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Sanches E, Ho D, van de Looij Y, Aebi Toulotte A, Baud L, Bouteldja F, Barraud Q, Araneda R, Bleyenheuft Y, Brochard S, Kathe C, Courtine G, Sizonenko S. Early intensive rehabilitation reverses locomotor disruption, decrease brain inflammation and induces neuroplasticity following experimental Cerebral Palsy. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:303-316. [PMID: 39098438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a major cause of motor and cognitive disability in children due to injury to the developing brain. Early intensive sensorimotor rehabilitation has been shown to change brain structure and reduce CP symptoms severity. We combined environmental enrichment (EE) and treadmill training (TT) to observe the effects of a one-week program of sensorimotor stimulation (EETT) in animals exposed to a CP model and explored possible mechanisms involved in the functional recovery. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS - 200 µg/kg) intraperitoneally at embryonic days 18 and 19. At P0, pups of both sexes were exposed to 20' anoxia at 37 °C. From P2 to P21, hindlimbs were restricted for 16 h/day during the dark cycle. EETT lasted from P21 to P27. TT - 15 min/day at 7 cm/s. EE - 7 days in enriched cages with sensorimotor stimulus. Functional 3D kinematic gait analysis and locomotion were analyzed. At P28, brains were collected for ex-vivo MRI and histological assessment. Neurotrophins and key proteins involved in CNS function were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS CP model caused gross and skilled locomotor disruption and altered CNS neurochemistry. EETT reversed locomotor dysfunction with minor effects over gait kinematics. EETT also decreased brain inflammation and glial activation, preserved myelination, upregulated BDNF signaling and modulated the expression of proteins involved in excitatory synaptic function in the brain and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Using this translational approach based on intensive sensorimotor rehabilitation, we highlight pathways engaged in the early developmental processes improving neurological recovery observed in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dini Ho
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Animal Imaging Technology Section, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Aebi Toulotte
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Baud
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farha Bouteldja
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne (Unil), Switzerland
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Araneda
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Exercise and Rehabilitation Science Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yannick Bleyenheuft
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Brochard
- Physical and Medical Rehabilitation Department, CHRU Brest, Brest, France; Paediatric Physical and Medical Rehabilitation Department, Fondation ILDYS, Brest, France; University of Western Brittany, Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, Inserm U1101, Brest, France
| | - Claudia Kathe
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne (Unil), Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Courtine
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Pereira SDC, Manhães-de-Castro R, Souza VDS, Calado CMSDS, Souza de Silveira B, Barbosa LNF, Torner L, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Toscano AE. Neonatal resveratrol treatment in cerebral palsy model recovers neurodevelopment impairments by restoring the skeletal muscle morphology and decreases microglial activation in the cerebellum. Exp Neurol 2024; 378:114835. [PMID: 38789024 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the main motor disorder in childhood resulting from damage to the developing brain. Treatment perspectives are required to reverse the primary damage caused by the early insult and consequently to recover motor skills. Resveratrol has been shown to act as neuroprotection with benefits to skeletal muscle. This study aimed to investigate the effects of neonatal resveratrol treatment on neurodevelopment, skeletal muscle morphology, and cerebellar damage in CP model. Wistar rat pups were allocated to four experimental groups (n = 15/group) according CP model and treatment: Control+Saline (CS), Control+Resveratrol (CR), CP + Saline (CPS), and CP + Resveratrol (CPR). CP model associated anoxia and sensorimotor restriction. CP group showed delay in the disappearance of the palmar grasp reflex (p < 0.0001) and delay in the appearance of reflexes of negative geotaxis (p = 0.01), and free-fall righting (p < 0.0001), reduced locomotor activity and motor coordination (p < 0.05) than CS group. These motor skills impairments were associated with a reduction in muscle weight (p < 0.001) and area and perimeter of soleus end extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers (p < 0.0001), changes in muscle fibers typing pattern (p < 0.05), and the cerebellum showed signs of neuroinflammation due to elevated density and percentage of activated microglia in the CPS group compared to CS group (p < 0.05). CP animals treated with resveratrol showed anticipation of the appearance of negative geotaxis and free-fall righting reflexes (p < 0.01), increased locomotor activity (p < 0.05), recovery muscle fiber types pattern (p < 0.05), and reversal of the increase in density and the percentage of activated microglia in the cerebellum (p < 0.01). Thus, we conclude that neonatal treatment with resveratrol can contribute to the recovery of the delay neurodevelopment resulting from experimental CP due to its action in restoring the skeletal muscle morphology and reducing neuroinflammation from cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Vanessa da Silva Souza
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Caio Matheus Santos da Silva Calado
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Souza de Silveira
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nicoly Ferreira Barbosa
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 58330, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Centro Laboratory of Experimental Neuronutrition and Food Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM), Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, 61651, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Nursing Unit, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55608-680, Brazil.
