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Tanaka K, Kato I, Dobashi Y, Imai JI, Mikami T, Kubota H, Ueno H, Ito M, Ogawa S, Nakahata T, Takita J, Toyoda H, Ogawa C, Adachi S, Watanabe S, Goto H. The first Japanese biobank of patient-derived pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenograft models. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3814-3825. [PMID: 35879192 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of practical resources in Japan has limited preclinical discovery and testing of therapies for pediatric relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which has poor outcomes. Here, we established 57 patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid ll2rgtm1Sug /ShiJic (NOG) mice and created a biobank by preserving PDX cells including 3 extramedullary relapsed ALL PDXs. We demonstrated that our PDX mice and PDX cells mimicked the biological features of relapsed ALL and that PDX models reproduced treatment-mediated clonal selection. Our PDX biobank is a useful scientific resource for capturing drug sensitivity features of pediatric patients with ALL, providing an essential tool for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Children's Cancer Group, Relapsed ALL Committee
| | - Yuu Dobashi
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Imai
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ueno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Japan Children's Cancer Group, Relapsed ALL Committee.,Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Chitose Ogawa
- Japan Children's Cancer Group, Relapsed ALL Committee.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Adachi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Japan Children's Cancer Group, Relapsed ALL Committee.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Tian Y, Wang X, Ai H, Lyu X, Wang Q, Wei X, Song Y, Yin Q. The different predictive effects of the intensity and proportion of CD20 expression on the prognosis of B-lineage acute lymphocyte leukemia. EJHAEM 2022; 3:443-452. [PMID: 35846053 PMCID: PMC9176059 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic effects of the CD20 positivity have been studied extensively in B‐lineage acute lymphocyte leukemia (B‐ALL) patients, but the results remain controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the different predictive effects of the intensity and proportion of CD20 expression on the prognosis for B‐ALL patients by retrospective analysis. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and percentage of CD20 on B‐ALL cells from 206 patients with B‐ALL were dynamically measured by flow cytometry, and their optimal cut‐off values were determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Changes in MFI and percentage of CD20 at various time points and their relationship with prognosis were analyzed. We found that a low baseline CD20 MFI or high CD20 proportion was significantly associated with shorter 5‐year overall survival and progression‐free survival, and the combination of these two factors could more accurately predict worse survival for B‐ALL patients. Furthermore, low CD20 MFI or a high CD20 proportion had different predictive effects for ALL patients with different clinical characteristics and could serve as an independent risk factor for adverse prognosis. There were significant decreases in both the intensity and proportion of CD20 after recurrence in the absence of rituximab treatment, particularly with CD20 intensity. Notably, the decrease of CD20 intensity after recurrence indicated a more shortened survival time. Finally, we conclude that a low intensity or high proportion of CD20 expression may be used as an indicator for inferior prognosis for B‐ALL patients. CD20 intensity is more likely to be a more universal biomarker for worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Hao Ai
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xiaodong Lyu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xudong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qingsong Yin
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
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3
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The Molecular Subtype of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Samples Determines the Engraftment Site and Proliferation Kinetics in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010150. [PMID: 35011712 PMCID: PMC8750004 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), conventional cell lines do not recapitulate the clonal diversity and microenvironment. Orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models (PDX) overcome these limitations and mimic the clinical situation, but molecular stability and engraftment patterns have not yet been thoroughly assessed. We herein describe and characterize the PDX generation in NSG mice. In vivo tumor cell proliferation, engraftment and location were monitored by flow cytometry and bioluminescence imaging. Leukemic cells were retransplanted for up to four passages, and comparative analyses of engraftment pattern, cellular morphology and genomic hotspot mutations were conducted. Ninety-four percent of all samples were successfully engrafted, and the xenograft velocity was dependent on the molecular subtype, outcome of the patient and transplantation passage. While BCR::ABL1 blasts were located in the spleen, KMT2A-positive cases had higher frequencies in the bone marrow. Molecular changes appeared in most model systems, with low allele frequency variants lost during primary engraftment. After the initial xenografting, however, the PDX models demonstrated high molecular stability. This protocol for reliable ALL engraftment demonstrates variability in the location and molecular signatures during serial transplantation. Thorough characterization of experimentally used PDX systems is indispensable for the correct analysis and valid data interpretation of preclinical PDX studies.
