1
|
Hu Y, Yang Z, Yan F, Huang S, Wang R, Han Z, Fan J, Zheng Y, Liu P, Luo Y, Li S. CCA repair or ECA ligation-Which middle cerebral artery occlusion is better in the reperfusion mouse model? IBRAIN 2023; 9:258-269. [PMID: 37786756 PMCID: PMC10527786 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A reliable animal model is essential for ischemic stroke research. The implications of the external carotid artery (ECA) transection or common carotid artery (CCA) ligation have been described. Thus, a modified animal model, the CCA-repair model, has been established, and studies have shown that the CCA-repair model has potential advantages over the CCA-ligation model. However, whether the CCA-repair model is superior to the ECA-ligation model remains unclear. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to establish the CCA-repair (n = 34) or ECA-ligation (n = 26) models. Cerebral blood flow before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), immediately after MCAO and reperfusion were monitored and the operation duration, postoperative body weight, and food intake within 7 days, and the number of intraoperative and postoperative deaths within 7 days were recorded in the two models. Modified neurological severity scores and Bederson (0-5) scores were used to evaluate postoperative neurological function deficits on Days 1/3/5/7. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to quantify lesion volume on Day 7 after the operation. We found the establishment of the CCA-repair model required a longer total operation duration (p = 0.0175), especially the operation duration of reperfusion (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in body weight and food intake development, lesion volume and intragroup variability, neurological function deficits, mortality, and survival probability between the two groups. The CCA-repair model has no significant advantage over the ECA-ligation model. The ECA-ligation model is still a better choice for focal cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen‐Hong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuang‐Feng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Rong‐Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zi‐Ping Han
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun‐Fen Fan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang‐Min Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Min Luo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Si‐Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Optimisation of a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion to Address Issues of Survival and Model Reproducibility and Consistency. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:7594969. [PMID: 35845875 PMCID: PMC9279060 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7594969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced brain ischemia-reperfusion model in Mice is essential for understanding the pathology of stroke and investigating potential treatments, in which a variety of methods may be employed to block the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the most common being through the insertion of a monofilament; however, in vivo ischemia-reperfusion models are associated, particularly in mice, with high variability in lesion volume and high mortality. We aimed to optimise a mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, addressing issues of mouse survival, model reproducibility, and consistency. The model was optimised in two ways: first, insert the monofilament directly through the internal carotid artery rather than through the external or common carotid artery, and second, by extending the length of the silicone coating on the monofilament, the length of the silicone coating enables embolization of the beginning of the middle cerebral artery, as well as the anterior cerebral artery and part of the posterior communicating artery. Results: We assessed various parameters, including blood flow changes in the middle cerebral artery, stability of the infarct area, correlation between infarct volume percentages and neurological deficit scores, mortality, weight changes, and wellbeing. We found that optimisation of the surgical procedure may improve mouse wellbeing and reduce mortality, through reduced weight loss and decrease the variability. In conclusion, we suggest that the optimisation of the model is superior for the study of both short and long-term outcomes of ischemic stroke. These results have considerable implications on stroke model selection for researchers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Z, Li X, Cao Z, Wang P, Warner DS, Sheng H. Post-ischemia common carotid artery occlusion worsens memory loss, but not sensorimotor deficits, in long-term survived stroke mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:153-161. [PMID: 35304288 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke in rodents is usually induced by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the external carotid artery (ECA) or the common carotid artery (CCA). The latter route requires permanent CCA occlusion after ischemia, and here, we assess its effects on long-term outcomes. Transient occlusion of MCA and CCA was performed at normal body temperature. After 90minutes of ischemia, mice were randomized to permanent CCA occlusion or no occlusion (control group). Body weight, and motor and sensory functions, ie, pole test, adhesive tape removal, and elevated plus maze, were evaluated at 24hours, and at 7 and 28 days after stroke. Infarct volume, apoptosis, and activation of astrocytes and microglia were assessed at 4 weeks by an investigator blinded to groups. The Morris water maze test was performed at 3 weeks in the second experiment. One mouse died at 4 days, and the other mice survived with persistent neurologic deficits. CCA-occluded mice exhibited delayed turn on the pole at 24hours and decreased responses to the von Frey filament, and spent more time on the pole at 7 and 28 days than the control group. Infarction, hemispheric atrophy, glial activation, and apoptotic neuronal death were present in all mice, and no intra-group difference was found. However, CCA-occluded mice had a significantly poorer performance in the Morris water maze compared to the control group, which showed an adverse effect of post-ischemia CCA occlusion on cognition. Thus, the model selection should be well considered in preclinical efficacy studies on stroke-induced vascular dementia and stroke with Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yang
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tanggu District, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tanggu District, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - David S Warner
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Center of Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trotman-Lucas M, Gibson CL. A review of experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia focusing on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. F1000Res 2021; 10:242. [PMID: 34046164 PMCID: PMC8127011 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, but current pharmacological therapies are limited in their utility and effectiveness.