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Machado-Pereira NAMM, do Nascimento PS, de Freitas GR, Bobinski F, do Espírito Santo CC, Ilha J. Electrical Stimulation Prevents Muscular Atrophy and the Decrease of Interleukin-6 in Paralyzed Muscles after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2024; 59:e526-e531. [PMID: 39239572 PMCID: PMC11374404 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the muscle trophism and expression of interleukin-6 in the biceps brachii muscle of rats with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Methods Adult rats underwent C5-C7 spinal cord hemisection and a 5-week NMES protocol. Trophism of the biceps brachii was assessed using muscle weight/body weight ratio and histological analysis. Interleukin-6 expression from biceps brachii was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results Preservation of the biceps brachii muscle trophism was found in the NMES treated group, along with prevention of the reduction of interleukin-6 levels. Conclusion Spinal cord injury causes muscle atrophy and decreases interleukin-6 levels. These alterations are partially prevented by NMES. The results suggest a possible NMES action mechanism and underscore the clinical use of this therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A M M Machado-Pereira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Patrícia S do Nascimento
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriel R de Freitas
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratório Experimental de Neurociências (LANEX), Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Jocemar Ilha
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Dupuis O, Van Gaever M, Montel V, Dereumetz J, Coq JO, Canu MH, Dupont E. Early movement restriction affects the acquisition of neurodevelopmental reflexes in rat pups. Brain Res 2024; 1828:148773. [PMID: 38244757 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Childhood is a period of construction of the organism, during which interactions with the environment and regular physical activity are necessary for the maturation of the neuronal networks. An atypical sensorimotor activity during childhood (due to bed-rest or neurodevelopmental disorders) impacts the development of the neuromuscular system. A model of sensorimotor restriction (SMR) developed in rats has shown that casting pups' hind limbs from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P28 induced a severe perturbation of motor behavior, due to muscle weakness as well as disturbances within the central nervous system. In the present study, our objective was to determine whether SMR affects the early postnatal ontogenesis. We explored the neuromuscular development through the determination of the age for achievement of the main neurodevelopmental reflexes, which represent reliable indicators of neurological and behavioral development. We also evaluated the maturation of postural control. Our results demonstrate that SMR induces a delay in the motor development, illustrated by a several days delay in the acquisition of a mature posture and in the acquisition reflexes: hind limb grasping, righting, hind limb placing, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis. In conclusion, impaired physical activity and low interactions with environment during early development result in altered maturation of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlane Dupuis
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Melanie Van Gaever
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Valerie Montel
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Dereumetz
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Helene Canu
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Erwan Dupont
- Univ Lille, Univ Artois, Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369, URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F59000 Lille, France
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Juacy Rodrigues Costa-de-Santana B, Manhães-de-Castro R, José Cavalcanti Bezerra Gouveia H, Roberto Silva E, Antônio da Silva Araújo M, Cabral Lacerda D, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Torner L, Elisa Toscano A. Motor deficits are associated with increased glial cell activation in the hypothalamus and cerebellum of young rats subjected to cerebral palsy. Brain Res 2023; 1814:148447. [PMID: 37301423 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a syndrome characterized by a wide range of sensory and motor damage, associated with behavioral and cognitive deficits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of a model of CP using a combination of perinatal anoxia and sensorimotor restriction of hind paws to replicate motor, behavioral and neural deficits. A total of 30 of male Wistar rats were divided into Control (C, n = 15), and CP (CP, n = 15) groups. The potential of the CP model was assessed by evaluating food intake, the behavioral satiety sequence, performance on the CatWalk and parallel bars, muscle strength, and locomotor activity. The weight of the encephalon, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, and the activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) were also measured. The CP animals showed delayed satiety, impaired locomotion on the CatWalk and open field test, reduced muscle strength, and reduced motor coordination. CP also reduced the weight of the soleus and muscles, brain weight, liver weight, and quantity of fat in various parts of the body. There was also found to be an increase in astrocyte and microglia activation in the cerebellum and hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus, ARC) of animals subjected to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Juacy Rodrigues Costa-de-Santana
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuronutriton and Food Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM)/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Henrique José Cavalcanti Bezerra Gouveia
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Eliesly Roberto Silva
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio da Silva Araújo
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Diego Cabral Lacerda
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuronutriton and Food Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM)/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil; Nursing Unit, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão-Pernambuco, 55608-680, Brazil.
