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Gillespie ER, Grice LF, Courtney IG, Lao HW, Jung W, Ramkomuth S, Xie J, Brown DA, Walsham J, Radford KJ, Nguyen QH, Ruitenberg MJ. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals peripheral blood leukocyte responses to spinal cord injury in mice with humanised immune systems. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:63. [PMID: 38429643 PMCID: PMC10908016 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Next-generation humanised mouse models and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) approaches enable in-depth studies into human immune cell biology. Here we used NSG-SGM3 mice engrafted with human umbilical cord haematopoietic stem cells to investigate how human immune cells respond to and/or are changed by traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesised that the use of such mice could help advance our understanding of spinal cord injury-induced immune depression syndrome (SCI-IDS), and also how human leukocytes change as they migrate from the circulation into the lesion site. Our scRNAseq experiments, supplemented by flow cytometry, demonstrate the existence of up to 11 human immune cell (sub-) types and/or states across the blood and injured spinal cord (7 days post-SCI) of humanised NSG-SGM3 mice. Further comparisons of human immune cell transcriptomes between naïve, sham-operated and SCI mice identified a total of 579 differentially expressed genes, 190 of which were 'SCI-specific' (that is, genes regulated only in response to SCI but not sham surgery). Gene ontology analysis showed a prominent downregulation of immune cell function under SCI conditions, including for T cell receptor signalling and antigen presentation, confirming the presence of SCI-IDS and the transcriptional signature of human leukocytes in association with this phenomenon. We also highlight the activating influence of the local spinal cord lesion microenvironment by comparing the transcriptomes of circulating versus infiltrated human immune cells; those isolated from the lesion site were enriched for genes relating to both immune cell activity and function (e.g., oxidative phosphorylation, T cell proliferation and antigen presentation). We lastly applied an integrated bioinformatics approach to determine where immune responses in humanised NSG-SGM3 mice appear congruent to the native responses of human SCI patients, and where they diverge. Collectively, our study provides a valuable resource and methodological framework for the use of these mice in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Gillespie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Laura F Grice
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Isabel G Courtney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hong Wa Lao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Woncheol Jung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sonny Ramkomuth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacky Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Brown
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Walsham
- Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Quan H Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Palandi J, Mack JM, de Araújo IL, Farina M, Bobinski F. Animal models of complex regional pain syndrome: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105324. [PMID: 37467905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) leads to a debilitating chronic pain condition. The lack of cause, etiology, and treatment for CRPS has been widely explored in animal models. OBJECTIVE Provide a comprehensive framework of the animal models used for investigating CRPS. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Preclinical studies to induce the characteristics of CRPS, with a control group, in any language or publication date. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE The search was performed in the Medline (PubMed) and ScienceDirect databases. RESULTS 93 studies are included. The main objective of the included studies was to understand the CRPS model. Rats, males and adults, exposed to ischemia/reperfusion of the paw or fracture of the tibia were the most common characteristics. Nociceptive evaluation using von Frey monofilaments was the most widely adopted in the studies. CONCLUSIONS For the best translational science between the animal models and individuals with CRPS, future studies should include more heterogeneous animals, and multiple assessment tools, in addition to improving the description and performance of measures that reduce the risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Palandi
- Laboratory of Experimental in Neuropathology (LEN), Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biochemistry Department, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiel Mileno Mack
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabela Longo de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental in Neuropathology (LEN), Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biochemistry Department, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), 88137-272 Palhoça, SC, Brazil.