In vitro and
in vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed which allow us to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury and investigate potential drug targets.
In vitro models permit mechanistic investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of injury but are reductionist and do not mimic the complexity of clinical stroke.
In vivo models of ischemic stroke directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used
in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology. However, the iMCAO model produces lesion volumes with large standard deviations even though rigid surgical and data collection protocols are followed. There is a need to refine the MCAO model to reduce variability in the standard outcome measure of lesion volume. The typical approach to produce vessel occlusion is to induce an obstruction at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and reperfusion is reliant on the Circle of Willis (CoW). However, in rodents the CoW is anatomically highly variable which could account for variations in lesion volume. Thus, we developed a refined approach whereby reliance on the CoW for reperfusion was removed. This approach improved reperfusion to the ischemic hemisphere, reduced variability in lesion volume by 30%, and reduced group sizes required to determine an effective treatment response by almost 40%. This refinement involves a methodological adaptation of the original surgical approach which we have shared with the scientific community via publication of a visualised methods article and providing hands-on training to other experimental stroke researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Divani AA, Farr TD, Di Napoli M, Salazar P, SantaCruz KS, Jafarli A, Jafari M, Fisher M. Transfemoral Approach to Induce Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats: The Use of Commercially Available Endovascular Wires. Neurocrit Care 2019; 32:575-585. [PMID: 31346935 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models of stroke play a crucial role in determining the pathophysiology of stroke progression and assessment of any new therapeutic approaches. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in rodent models are the most common site-specific type of ischemia because of their relevance to the clinical setting. Compared with the intraluminal filament technique for inducing tMCAo, the transfemoral approach using endovascular wires is relatively a new technique METHODS: Here we present the use of commercially available wires used for neuro-endovascular surgical procedures to induce tMCAo in rats via a transfemoral approach. We used male Wistar rats in four groups to assess the effect of occlusion time (1 vs. 2 hours) and the wire type (PT2 TM 0.014″ vs. TransendTM EX, 0.014″, Boston Scientific, MA, USA). Infarct volume, edema, neurological deficits, and pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory blood biomarkers were used as outcome measures. RESULTS We observed a significant effect of the wire type on the infarct volume (p value = 0.0096) where infarcts were slightly larger in the PT2 wiregroups. However, the occlusion time had no significant effect on infarct volume, even though the interaction between wire-type * occlusion-time was significant (p value = 0.024). Also, the amount of edema and blood pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory biomarkers were not statistically different among the wire-type and occlusion-time groups. CONCLUSIONS The choice of appropriate endovascular wire should probably be the focus of the study design instead of the occlusion time when planning an experiment. The transfemoral approach using endovascular wires for inducing tMCAo in rats provides a more consistent outcome with fewer complications compared with suture filament models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, MMC 295, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Tracy D Farr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Department of Neurology, San Camillo de' Lellis District General Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | | | - Karen S SantaCruz
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alibay Jafarli
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, MMC 295, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mostafa Jafari
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, MMC 295, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Marc Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Percie du Sert N, Alfieri A, Allan SM, Carswell HV, Deuchar GA, Farr TD, Flecknell P, Gallagher L, Gibson CL, Haley MJ, Macleod MR, McColl BW, McCabe C, Morancho A, Moon LD, O'Neill MJ, Pérez de Puig I, Planas A, Ragan CI, Rosell A, Roy LA, Ryder KO, Simats A, Sena ES, Sutherland BA, Tricklebank MD, Trueman RC, Whitfield L, Wong R, Macrae IM. The IMPROVE Guidelines (Ischaemia Models: Procedural Refinements Of in Vivo Experiments). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3488-3517. [PMID: 28797196 PMCID: PMC5669349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17709185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo models of ischaemic stroke target the middle cerebral artery and a spectrum of stroke severities, from mild to substantial, can be achieved. This review describes opportunities to improve the in vivo modelling of ischaemic stroke and animal welfare. It provides a number of recommendations to minimise the level of severity in the most common rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, while sustaining or improving the scientific outcomes. The recommendations cover basic requirements pre-surgery, selecting the most appropriate anaesthetic and analgesic regimen, as well as intraoperative and post-operative care. The aim is to provide support for researchers and animal care staff to refine their procedures and practices, and implement small incremental changes to improve the welfare of the animals used and to answer the scientific question under investigation. All recommendations are recapitulated in a summary poster (see supplementary information).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Percie du Sert