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6
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Visco DB, Manhães de Castro R, da Silva MM, Costa de Santana BJR, Bezerra Gouveia HJC, de Moura Ferraz MLR, de Albuquerque GL, Lacerda DC, de Vasconcelos DAA, Guzman Quevedo O, Toscano AE. Neonatal kaempferol exposure attenuates gait and strength deficits and prevents altered muscle phenotype in a rat model of cerebral palsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:80-97. [PMID: 36342836 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is characterized by brain damage at a critical period of development of the central nervous system, and, as a result, motor, behavioural and learning deficits are observed in those affected. Flavonoids such as kaempferol have demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties for neurological disorders. This study aimed to assess the effects of neonatal treatment with kaempferol on the body development, grip strength, gait performance and morphological and biochemical phenotype of skeletal muscle in rats subjected to a model of CP. The groups were formed by randomly allocating male Wistar rats after birth to four groups as follows: C = control treated with vehicle, K = control treated with kaempferol, CP = CP treated with vehicle and CPK = CP treated with kaempferol. The model of CP involved perinatal anoxia and sensorimotor restriction of the hind paws during infancy, from the second to the 28th day of postnatal life. Treatment with kaempferol (1 mg/kg) was performed intraperitoneally during the neonatal period. Body weight and length, muscle strength, gait kinetics and temporal and spatial parameters were evaluated in the offspring. On the 36th day of postnatal life, the animals were euthanized for soleus muscle dissection. The muscle fibre phenotype was assessed using the myofibrillar ATPase technique, and the muscle protein expression was measured using the Western blot technique. A reduction in the impact of CP on body phenotype was observed, and this also attenuated deficits in muscle strength and gait. Treatment also mitigated the impact on muscle phenotype by preventing a reduction in the proportion of oxidative fibres and in the histomorphometric parameters in the soleus muscle of rats in the CP group. The results demonstrate that neonatal treatment with kaempferol attenuated gait deficits and impaired muscle strength and muscle maturation in rats subjected to a model of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bulcão Visco
- Laboratory of Neurofunctional, Department of Biological Science and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Juacy Rodrigues Costa de Santana
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Henrique José Cavalcanti Bezerra Gouveia
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Glayciele Leandro de Albuquerque
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Diego Cabral Lacerda
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Diogo Antonio Alves de Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Omar Guzman Quevedo
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, Tacámbaro, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Mexico.,Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Nursing Unit, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Pereira SDC, Benoit B, de Aguiar Junior FCA, Chanon S, Vieille‐Marchiset A, Pesenti S, Ruzzin J, Vidal H, Toscano AE. Fibroblast growth factor 19 as a countermeasure to muscle and locomotion dysfunctions in experimental cerebral palsy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:2122-2133. [PMID: 34704398 PMCID: PMC8718044 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) associates cerebral function damages with strong locomotor defects and premature sarcopenia. We previously showed that fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) exerts hypertrophic effects on skeletal muscle and improves muscle mass and strength in mouse models with muscle atrophy. Facing the lack of therapeutics to treat locomotor dysfunctions in CP, we investigated whether FGF19 treatment could have beneficial effects in an experimental rat model of CP. METHODS Cerebral palsy was induced in male Wistar rat pups by perinatal anoxia immediately after birth and by sensorimotor restriction of hind paws maintained until Day 28. Daily subcutaneous injections with recombinant human FGF19 (0.1 mg/kg bw) were performed from Days 22 to 28. Locomotor activity and muscle strength were assessed before and after FGF19 treatment. At Day 29, motor coordination on rotarod and various musculoskeletal parameters (weight of tibia bone and of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles; area of skeletal muscle fibres) were evaluated. In addition, expression of specific genes linked to human CP was measured in rat skeletal muscles. RESULTS Compared to controls, CP rats had reduced locomotion activity (-37.8% of distance travelled, P < 0.05), motor coordination (-88.9% latency of falls on rotarod, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (-25.1%, P < 0.05). These defects were associated with reduction in soleus (-51.5%, P < 0.05) and EDL (-42.5%, P < 0.05) weight, smaller area of muscle fibres, and with lower tibia weight (-38%, P < 0.05). In muscles from rats submitted to CP, changes in the expression levels of several genes related to muscle development and neuromuscular junctions were similar to those found in wrist muscle of children with CP (increased mRNA levels of Igfbp5, Kcnn3, Gdf8, and MyH4 and decreased expression of Myog, Ucp2 and Lpl). Compared with vehicle-treated CP rats, FGF19 administration improved locomotor activity (+53.2%, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (+25.7%, P < 0.05), and increased tibia weight (+13.8%, P < 0.05) and soleus and EDL muscle weight (+28.6% and +27.3%, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, it reduced a number of very small fibres in both muscles (P < 0.05). Finally, gene expression analyses revealed that FGF19 might counteract the immature state of skeletal muscles induced by CP. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that pharmacological intervention with recombinant FGF19 could restore musculoskeletal and locomotor dysfunction in an experimental CP model, suggesting that FGF19 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to combat the locomotor disorders associated with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of NutritionFederal University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
| | - Bérengère Benoit
- CarMeN laboratory, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) U1397University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1OullinsFrance
| | | | - Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN laboratory, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) U1397University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1OullinsFrance
| | - Aurélie Vieille‐Marchiset
- CarMeN laboratory, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) U1397University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1OullinsFrance