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4
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Baroud M, Lepeltier E, Thepot S, El-Makhour Y, Duval O. The evolution of nucleosidic analogues: self-assembly of prodrugs into nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2157-2179. [PMID: 36133769 PMCID: PMC9418958 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are essential tools in our limited arsenal in the fight against cancer. However, these structures face severe drawbacks such as rapid plasma degradation or hydrophilicity, limiting their clinical application. Here, different aspects of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have been exposed, while providing their shortcomings. Aiming to improve their fate in the body and combating their drawbacks, two different approaches have been discussed, the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies. Finally, a novel approach called "PUFAylation" based on both the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies has been introduced, promising to be the supreme method to create a novel nucleoside or nucleotide analog based formulation, with enhanced efficacy and highly reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Baroud
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Sylvain Thepot
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CRCINA 49000 Angers France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire 'Grand Ouest Against Leukemia' (FHU GOAL) France
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University Nabatieh Lebanon
| | - Olivier Duval
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
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5
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Levin M, Stark M, Ofran Y, Assaraf YG. Deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in relapsed AML patients: towards precision medicine overcoming drug resistance. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:53. [PMID: 33446189 PMCID: PMC7809753 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a devastating disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. AML treatment has undergone significant changes in recent years, incorporating novel targeted therapies along with improvements in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation techniques. However, the standard of care remains cytarabine and anthracyclines, and the primary hindrance towards curative treatment is the frequent emergence of intrinsic and acquired anticancer drug resistance. In this respect, patients presenting with chemoresistant AML face dismal prognosis even with most advanced therapies. Herein, we aimed to explore the potential implementation of the characterization of chemoresistance mechanisms in individual AML patients towards efficacious personalized medicine. Methods Towards the identification of tailored treatments for individual patients, we herein present the cases of relapsed AML patients, and compare them to patients displaying durable remissions following the same chemotherapeutic induction treatment. We quantified the expression levels of specific genes mediating drug transport and metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and apoptosis, in order to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic and/or acquired chemoresistance modalities in relapsed patients. This was achieved by real-time PCR using patient cDNA, and could be readily implemented in the clinical setting. Results This analysis revealed pre-existing differences in gene expression levels between the relapsed patients and patients with lasting remissions, as well as drug-induced alterations at different relapse stages compared to diagnosis. Each of the relapsed patients displayed unique chemoresistance mechanisms following similar treatment protocols, which could have been missed in a large study aimed at identifying common drug resistance determinants. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need for standardized evaluation of key drug transport and metabolism genes as an integral component of routine AML management, thereby allowing for the selection of treatments of choice for individual patients. This approach could facilitate the design of efficacious personalized treatment regimens, thereby reducing relapse rates of therapy refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Levin
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel.
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6
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Inhibition of inflammatory signaling in Pax5 mutant cells mitigates B-cell leukemogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19189. [PMID: 33154497 PMCID: PMC7644722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and children with inherited preleukemic PAX5 mutations are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Abnormal profiles of inflammatory markers have been detected in neonatal blood spot samples of children who later developed B-ALL. However, how inflammatory signals contribute to B-ALL development is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Pax5 heterozygosis, in the presence of infections, results in the enhanced production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which appears to act in an autocrine fashion to promote leukemia growth. Furthermore, in vivo genetic downregulation of IL-6 in these Pax5 heterozygous mice retards B-cell leukemogenesis, and in vivo pharmacologic inhibition of IL-6 with a neutralizing antibody in Pax5 mutant mice with B-ALL clears leukemic cells. Additionally, this novel IL–6 signaling paradigm identified in mice was also substantiated in humans. Altogether, our studies establish aberrant IL6 expression caused by Pax5 loss as a hallmark of Pax5-dependent B-ALL and the IL6 as a therapeutic vulnerability for B-ALL characterized by PAX5 loss.