- 1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Alessio Alfieri
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilary Vo Carswell
- 4 Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme A Deuchar
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy D Farr
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lindsay Gallagher
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- 8 Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Malcolm R Macleod
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Morancho
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lawrence Df Moon
- 11 Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Isabel Pérez de Puig
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planas
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rosell
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa A Roy
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Alba Simats
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily S Sena
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- 16 Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,17 School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- 18 Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca C Trueman
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wong
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trotman-Lucas M, Kelly ME, Janus J, Fern R, Gibson CL. An alternative surgical approach reduces variability following filament induction of experimental stroke in mice. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:931-938. [PMID: 28550100 PMCID: PMC5536906 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for understanding the pathology of stroke and investigating potential treatments. However, in vivo stroke models are associated, particularly in mice, with high variability in lesion volume. We investigated whether a surgical refinement where reperfusion is not reliant on the Circle of Willis reduced outcome variability. Mice underwent 60 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion avoiding ligation of the external carotid artery. During reperfusion, the common carotid artery was either ligated (standard approach), or it was repaired to allow re-establishment of blood flow through the common carotid artery. All mice underwent MRI scanning for assessment of infarct volume, apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy, along with terminal assessment of infarct volume by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Repairing the common carotid artery following middle cerebral artery occlusion enhanced reperfusion (P<0.01) and reduced the variability seen in both total (histological analysis, P=0.008; T2-weighted MRI, P=0.015) and core (diffusion tensor MRI, P=0.043) lesion volume. Avoiding external carotid artery ligation may improve animal wellbeing, through reduced weight loss, while using an alternative surgical approach that enabled reperfusion through the common carotid artery decreased the variability in lesion volume seen within groups. Summary: An alternative surgical approach following middle cerebral artery occlusion, which allows reperfusion through the common carotid artery, decreases the variability in lesion volume seen within groups and reduces the number of animals required to detect a treatment effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Trotman-Lucas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Justyna Janus
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan F, Lin X, Guan Y, Mu Z, Chen K, Wang Y, Yang GY. Collateral circulation prevents masticatory muscle impairment in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1314-1318. [PMID: 25343800 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514016130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The rat suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a frequently used animal model for investigating the mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. During suture MCAO, transection of the external carotid artery (ECA) potentially restrains blood flow and impairs masticatory muscle and other ECA-supported territories, consequently influencing post-operation animal survival. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ECA transection on the hemodynamic alterations using a novel synchrotron radiation (SR) angiography technique and magnetic resonance imaging in live animals. Fifteen male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals underwent MCAO, in which the ECA was transected. SR angiography was performed before and after MCAO. Rats then underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the tissue lesion both intra- and extra-cranially. Animals with SR angiography without other manipulations were used as control. High-resolution cerebrovascular morphology was analyzed using a novel technique of SR angiography. The masticatory muscle lesion was further examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. MRI and histological results showed that there was no masticatory muscle lesion at 1, 7 and 28 days following MCAO with ECA transection. In normal condition, the ECA and its branch external maxillary artery were clearly detected. Following ECA transection, the external maxillary artery was still observed and the blood supply appeared from the anastomotic branch from the pterygopalatine artery. SR angiography further revealed the inter-relationship of hemisphere extra- and intra-cranial vasculature in the rat following MCAO. Transection of the ECA did not impair masticatory muscles in rat suture MCAO. Interrupted blood flow could be compensated by the collateral circulation from the pterygopalatine artery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falei Yuan
