in brain volume (VBM whole-brain analysis, region-of-interest analysis of the hippocampus) were observed. Results indicate that moderate dancing activity (1-2 times per week, on average) has no additional effects on gray matter volume and cognitive functioning when a certain lifestyle or physical activity and fitness level are reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Niemann
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ben Godde
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Psychology & Methods, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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44
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Palmer TB, Thiele RM, Conchola EC, Smith DB, Thompson BJ. A Preliminary Study of the Utilization of Maximal and Rapid Strength Characteristics to Identify Chair-Rise Performance Abilities in Very Old Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2016; 39:102-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Zettel-Watson L, Suen M, Wehbe L, Rutledge DN, Cherry BJ. Aging well: Processing speed inhibition and working memory related to balance and aerobic endurance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 17:108-115. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zettel-Watson
- Department of Psychology; California State University; Fullerton California USA
- Gerontology Academic Program; California State University; Fullerton California USA
| | - Meagan Suen
- Department of Psychology; California State University; Fullerton California USA
| | - Lara Wehbe
- Department of Psychology; California State University; Fullerton California USA
| | - Dana N Rutledge
- School of Nursing; California State University; Fullerton California USA
| | - Barbara J Cherry
- Department of Psychology; California State University; Fullerton California USA
- Gerontology Academic Program; California State University; Fullerton California USA
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46
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Kawagoe T, Suzuki M, Nishiguchi S, Abe N, Otsuka Y, Nakai R, Yamada M, Yoshikawa S, Sekiyama K. Brain activation during visual working memory correlates with behavioral mobility performance in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:186. [PMID: 26483683 PMCID: PMC4586278 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional mobility and cognitive function often decline with age. We previously found that functional mobility as measured by the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) was associated with cognitive performance for visually-encoded (i.e., for location and face) working memory (WM) in older adults. This suggests a common neural basis between TUG and visual WM. To elucidate this relationship further, the present study aimed to examine the neural basis for the WM-mobility association. In accordance with the well-known neural compensation model in aging, we hypothesized that "attentional" brain activation for easy WM would increase in participants with lower mobility. The data from 32 healthy older adults were analyzed, including brain activation during easy WM tasks via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and mobility performance via both TUG and a simple walking test. WM performance was significantly correlated with TUG but not with simple walking. Some prefrontal brain activations during WM were negatively correlated with TUG performance, while positive correlations were found in subcortical structures including the thalamus, putamen and cerebellum. Moreover, activation of the subcortical regions was significantly correlated with WM performance, with less activation for lower WM performers. These results indicate that older adults with lower mobility used more cortical (frontal) and fewer subcortical resources for easy WM tasks. To date, the frontal compensation has been proposed separately in the motor and cognitive domains, which have been assumed to compensate for dysfunction of the other brain areas; however, such dysfunction was less clear in previous studies. The present study observed such dysfunction as degraded activation associated with lower performance, which was found in the subcortical regions. We conclude that a common dysfunction-compensation activation pattern is likely the neural basis for the association between visual WM and functional mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Kawagoe
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Suzuki
- Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shu Nishiguchi
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo, Japan ; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Otsuka
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakai
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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Antunes HK, De Mello MT, Santos-Galduróz RF, Galduróz JCF, Lemos VA, Tufik S, Bueno OFA. Effects of a physical fitness program on memory and blood viscosity in sedentary elderly men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26222648 PMCID: PMC4568808 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 6-month exercise program on cognitive function and blood viscosity in sedentary elderly men. Forty-six healthy inactive men, aged 60-75 years were randomly distributed into a control group (n=23) and an experimental group (n=23). Participants underwent blood analysis and physical and memory evaluation, before and after the 6-month program of physical exercise. The control group was instructed not to alter its everyday activities; the experimental group took part in the fitness program. The program was conducted using a cycle ergometer, 3 times per week on alternate days, with intensity and volume individualized at ventilatory threshold 1. Sessions were continuous and maximum duration was 60 min each. There was significant improvement in memory (21%; P<0.05), decreased blood viscosity (-19%; P<0.05), and higher aerobic capacity (48%; P<0.05) among participants in the experimental group compared with the control group. These data suggest that taking part in an aerobic physical fitness program at an intensity corresponding to ventilatory threshold-1 may be considered a nonmedication alternative to improve physical and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Antunes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, BR