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7
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Levin M, Stark M, Berman B, Assaraf YG. Surmounting Cytarabine-resistance in acute myeloblastic leukemia cells and specimens with a synergistic combination of hydroxyurea and azidothymidine. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:390. [PMID: 31101804 PMCID: PMC6525253 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients display dismal prognosis due to high prevalence of refractory and relapsed disease resulting from chemoresistance. Treatment protocols, primarily based on the anchor drug Cytarabine, remained chiefly unchanged in the past 50 years with no standardized salvage regimens. Herein we aimed at exploring potential pre-clinical treatment strategies to surmount Cytarabine resistance in human AML cells. We established Cytarabine-resistant sublines derived from human leukemia K562 and Kasumi cells, and characterized the expression of Cytarabine-related genes using real-time PCR and Western blot analyses to uncover the mechanisms underlying their Cytarabine resistance. This was followed by growth inhibition assays and isobologram analyses testing the sublines’ sensitivity to the clinically approved drugs hydroxyurea (HU) and azidothymidine (AZT), compared to their parental cells. All Cytarabine-resistant sublines lost deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) expression, rendering them refractory to Cytarabine. Loss of dCK function involved dCK gene deletions and/or a novel frameshift mutation leading to dCK transcript degradation via nonsense-mediated decay. Cytarabine-resistant sublines displayed hypersensitivity to HU and AZT compared to parental cells; HU and AZT combinations exhibited a marked synergistic growth inhibition effect on leukemic cells, which was intensified upon acquisition of Cytarabine-resistance. In contrast, HU and AZT combination showed an antagonistic effect in non-malignant cells. Finally, HU and AZT synergism was demonstrated on peripheral blood specimens from AML patients. These findings identify a promising HU and AZT combination for the possible future treatment of relapsed and refractory AML, while sparing normal tissues from untoward toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Levin
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bluma Berman
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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8
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Zhang L, Hu LP, Liu XM, Guo Y, Yang WY, Zhang JY, Liu F, Liu TF, Wang SC, Chen XJ, Ruan M, Qi BQ, Chang LX, Chen YM, Zou Y, Zhu XF. [Heterogeneity and clonal evolution in pediatric ETV6-RUNX1(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia by quantitative multigene fluorescence in situ hybridization]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2019; 38:586-591. [PMID: 28810325 PMCID: PMC7342287 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
目的 研究儿童ETV6-RUNX1阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)中肿瘤细胞的异质性及克隆演化情况,探讨克隆演化与预后的相关性。 方法 应用单细胞定量多基因荧光原位杂交(QM-FISH)技术对2006年2月至2011年6月收治的48例ETV6-RUNX1阳性ALL患儿的骨髓标本进行多个基因拷贝数变异的检测,并进行克隆演化分析。将4例复发患儿初诊与复发时的情况进行比较。 结果 在48例行QM-FISH检测的患儿中,初诊时为1个克隆的有34例(70.8%),2个克隆的有9例(18.8%),≥3个克隆的有5例(10.4%)。患儿的肿瘤细胞存在异质性,各亚克隆之间呈线性或树枝状演化。白血病细胞的亚克隆数与患者预后无相关性(5年总生存率:P=0.469;5年无病生存率:P=0.116)。复发克隆可能与初诊时克隆一致,也可能为新出现克隆。复发克隆为新出现克隆的患儿再次缓解时间短,预后更差。 结论 ETV6-RUNX1阳性ALL患儿肿瘤细胞存在异质性及克隆演化情况。QM-FISH有助于研究白血病细胞的克隆演化,复发克隆为新出现克隆的患儿可能预后更差。
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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9
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Huang M, Inukai T, Miyake K, Tanaka Y, Kagami K, Abe M, Goto H, Minegishi M, Iwamoto S, Sugihara E, Watanabe A, Somazu S, Shinohara T, Oshiro H, Akahane K, Goi K, Sugita K. Clofarabine exerts antileukemic activity against cytarabine-resistant B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with low deoxycytidine kinase expression. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1297-1316. [PMID: 29473342 PMCID: PMC5911575 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is one of the key drugs for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is also used for consolidation therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Ara-C is a deoxyadenosine analog and is phosphorylated to form cytosine arabinoside triphosphate (Ara-CTP) as an active form. In the first step of the metabolic pathway, Ara-C is phosphorylated to Ara-CMP by deoxycytidine kinase (DCK). However, the current cumulative evidence in the association of the Ara-C sensitivity in ALL appears inconclusive. We analyzed various cell lines for the possible involvement of DCK in the sensitivities of B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) to Ara-C. Higher DCK expression was associated with higher Ara-C sensitivity. DCK knockout by genome editing with a CRISPR-Cas9 system in an Ara-C-sensitive-ALL cell line induced marked resistance to Ara-C, but not to vincristine and daunorubicin, indicating the involvement of DCK expression in the Ara-C sensitivity of BCP-ALL. DCK gene silencing due to the hypermethylation of a CpG island and reduced DCK activity due to a nonsynonymous variant allele were not associated with Ara-C sensitivity. Clofarabine is a second-generation deoxyadenosine analog rationally synthesized to improve stability and reduce toxicity. The IC50 of clofarabine in 79 BCP-ALL cell lines was approximately 20 times lower than that of Ara-C. In contrast to Ara-C, although the knockout of DCK induced marked resistance to clofarabine, sensitivity to clofarabine was only marginally associated with DCK gene expression level, suggesting a possible efficacy of clofarabine for BCP-ALL that shows relative Ara-C resistance due to low DCK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Huang