| | - Sandra Pesenti
- CarMeN laboratory, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) U1397University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1OullinsFrance
| | - Jérome Ruzzin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN laboratory, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) U1397University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1OullinsFrance
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of NutritionFederal University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
- Department of Nursing, CAVFederal University of PernambucoVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
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da Conceição Pereira S, Manhães-de-Castro R, Visco DB, de Albuquerque GL, da Silva Calado CMS, da Silva Souza V, Toscano AE. Locomotion is impacted differently according to the perinatal brain injury model: Meta-analysis of preclinical studies with implications for cerebral palsy. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109250. [PMID: 34116077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches to reproduce cerebral palsy (CP) in animals, contribute to the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanism of this disease and provide a basis for the development of intervention strategies. Locomotion and coordination are the main cause of disability in CP, however, few studies highlight the quantitative differences of CP models, on locomotion parameters, considering the methodologies to cause brain lesions in the perinatal period. METHODS Studies with cerebral palsy animal models that assess locomotion parameters were systematically retrieved from Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS, and Web of Science. Methodological evaluation of included studies and quantitative assessment of locomotion parameters were performed after eligibility screening. RESULTS CP models were induced by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), Prenatal ischemia (PI), lipopolysaccharide inflammation (LPS), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), anoxia (A), sensorimotor restriction (SR), and a combination of different models. Overall, 63 studies included in qualitative synthesis showed a moderate quality of evidence. 16 studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Significant reduction was observed in models that combined LPS with HI related to distance traveled (SMD -7.24 95 % CI [-8.98, -5.51], Z = 1.18, p < 0.00001) and LPS with HI or anoxia with sensory-motor restriction (SMD -6.01, 95 % CI [-7.67, -4.35], Z = 7.11), or IVH (SMD -4.91, 95 % CI [-5.84, -3.98], Z = 10.31, p < 0.00001) related to motor coordination. CONCLUSION The combination of different approaches to reproduce CP in animals causes greater deficits in locomotion and motor coordination from the early stages of life to adulthood. These findings contribute to methodological refinement, reduction, and replacement in animal experimentation, favoring translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego Bulcão Visco
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa da Silva Souza
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Sanches EF, Carvalho AS, van de Looij Y, Toulotte A, Wyse AT, Netto CA, Sizonenko SV. Experimental cerebral palsy causes microstructural brain damage in areas associated to motor deficits but no spatial memory impairments in the developing rat. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147389. [PMID: 33639200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy (CP) is the major cause of motor and cognitive impairments during childhood. CP can result from direct or indirect structural injury to the developing brain. In this study, we aimed to describe brain damage and behavioural alterations during early adult life in a CP model using the combination of maternal inflammation, perinatal anoxia and postnatal sensorimotor restriction. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 200 µg/kg LPS at embryonic days E18 and E19. Between 3 and 6 h after birth (postnatal day 0 - PND0), pups of both sexes were exposed to anoxia for 20 min. From postnatal day 2 to 21, hindlimbs of animals were immobilized for 16 h daily during their active phase. From PND40, locomotor and cognitive tests were performed using Rota-Rod, Ladder Walking and Morris water Maze. Ex-vivo MRI Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) were used to assess macro and microstructural damage and brain volume alterations induced by the model. Myelination and expression of neuronal, astroglial and microglial markers, as well as apoptotic cell death were evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS CP animals showed decreased body weight, deficits in gross (rota-rod) and fine (ladder walking) motor tasks compared to Controls. No cognitive impairments were observed. Ex-vivo MRI showed decreased brain volumes and impaired microstructure in the cingulate gyrus and sensory cortex in CP brains. Histological analysis showed increased cell death, astrocytic reactivity and decreased thickness of the corpus callosum and altered myelination in CP animals. Hindlimb primary motor cortex analysis showed increased apoptosis in CP animals. Despite the increase in NeuN and GFAP, no differences between groups were observed as well as no co-localization with the apoptotic marker. However, an increase in Iba-1+ microglia with co-localization to cleaved caspase 3 was observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that experimental CP induces long-term brain microstructural alterations in myelinated structures, cell death in the hindlimb primary motor cortex and locomotor impairments. Such new evidence of brain damage could help to better understand CP pathophysiological mechanisms and guide further research for neuroprotective and neurorehabilitative strategies for CP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A S Carvalho
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Y van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging - Animal Imaging and Technology (CIBM-AIT), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Toulotte
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A T Wyse