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjing Guan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kemin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lourbopoulos A, Mourouzis I, Karapanayiotides T, Nousiopoulou E, Chatzigeorgiou S, Mavridis T, Kokkinakis I, Touloumi O, Irinopoulou T, Chouliaras K, Pantos C, Karacostas D, Grigoriadis N. Changes in thyroid hormone receptors after permanent cerebral ischemia in male rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:78-91. [PMID: 24577884 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) and receptors (TRs) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of acute cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we sought to determine whether serum triodothyronine (T3)/thyroxine (T4) and brain TRs (TRα1, TRβ1) might change after experimental stroke. Male adult Wistar rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (group P) and compared to sham-operated controls (group S). Animals were followed clinically for 14 days until brain collection for Western blot (WB) or neuropathological analysis of TRs in three different brain areas (infarcted tissue, E1; noninfarcted ipsilateral hemisphere, E2; and contralateral hemisphere, E3). Analysis of serum TH levels showed a reduction of T4 in group P (p = 0.002) at days 2 to 14, while half of the animals also displayed "low T3" values (p = 0.012) on day 14. This T4 reduction was inversely correlated to the clinical severity of stroke and the concomitant body weight loss (p < 0.005). WB analysis of TRα1 and TRβ1 protein expression showed heterogenic responses at day 14: total and nuclear TRα1 were similar between the two groups, while total TRβ1 decreased 7.5-fold within E1 (p ≤ 0.001) with a concomitant 1.8-fold increase of nuclear TRβ1 in E2 area (p = 0.03); TRβ1 expression did not differ in E3. Neuropathological analysis revealed that activated macrophages/microglia exclusively expressed nuclear TRα1 within the infarct core. Astrocytes mildly expressed nuclear TRα1 in and around the infarct, along with a prominent TRβ nuclear signal restricted in the astrocytic scar. Neurons around the infarct expressed mainly TRα1 and, to a milder degree, TRβ. Surprisingly enough, we detected for the first time a TRβ expression in the paranodal region of Ranvier nodes, of unknown significance so far. Our data support that cerebral ischemia induces a low TH response, associated with significant and heterogenic changes in brain TR expression. These findings could imply an important role of TH signaling in cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Treatment with afobazole at delayed time points following ischemic stroke improves long-term functional and histological outcomes. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 62:354-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
11
|
Hill JW, Nemoto EM. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion with complete reperfusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. MethodsX 2014; 1:283-291. [PMID: 25632378 PMCID: PMC4306192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by the intraluminal suture method is widely used to model ischemic stroke in rats. Current methods include transection or ligation of the external carotid or common carotid artery and thus result in partial restoration of perfusion after transient MCAO. Since incomplete reperfusion may influence recovery and thus confound studies of the impact of neuroprotective compounds and therapies on outcomes after stroke, we have devised a novel method to induce transient MCAO with complete reperfusion. Advantages of the method include: MCAO is achieved through insertion of an intraluminal suture into the internal carotid artery through the common carotid artery.At the end of the occlusion period, the suture is withdrawn and the incision in the common carotid artery is closed with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive and complete reperfusion is established.No residual subcutaneous sutures remain during recovery.Vasculature is restored to the preoperative state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W Hill
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Edwin M Nemoto
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
A Critical Re-Examination of the Intraluminal Filament MCAO Model: Impact of External Carotid Artery Transection. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:651-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Effectiveness of a new modified intraluminal suture for temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats of various weight. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:225-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|