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Yoichi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical PharmacySchool of PharmacyKitasato UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Masako Abe
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Hematology/Oncology and Regenerative MedicineKanagawa Children's Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of PediatricsMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchSchool of MedicineKeio UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Shinpei Somazu
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Tamao Shinohara
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Hiroko Oshiro
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
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10
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El-Hoss J, Jing D, Evans K, Toscan C, Xie J, Lee H, Taylor RA, Lawrence MG, Risbridger GP, MacKenzie KL, Sutton R, Lock RB. A single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping platform for the authentication of patient derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60475-60490. [PMID: 27528024 PMCID: PMC5312397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient derived xenografts (PDXs) have become a vital, frequently used, component of anti-cancer drug development. PDXs can be serially passaged in vivo for years, and shared across laboratories. As a consequence, the potential for mis-identification and cross-contamination is possible, yet authentication of PDXs appears limited. We present a PDX Authentication System (PAS), by combining a commercially available OpenArray assay of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with in-house R studio programs, to validate PDXs established in individual mice from acute lymphoblastic leukemia biopsies. The PAS is sufficiently robust to identify contamination at levels as low as 3%, similar to the gold standard of short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. We have surveyed a panel of PDXs established from 73 individual leukemia patients, and found that the PAS provided sufficient discriminatory power to identify each xenograft. The identified SNP-discrepant PDXs demonstrated distinct gene expression profiles, indicating a risk of contamination for PDXs at high passage number. The PAS also allows for the authentication of tumor cells with complex karyotypes from solid tumors including prostate cancer and Ewing's sarcoma. This study highlights the demands of authenticating PDXs for cancer research, and evaluates a reliable authentication platform that utilizes a commercially available and cost-effective system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad El-Hoss
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Duohui Jing
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Cara Toscan
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Jinhan Xie
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, UNSW, Australia
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11
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Yadav BD, Samuels AL, Wells JE, Sutton R, Venn NC, Bendak K, Anderson D, Marshall GM, Cole CH, Beesley AH, Kees UR, Lock RB. Heterogeneity in mechanisms of emergent resistance in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58728-42. [PMID: 27623214 PMCID: PMC5312271 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains a significant clinical problem and is thought to be associated with clonal selection during treatment. In this study we used an established pre-clinical model of induction therapy to increase our understanding of the effect of engraftment and chemotherapy on clonal selection and acquisition of drug resistance in vivo. Immune-deficient mice were engrafted with patient diagnostic specimens and exposed to a repeated combination therapy consisting of vincristine, dexamethasone, L-asparaginase and daunorubicin. Any re-emergence of disease following therapy was shown to be associated with resistance to dexamethasone, no resistance was observed to the other three drugs. Immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor gene rearrangements closely matched those in respective diagnosis and relapse patient specimens, highlighting that these clonal markers do not fully reflect the biological changes associated with drug resistance. Gene expression profiling revealed the significant underlying heterogeneity of dexamethasone-resistant xenografts. Alterations were observed in a large number of biological pathways, yet no dominant signature was common to all lines. These findings indicate that the biological changes associated with T-ALL relapse and resistance are stochastic and highly individual, and underline the importance of using sophisticated molecular techniques or single cell analyses in developing personalized approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasaheb D Yadav
- Leukaemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy L Samuels
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julia E Wells
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Molecular Diagnostics, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola C Venn
- Molecular Diagnostics, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katerina Bendak
- Leukaemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine H Cole
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex H Beesley
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ursula R Kees