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S V Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Cavarsan CF, Gorassini MA, Quinlan KA. Animal models of developmental motor disorders: parallels to human motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1238-1253. [PMID: 31411933 PMCID: PMC6766736 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00233.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in children. Much of the previous research on CP has focused on reducing the severity of brain injuries, whereas very few researchers have investigated the cause and amelioration of motor symptoms. This research focus has had an impact on the choice of animal models. Many of the commonly used animal models do not display a prominent CP-like motor phenotype. In general, rodent models show anatomically severe injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to insults associated with CP, including hypoxia, ischemia, and neuroinflammation. Unfortunately, most rodent models do not display a prominent motor phenotype that includes the hallmarks of spasticity (muscle stiffness and hyperreflexia) and weakness. To study motor dysfunction related to developmental injuries, a larger animal model is needed, such as rabbit, pig, or nonhuman primate. In this work, we describe and compare various animal models of CP and their potential for translation to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa F Cavarsan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Monica A Gorassini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katharina A Quinlan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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11
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Zanella AK, Gutierres JM, Stigger F. Effects of Scalp Acupuncture on Functional Deficits Induced by Early Sensorimotor Restriction. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 12:77-83. [PMID: 31028972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of scalp acupuncture and electrostimulation, combined or not, in a disuse model consisted of early sensorimotor restriction in rats. Male Wistar pups received sensorimotor restriction from the second postnatal day (P2) until P28. Animals were divided into five different groups (n = 6): control (CT), sensorimotor restricted (SR), acupuncture (AC), electrostimulation (EL), and electroacupuncture (AC+EL). Experimental animals received sham, acupuncture, or electrical stimulation, combined or not, of two scalp regions for 7 days (P29-P35). Before treatment period (P29) and after treatment (P36), animals were evaluated with the narrow suspended bar, horizontal ladder, and stride length tests. SR animals had worse performance in the narrow suspended and horizontal ladder tasks compared with SR animals at P29 (p ≤ 0.005). Significant improvements were observed in both tasks in AC, EL, and EL+AC groups comparing P29 and P36 (p < 0.001). Also, at P35, all treated animals performed significantly better motor tasks compared with SR group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between treated groups. Finally, acupuncture and electrical stimulation, combined or not, have beneficial effect on motor performance following early developmental disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Zanella
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jessié M Gutierres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Stigger
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Fragopoulou AF, Qian Y, Heijtz RD, Forssberg H. Can Neonatal Systemic Inflammation and Hypoxia Yield a Cerebral Palsy-Like Phenotype in Periadolescent Mice? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6883-6900. [PMID: 30941732 PMCID: PMC6728419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common childhood-onset motor disabilities, attributed to injuries of the immature brain in the foetal or early postnatal period. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, rendering prevention and treatment strategies challenging. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model of CP for preclinical assessment of new interventions. For this purpose, we explored the impact of a double neonatal insult (i.e. systemic inflammation combined with hypoxia) on behavioural and cellular outcomes relevant to CP during the prepubertal to adolescent period of mice. Pups were subjected to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections from postnatal day (P) 3 to P6 followed by hypoxia at P7. Gene expression analysis at P6 revealed a strong inflammatory response in a brain region-dependent manner. A comprehensive battery of behavioural assessments performed between P24 and P47 showed impaired limb placement and coordination when walking on a horizontal ladder in both males and females. Exposed males also displayed impaired performance on a forelimb skilled reaching task, altered gait pattern and increased exploratory activity. Exposed females showed a reduction in grip strength and traits of anxiety-like behaviour. These behavioural alterations were not associated with gross morphological changes, white matter lesions or chronic inflammation in the brain. Our results indicate that the neonatal double-hit with LPS and hypoxia can induce subtle long-lasting deficits in motor learning and fine motor skills, which partly reflect the symptoms of children with CP who have mild gross and fine motor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,INSERM U1239, University of Rouen Normandy, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Buratti P, Covatti C, Centenaro LA, Brancalhão RMC, Torrejais MM. Morphofunctional characteristics of skeletal muscle in rats with cerebral palsy. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:49-59. [PMID: 30773727 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of skeletal muscle adaptations is important to understand the functional deficits in cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to investigate the morphofunctional characteristics of skeletal muscle in a CP animal model. Initially, pregnant Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline or lipopolysaccharide over the last five days of pregnancy. The control group (n = 8) consisted of male pups born to females injected with saline. The CP group (n = 8) consisted of male pups born to females injected with lipopolysaccharide, which were submitted to perinatal anoxia [day of birth, postnatal day 0 (P0)] and sensorimotor restriction (P1-P30). The open-field test was undertaken on P29 and P45. On P48, the animals were weighed, and the plantaris muscle was collected and its weight and length were measured. Transverse sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, NADH-TR, Masson's trichrome and non-specific esterase reaction for analysis. and transmission electron microscopy was performed. In the CP group, reductions were observed in mobility time, number of crossings and rearing frequency, body weight, muscle weight and length, and nucleus-to-fibre and capillary-to-fibre ratios. There was a statistically significant increase in the percentage area of the muscle section occupied by collagen; reduction in the area and increase in the number of type I muscle fibres; increase in myofibrillar disorganization and Z-line disorganization and dissolution; and reduction in the area and largest and smallest diameters of neuromuscular junctions. Thus this animal model of CP produced morphofunctional alterations in skeletal muscle, that were associated with evidence of motor deficits as demonstrated by the open-field test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Buratti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline Covatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lígia Aline Centenaro