| | - M T De Mello
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - R F Santos-Galduróz
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, BR
| | - J C F Galduróz
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - V Aquino Lemos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - S Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - O F A Bueno
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
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48
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Ferreira NV, Cunha PJ, da Costa DI, dos Santos F, Costa FO, Consolim-Colombo F, Irigoyen MC. Association between functional performance and executive cognitive functions in an elderly population including patients with low ankle-brachial index. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:839-46. [PMID: 26005338 PMCID: PMC4427597 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s69270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripheral arterial disease, as measured by the ankle–brachial index (ABI), is prevalent among the elderly, and is associated with functional performance, assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Executive cognitive function (ECF) impairments are also prevalent in this population, but no existing study has investigated the association between ECF and functional performance in an elderly population including individuals with low ABI. Aim To investigate the association between functional performance, as measured by the 6MWT, and loss in ECF, in an elderly sample including individuals with low ABI. Method The ABI group was formed by 26 elderly individuals with low ABI (mean ABI: 0.63±0.19), and the control group was formed by 40 elderly individuals with normal ABI (mean ABI: 1.08±0.07). We analyzed functional performance using the 6MWT, global cognition using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and ECF using the Digit Span for assessing attention span and working memory, the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) for assessing information processing speed and inhibitory control/impulsivity, and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) for assessing semantic verbal fluency and phonemic verbal fluency. We also used a factor analysis on all of the ECF tests (global ECF). Results Before adjustment, the ABI group performed worse on global cognition, attention span, working memory, inhibitory control/impulsivity, semantic verbal fluency, and phonemic verbal fluency. After adjustment, the ABI group performance remained worse for working memory and semantic verbal fluency. In a simple correlation analysis including all of the subjects, the 6MWT was associated with global cognition, attention span, working memory, information processing speed, inhibitory control/impulsivity, semantic verbal fluency, and global ECF. After adjustment, all the associations remained statistically significant. Conclusion This study found an independent association between functional performance and ECF in an elderly population including low ABI individuals, showing that, in elderly populations with functional impairment, ECF may also be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Vidal Ferreira
- Heart Institute, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha
- Neuroimaging in Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando dos Santos
- Heart Institute, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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A systematic review of the evidence that brain structure is related to muscle structure and their relationship to brain and muscle function in humans over the lifecourse. BMC Geriatr 2014; 14:85. [PMID: 25011478 PMCID: PMC4105796 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between cognition and physical function has been shown to exist but the roles of muscle and brain structure in this relationship are not fully understood. A greater understanding of these relationships may lead to identification of the underlying mechanisms in this important area of research. This systematic review examines the evidence for whether: a) brain structure is related to muscle structure; b) brain structure is related to muscle function; and c) brain function is related to muscle structure in healthy children and adults. METHODS Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched on March 6th 2014. A grey literature search was performed using Google and Google Scholar. Hand searching through citations and references of relevant articles was also undertaken. RESULTS 53 articles were included in the review; mean age of the subjects ranged from 8.8 to 85.5 years old. There is evidence of a positive association between both whole brain volume and white matter (WM) volume and muscle size. Total grey matter (GM) volume was not associated with muscle size but some areas of regional GM volume were associated with muscle size (right temporal pole and bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex). No evidence was found of a relationship between grip strength and whole brain volume however there was some evidence of a positive association with WM volume. Conversely, there is evidence that gait speed is positively associated with whole brain volume; this relationship may be driven by total WM volume or regional GM volumes, specifically the hippocampus. Markers of brain ageing, that is brain atrophy and greater accumulation of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), were associated with grip strength and gait speed. The location of WMH is important for gait speed; periventricular hyperintensities and brainstem WMH are associated with gait speed but subcortical WMH play less of a role. Cognitive function does not appear to be associated with muscle size. CONCLUSION There is evidence that brain structure is associated with muscle structure and function. Future studies need to follow these interactions longitudinally to understand potential causal relationships.
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