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Leukaemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Barwe SP, Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A. Eviction from the sanctuary: Development of targeted therapy against cell adhesion molecules in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Oncol 2017; 44:101-112. [PMID: 28923207 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant hematological disease afflicting hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. While 80%-90% of patients diagnosed with ALL will achieve complete remission at some point during treatment, ALL is associated with high relapse rate, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 68%. The initial remission failure and the high rate of relapse can be attributed to intrinsic chemoprotective mechanisms that allow persistence of ALL cells despite therapy. These mechanisms are mediated, at least in part, through the engagement of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) within the bone marrow microenvironment. This review assembles CAMs implicated in protection of leukemic cells from chemotherapy. Such studies are limited in ALL. Therefore, CAMs that are associated with poor outcomes or are overexpressed in ALL and have been shown to be involved in chemoprotection in other hematological cancers are also included. It is likely that these molecules play parallel roles in ALL because the CAMs identified to be a factor in ALL chemoresistance also work similarly in other hematological malignancies. We review the signaling mechanisms activated by the engagement of CAMs that provide protection from chemotherapy. Development of targeted therapies against CAMs could improve outcome and raise the overall cure rate in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE.
| | - Anthony Quagliano
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
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13
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Sasaki T, Rivera-Mulia JC, Vera D, Zimmerman J, Das S, Padget M, Nakamichi N, Chang BH, Tyner J, Druker BJ, Weng AP, Civin CI, Eaves CJ, Gilbert DM. Stability of patient-specific features of altered DNA replication timing in xenografts of primary human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2017; 51:71-82.e3. [PMID: 28433605 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA replication timing (RT) profiles reflect the global three-dimensional chromosome architecture of cells. They also provide a comprehensive and unique megabase-scale picture of cellular epigenetic state. Thus, normal differentiation involves reproducible changes in RT, and transformation generally perturbs these, although the potential effects of altered RT on the properties of transformed cells remain largely unknown. A major challenge to interrogating these issues in human acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is the low proliferative activity of most of the cells, which may be further reduced in cryopreserved samples and difficult to overcome in vitro. In contrast, the ability of many human ALL cell populations to expand when transplanted into highly immunodeficient mice is well documented. To examine the stability of DNA RT profiles of serially passaged xenografts of primary human B- and T-ALL cells, we first devised a method that circumvents the need for bromodeoxyuridine incorporation to distinguish early versus late S-phase cells. Using this and more standard protocols, we found consistently strong retention in xenografts of the original patient-specific RT features. Moreover, in a case in which genomic analyses indicated changing subclonal dynamics in serial passages, the RT profiles tracked concordantly. These results indicate that DNA RT is a relatively stable feature of human ALLs propagated in immunodeficient mice. In addition, they suggest the power of this approach for future interrogation of the origin and consequences of altered DNA RT in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | - Daniel Vera
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Jared Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Sunny Das
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Michelle Padget
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Naoto Nakamichi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bill H Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jeff Tyner
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology, and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Brian J Druker
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology, and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Curt I Civin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David M Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
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14
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Malani D, Murumägi A, Yadav B, Kontro M, Eldfors S, Kumar A, Karjalainen R, Majumder MM, Ojamies P, Pemovska T, Wennerberg K, Heckman C, Porkka K, Wolf M, Aittokallio T, Kallioniemi O. Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in cytarabine-resistant AML. Leukemia 2016; 31:1187-1195. [PMID: 27833094 PMCID: PMC5420795 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We sought to identify drugs that could counteract cytarabine resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by generating eight resistant variants from MOLM-13 and SHI-1 AML cell lines by long-term drug treatment. These cells were compared with 66 ex vivo chemorefractory samples from cytarabine-treated AML patients. The models and patient cells were subjected to genomic and transcriptomic profiling and high-throughput testing with 250 emerging and clinical oncology compounds. Genomic profiling uncovered deletion of the deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) gene in both MOLM-13- and SHI-1-derived cytarabine-resistant variants and in an AML patient sample. Cytarabine-resistant SHI-1 variants and a subset of chemorefractory AML patient samples showed increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids that are often used in treatment of lymphoid leukemia but not AML. Paired samples taken from AML patients before treatment and at relapse also showed acquisition of glucocorticoid sensitivity. Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity was only seen in AML patient samples that were negative for the FLT3 mutation (P=0.0006). Our study shows that development of cytarabine resistance is associated with increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in a subset of AML, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy that should be explored in a clinical trial of chemorefractory AML patients carrying wild-type FLT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malani