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rose Meire Costa Brancalhão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Miranda Torrejais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Stigger F, Barbosa S, Marques MR, Segabinazi E, Augustin OA, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S. Synaptophysin and caspase-3 expression on lumbar segments of spinal cord after sensorimotor restriction during early postnatal period and treadmill training. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:489-496. [PMID: 30018938 PMCID: PMC6028203 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836086.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether locomotor stimulation training could have beneficial effects on spinal cord plasticity consequent to sensorimotor restriction (SR). Male Wistar rats were exposed to SR from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P28. Control and experimental rats underwent locomotor stimulation training in a treadmill from P31 to P52. The intensity of the synaptophysin and caspase-3 immunoreaction was determined on ventral horn of spinal cord. The synaptophysin immunoreactivity was lower in the ventral horn of sensorimotor restricted rats compared to controls animals and was accompanied by an increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Those alterations were reversed at the end of the training period. Our results suggest that immobility affects the normal developmental process that spinal cord undergoes in early postnatal life influencing both pro-apoptotic and synapse markers. Also, we demonstrated that this phenomenon was reversed by 3 weeks of treadmill training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Stigger
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Laboratory of Comparative Histophysiology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marília Rossato Marques
- Postgraduation Program of Neurosciences, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ethiane Segabinazi
- Postgraduation Program of Neurosciences, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Otávio Américo Augustin
- Laboratory of Comparative Histophysiology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Postgraduation Program of Neurosciences, Department of Morphological Sciences, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Marcuzzo
- Postgraduation Program of Neurosciences, Department of Morphological Sciences, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lacerda DC, Ferraz-Pereira KN, Visco DB, Pontes PB, Chaves WF, Guzman-Quevedo O, Manhães-de-Castro R, Toscano AE. Perinatal undernutrition associated to experimental model of cerebral palsy increases adverse effects on chewing in young rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santos AS, Almeida W, Popik B, Sbardelotto BM, Torrejais MM, Souza MA, Centenaro LA. Characterization of a cerebral palsy‐like model in rats: Analysis of gait pattern and of brain and spinal cord motor areas. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 60:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
| | - Wellington Almeida
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
| | - Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
| | - Bruno Marques Sbardelotto
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
| | - Márcia Miranda Torrejais
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Souza
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua General Rondon2195, ToledoParanáCEP: 85902‐090Brazil
| | - Lígia Aline Centenaro
- Laboratório de Morfologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária1619, CascavelParanáCEP: 85819‐110Brazil
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Jung SY, Kim DY. Treadmill exercise improves motor and memory functions in cerebral palsy rats through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:136-142. [PMID: 28503524 PMCID: PMC5412485 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734964.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic disorder characterized by physical disability and disruption of brain function. We evaluated the effects of treadmill exercise on motor and memory functions in relation with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway using CP rat model. Rota-rod test, step-down avoidance task, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry, and western blot for synapsin I, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), PI3K, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were performed. CP was induced by maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection with sensorimotor restriction. Five weeks after birth, the rats in the exercise groups were made to run on the treadmill for 30 min per one day, 5 times a week, during 4 weeks. Motor and memory functions were impaired in the LPS-induced CP rats and tread-mill exercise increased motor and memory functions in the CP rats. Cell proliferation in the hippocampus was suppressed in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise increased hippocampal cell proliferation in the CP rats. Expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, and p-Akt were decreased in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise enhanced the expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, p-PI3K, and p-Akt in the CP rats. GSK-3β expression was increased in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise suppressed GSK-3β expression in the CP rats. The present results suggest that treadmill exercise might improve motor and memory functions through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hosan University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Sports Healthcare, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Meireles AL, Marques MR, Segabinazi E, Spindler C, Piazza FV, Salvalaggio GS, Augustin OA, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S. Association of environmental enrichment and locomotor stimulation in a rodent model of cerebral palsy: Insights of biological mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2017; 128:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Silva KOGD, Pereira SDC, Portovedo M, Milanski M, Galindo LCM, Guzmán‐Quevedo O, Manhães‐de‐Castro R, Toscano AE. Effects of maternal low‐protein diet on parameters of locomotor activity in a rat model of cerebral palsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 52:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Portovedo
- Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas13084‐970CampinasBrazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas13084‐970CampinasBrazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Department of Nursing, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680Vitória de Santo AntãoBrazil
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20
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Al-Amin MM, Alam T, Hasan SMN, Hasan AT, Quddus AHMR. Prenatal maternal lipopolysaccharide administration leads to age- and region-specific oxidative stress in the early developmental stage in offspring. Neuroscience 2016; 318:84-93. [PMID: 26774051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been exploited to simulate brain disorder in animal model. Prenatal LPS-exposure has shown elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early stages of the postnatal period. This study determines the effect of prenatal LPS-exposure on oxidative stress (OS) in the distinct brain regions in the early postnatal stages. LPS (50 μg/kg, i.p.) and water for injection (100 μl, i.p.) were given to the experimental (n=5) and control (n=5) group of pregnant Swiss albino mice respectively on gestational day (GD)-16 and 17. Animals were decapitated on postnatal day (PnD) - 1, 7, 14 and 21 to assay levels of oxidative markers from 6 distinct brain regions. When compared with the control, prenatal LPS-exposure alters levels of OS markers: (i) on PnD-1, glutathione (GSH) level is raised and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is dropped, (ii) on PnD-7, advanced oxidation of protein product (AOPP) level is elevated, (iii) on PnD-14, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and activity of catalase (CAT) are enhanced, (iv) on PnD-21, increased MDA continued. The hippocampus (HC) and cerebellum (CB) were mostly susceptible to OS in the early postnatal development. Levels of MDA and activity of CAT enzyme were increased on PnD-14 in the cortex, HC and CB. Except MDA, all OS markers recovered and returned to the level of control animals on PnD-21. Taken together, these results suggest that prenatal LPS-exposure induces age- and region-specific OS in the early postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QBI Building 79, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - T Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M N Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A T Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Dean JM, Shi Z, Fleiss B, Gunn KC, Groenendaal F, van Bel F, Derrick M, Juul SE, Tan S, Gressens P, Mallard C, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. A Critical Review of Models of Perinatal Infection. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:289-304. [DOI: 10.1159/000370309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central, unanswered questions in perinatology is why preterm infants continue to have such poor long-term neurodevelopmental, cognitive and learning outcomes, even though severe brain injury is now rare. There is now strong clinical evidence that one factor underlying disability may be infection, as well as nonspecific inflammation, during fetal and early postnatal life. In this review, we examine the experimental evidence linking both acute and chronic infection/inflammation with perinatal brain injury and consider key experimental determinants, including the microglia response, relative brain and immune maturity and the pattern of exposure to infection. We highlight the importance of the origin and derivation of the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide. Such experimental paradigms are essential to determine the precise time course of the inflammatory reaction and to design targeted neuroprotective strategies to protect the perinatal brain from infection and inflammation.
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Marques MR, Stigger F, Segabinazi E, Augustin OA, Barbosa S, Piazza FV, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S. Beneficial effects of early environmental enrichment on motor development and spinal cord plasticity in a rat model of cerebral palsy. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhu AH, Hu YR, Liu W, Gao F, Li JX, Zhao LH, Chen G. Systemic Evaluation of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 69:295-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu Y, Li L, Shao X, Tian F, Sun Q. Establishing a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy by targeted ethanol injection. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3255-62. [PMID: 25206647 PMCID: PMC4146179 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.34.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic cerebral palsy is generally considered to result from cerebral cortical or pyramidal tract damage. Here, we precisely targeted the left pyramidal tract of 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats placed on a stereotaxic instrument under intraperitoneal anesthesia. Based on the rat brain stereotaxic map, a 1-mm hole was made 10 mm posterior to bregma and 0.8 mm left of sagittal suture. A microsyringe was inserted perpendicularly to the surface of the brain to a depth of 9.7 mm, and 15 μL of ethanol was slowly injected to establish a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy. After modeling, the rats appeared to have necrotic voids in the pyramidal tract and exhibited typical signs and symptoms of flexion spasms that lasted for a long period of time. These findings indicate that this is an effective and easy method of establishing a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy with good re-producibility. Ethanol as a chemical ablation agent specifically and thoroughly damages the pyramidal tract, and therefore, the animals display flexion spasms, which are a typical symptom of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xinzhong Shao
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fangtao Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qinglu Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
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Stigger F, Lovatel G, Marques M, Bertoldi K, Moysés F, Elsner V, Siqueira IR, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress in developing rat brain and its consequences on motor behavior following maternal administration of LPS and perinatal anoxia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:820-7. [PMID: 24140242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of locomotion, posture and movement that can be caused by prenatal, perinatal or postnatal insults during brain development. An increased incidence of CP has been correlated to perinatal asphyxia and maternal infections during gestation. The effects of maternal exposure to low doses of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) associated or not with perinatal anoxia (PA) in oxidative and inflammatory parameters were examined in cerebral cortices of newborns pups. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-4, SOD, CAT and DCF were measured by the ELISA method. Other newborn rats were assessed for neonatal developmental milestones from day 1 to 21. Motor behavior was also tested at P29 using open-field and Rotarod. PA alone only increased IL-1 expression in cerebral cortex with no changes in oxidative measures. PA also induced a slight impact on development and motor performance. LPS alone was not able to delay motor development but resulted in changes in motor activity and coordination with increased levels of IL-1 and TNF-α expression associated with a high production of free radicals and elevated SOD activity. When LPS and PA were combined, changes on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were greater. In addition, greater motor development and coordination impairments were observed. Prenatal exposure of pups to LPS appeared to sensitize the developing brain to effects of a subsequent anoxia insult resulting in an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased free radical levels in the cerebral cortex. These outcomes suggest that oxidative and inflammatory parameters in the cerebral cortex are implicated in motor deficits following maternal infection and perinatal anoxia by acting in a synergistic manner during a critical period of development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Stigger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Hu Y, Chen G, Wan H, Zhang Z, Zhi H, Liu W, Qian X, Chen M, Wen L, Gao F, Li J, Zhao L. A rat pup model of cerebral palsy induced by prenatal inflammation and hypoxia. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:817-24. [PMID: 25206729 PMCID: PMC4146090 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of cerebral palsy established by simple infection or the hypoxia/ischemia method cannot effectively simulate the brain injury of a premature infant. Healthy 17-day-pregnant Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide then subjected to hypoxia. The pups were used for this study at 4 weeks of age. Simultaneously, a hypoxia/ischemia group and a control group were used for comparison. The results of the footprint test, the balance beam test, the water maze test, neuroelectrophysiological examination and neuropathological examination demonstrated that, at 4 weeks after birth, footprint repeat space became larger between the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the rats, the latency period on the balance beam and in the Morris water maze was longer, place navigation and ability were poorer, and the stimulus intensity that induced the maximal wave amplitude of the compound muscle action potential was greater in the lipopolysaccharide/hypoxia and hypoxia/ischemia groups than in the control group. We observed irregular cells around the periventricular area, periventricular leukomalacia and breakage of the nuclear membrane in the lipopolysaccharide/hypoxia and hypoxia/ischemia groups. These results indicate that we successfully established a Wistar rat pup model of cerebral palsy by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Hu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Basic Medicine, CAMA and PUMC, Beijing 100000, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station, the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Wuxi 214026, Jiangsu Province, China
- Corresponding author: Gang Chen, Associate chief physician, Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi (the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Wuxi 214026, Jiangsu Province, China, . (N20120413001/WJ)
| | - Hong Wan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhiyou Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hong Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Wuxi 214026, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinwei Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Wuxi 214026, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Wuxi 214026, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linbao Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Huang BT, Chang PY, Su CH, Chao CCK, Lin-Chao S. Gas7-deficient mouse reveals roles in motor function and muscle fiber composition during aging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37702. [PMID: 22662195 PMCID: PMC3360064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth arrest-specific gene 7 (Gas7) has previously been shown to be involved in neurite outgrowth in vitro; however, its actual role has yet to be determined. To investigate the physiological function of Gas7 in vivo, here we generated a Gas7-deficient mouse strain with a labile Gas7 mutant protein whose functions are similar to wild-type Gas7. Methodology/Principal Findings Our data show that aged Gas7-deficient mice have motor activity defects due to decreases in the number of spinal motor neurons and in muscle strength, of which the latter may be caused by changes in muscle fiber composition as shown in the soleus. In cross sections of the soleus of Gas7-deficient mice, gross morphological features and levels of myosin heavy chain I (MHC I) and MHC II markers revealed significantly fewer fast fibers. In addition, we found that nerve terminal sprouting, which may be associated with slow and fast muscle fiber composition, was considerably reduced at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) during aging. Conclusions/Significance These findings indicate that Gas7 is involved in motor neuron function associated with muscle strength maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Tsang Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Su
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuck C.-K. Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sue Lin-Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Stigger F, do Nascimento PS, Dutra MF, Couto GK, Ilha J, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S. Treadmill training induces plasticity in spinal motoneurons and sciatic nerve after sensorimotor restriction during early postnatal period: new insights into the clinical approach for children with cerebral palsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:833-8. [PMID: 21925584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether locomotor stimulation training could have beneficial effects on the morphometric alterations of spinal cord and sciatic nerve consequent to sensorimotor restriction (SR). Male Wistar rats were exposed to SR from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P28. Control and experimental rats underwent locomotor stimulation training in a treadmill for three weeks (from P31 to P52). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of spinal motoneurons innervating hind limb muscles was determined. Both fiber and axonal CSA of myelinated fibers were also assessed. The growth-related increase in CSA of motoneurons in the SR group was less than controls. After SR, the mean motoneuron soma size was reduced with an increase in the proportion of motoneurons with a soma size of between 0 and 800 μm(2). The changes in soma size of motoneurons were accompanied by a reduction in the mean fiber and axon CSA of sciatic nerve. The soma size of motoneurons was reestablished at the end of the training period reaching controls level. Our results suggest that SR during early postnatal life retards the growth-related increase in the cell body size of motoneurons in spinal cord and the development of sciatic nerve. Additionally, three weeks of locomotor stimulation using a treadmill seems to have a beneficial effect on motoneurons' soma size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Stigger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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