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Murumägi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Yadav
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kontro
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Eldfors
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kumar
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M M Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Ojamies
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Pemovska
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Porkka
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Wolf
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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15
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Raz S, Stark M, Assaraf YG. Folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase: A key determinant of folate homeostasis and antifolate resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 28:43-64. [PMID: 27620954 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalians are devoid of autonomous biosynthesis of folates and hence must obtain them from the diet. Reduced folate cofactors are B9-vitamins which play a key role as donors of one-carbon units in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, thymidylate and amino acids as well as in a multitude of methylation reactions including DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone proteins, phospholipids, as well as intermediate metabolites. The products of these S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methylations are involved in the regulation of key biological processes including transcription, translation and intracellular signaling. Folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism occurs in several subcellular compartments including the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Since folates are essential for DNA replication, intracellular folate cofactors play a central role in cancer biology and inflammatory autoimmune disorders. In this respect, various folate-dependent enzymes catalyzing nucleotide biosynthesis have been targeted by specific folate antagonists known as antifolates. Currently, antifolates are used in drug treatment of multiple human cancers, non-malignant chronic inflammatory disorders as well as bacterial and parasitic infections. An obligatory key component of intracellular folate retention and intracellular homeostasis is (anti)folate polyglutamylation, mediated by the unique enzyme folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), which resides in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Consistently, knockout of the FPGS gene in mice results in embryonic lethality. FPGS catalyzes the addition of a long polyglutamate chain to folates and antifolates, hence rendering them polyanions which are efficiently retained in the cell and are now bound with enhanced affinity by various folate-dependent enzymes. The current review highlights the crucial role that FPGS plays in maintenance of folate homeostasis under physiological conditions and delineates the plethora of the molecular mechanisms underlying loss of FPGS function and consequent antifolate resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Raz
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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16
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Gaynon PS, Sun W. Oligoclonality and new agent evaluation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:950-7. [PMID: 27221005 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New agent development rests on the fundamental assumption that candidate agents or drug combinations that induce objective responses after relapse will prevent relapse, if applied prior to relapse. However, cumulative experience now includes at least 5 examples of interventions with post-relapse objective response rates greater than 50% that failed to improve outcomes when applied prior to relapse. Emerging insights into oligoclonality provide some explanation. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the predominant clones at relapse differ from the predominant clones at presentation. Arguably, the more highly proliferative clones that predominate at relapse differ in drug sensitivity from the less proliferative clones that escape primary therapy. Interventions effective against the predominant clones at relapse may have no effect on the antecedent escapee clones. Response is not sufficient in new agent development. Duration of response has attracted less attention because of variability in post-remission therapy but some patient subsets have such a uniformly dismal outcome that details of post-remission therapy may be irrelevant. Benchmarks are needed. Are recovering blasts members of the same clone or do they represent a new clone? When you eradicate the predominant clones you get a response. When you eradicate all clones, you get a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Gaynon
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California
| | - Weili Sun
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California
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17
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Nassar D, Blanpain C. Cancer Stem Cells: Basic Concepts and Therapeutic Implications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:47-76. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Nassar
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium;
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium;
- WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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18
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Zhang L, Liu XM, Guo Y, Yang WY, Zhang JY, Liu F, Liu TF, Wang SC, Chen XJ, Ruan M, Qi BQ, Chang LX, Zou Y, Chen YM, Zhu XF. [Detection of copy number variations in pediatric ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:34-38. [PMID: 26781410 PMCID: PMC7390102 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the application of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in the detection of copy number variations (CNVs) in pediatric ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), to compare this method with conventional karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to evaluate the value of MLPA. METHODS The clinical data of 95 children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL who were treated from January 2006 to November 2012 were analyzed retrospectively, including clinical features, results of karyotype analysis, and results of FISH. CNVs were detected with MLPA. RESULTS CNVs were detected in 73 (77%), and the median number of CNVs was 1 (range 0-6). The CNVs of EBF1, CDKN2A/2B, PAX5, ETV6, RB1, and BTG1 were detected in more than 10% of all the patients. The changes in the chromosome segments carrying the genes with CNVs detected by MLPA were not detected by conventional karyotype analysis. The coincidence rate between the CNVs in ETV6 gene detected by FISH and those detected by MLPA was 66%. CONCLUSIONS MLPA is an efficient and convenient method to detect CNVs in children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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19
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Zhang L, Liu XM, Guo Y, Yang WY, Zhang JY, Liu F, Liu TF, Wang SC, Chen XJ, Ruan M, Qi BQ, Chang LX, Zou Y, Chen YM, Zhu XF. [Detection of copy number variations in pediatric ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:34-8. [PMID: 26781410 PMCID: PMC7390102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the application of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in the detection of copy number variations (CNVs) in pediatric ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), to compare this method with conventional karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to evaluate the value of MLPA. METHODS The clinical data of 95 children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL who were treated from January 2006 to November 2012 were analyzed retrospectively, including clinical features, results of karyotype analysis, and results of FISH. CNVs were detected with MLPA. RESULTS CNVs were detected in 73 (77%), and the median number of CNVs was 1 (range 0-6). The CNVs of EBF1, CDKN2A/2B, PAX5, ETV6, RB1, and BTG1 were detected in more than 10% of all the patients. The changes in the chromosome segments carrying the genes with CNVs detected by MLPA were not detected by conventional karyotype analysis. The coincidence rate between the CNVs in ETV6 gene detected by FISH and those detected by MLPA was 66%. CONCLUSIONS MLPA is an efficient and convenient method to detect CNVs in children with ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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20
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Lang F, Wojcik B, Rieger MA. Stem Cell Hierarchy and Clonal Evolution in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:137164. [PMID: 26236346 PMCID: PMC4506911 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by a remarkable intertumoral, intratumoral, and cellular heterogeneity that might be explained by the cancer stem cell (CSC) and/or the clonal evolution models. CSCs have the ability to generate all different cells of a tumor and to reinitiate the disease after remission. In the clonal evolution model, a consecutive accumulation of mutations starting in a single cell results in competitive growth of subclones with divergent fitness in either a linear or a branching succession. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a highly malignant cancer of the lymphoid system in the bone marrow with a dismal prognosis after relapse. However, stabile phenotypes and functional data of CSCs in ALL, the so-called leukemia-initiating cells (LICs), are highly controversial and the question remains whether there is evidence for their existence. This review discusses the concepts of CSCs and clonal evolution in respect to LICs mainly in B-ALL and sheds light onto the technical controversies in LIC isolation and evaluation. These aspects are important for the development of strategies to eradicate cells with LIC capacity. Common properties of LICs within different subclones need to be defined for future ALL diagnostics, treatment, and disease monitoring to improve the patients' outcome in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bartosch Wojcik
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rieger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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