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Gaire J, Supper V, Montgomery D, Simmons CS. Spiny mice (Acomys) cells fail to engraft in NOD scid gamma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286000. [PMID: 37205673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and stromal cells regulate wound healing and regeneration through complex activation patterns with spatiotemporal variation. The scarless regeneration of Spiny mice (Acomys species) is no exception; differential activation of immune and stromal cell populations seems to play a role in its remarkable regenerative capacity. To elucidate the role and interplay of Acomys immune cells in mammalian regeneration, we sought to create Acomys-Mus chimeras by transplanting bone marrow (BM) from Acomys into NOD Scid Gamma (NSG), a severely immunodeficient mouse line often used in creating humanized mice. Here, we report that Acomys BM cells fail to reconstitute and differentiate when transferred to irradiated NSG adults and neonates. In addition, we did not detect the presence of donor cells nor observe the onset of Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD)-like pathology, even after transplanting Acomys splenocytes in Acomys-Mus chimeras suggesting early graft failure. Overall, these results demonstrate the adoptive transfer of Acomys BM alone is not sufficient to establish Acomys hematopoietic system in NSG mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak Gaire
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valentina Supper
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Darrice Montgomery
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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The Impact of Activity-Based Interventions on Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193087. [PMID: 36231048 PMCID: PMC9563089 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity-based rehabilitative interventions represent the main treatment concept for people suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). The role such interventions play in the relief of neuropathic pain (NP) states is emerging, along with underlying mechanisms resulting in SCI-induced NP (SCI-NP). Animal models have been used to investigate the benefits of activity-based interventions (ABI), such as treadmill training, wheel running, walking, swimming, and bipedal standing. These activity-based paradigms have been shown to modulate inflammatory-related alterations as well as induce functional and structural changes in the spinal cord gray matter circuitry correlated with pain behaviors. Thus far, the research available provides an incomplete picture of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in this beneficial effect. Continued research is essential for understanding how such interventions benefit SCI patients suffering from NP and allow the development of individualized rehabilitative therapies. This article reviews preclinical studies on this specific topic, goes over mechanisms involved in SCI-NP in relation to ABI, and then discusses the effectiveness of different activity-based paradigms as they relate to different forms, intensity, initiation times, and duration of ABI. This article also summarizes the mechanisms of respective interventions to ameliorate NP after SCI and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Chio JCT, Wang J, Surendran V, Li L, Zavvarian MM, Pieczonka K, Fehlings MG. Delayed administration of high dose human immunoglobulin G enhances recovery after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury by modulation of neuroinflammation and protection of the blood spinal cord barrier. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105187. [PMID: 33249350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION The neuroinflammatory response plays a major role in the secondary injury cascade after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). To date, systemic anti-inflammatory medications such as methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) have shown promise in SCI. However, systemic immunosuppression can have detrimental side effects. Therefore, immunomodulatory approaches including the use of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) could represent an attractive alternative. While emerging preclinical data suggests that hIgG is neuroprotective after SCI, the optimal time window of administration and the mechanism of action remain incompletely understood. These knowledge gaps were the focus of this research study. METHODS Female adult Wistar rats received a clip compression-contusion SCI at the C7/T1 level of the spinal cord. Injured rats were randomized, in a blinded manner, to receive a single intravenous bolus of hIgG (2 g/kg) or control buffer at 15 minutes (min), 1 hour (h) or 4 h post-SCI. At 24 h and 8 weeks post-SCI, molecular, histological and neurobehavioral analyses were undertaken. RESULTS At all 3 administration time points, hIgG (2 g/kg) resulted in significantly better short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to control buffer. No significant differences were observed when comparing outcomes between the different time points of administration. At 24 h post-injury, hIgG (2 g/kg) administration enhanced the integrity of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) by increasing expression of tight junction proteins and reducing inflammatory enzyme expression. Improvements in BSCB integrity were associated with reduced immune cell infiltration, lower amounts of albumin and Evans Blue in the injured spinal cord and greater expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, hIgG (2 g/kg) increased expression of neutrophil chemoattractants in the spleen and sera. After hIgG (2 g/kg) treatment, there were more neutrophils in the spleen and fewer neutrophils in the blood. hIgG also co-localized with endothelial cell ligands that mediate neutrophil extravasation into the injured spinal cord. Importantly, short-term effects of delayed hIgG (2 g/kg) administration were associated with enhanced tissue and neuron preservation, as well as neurobehavioral and sensory recovery at 8 weeks post-SCI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION hIgG (2 g/kg) shows promise as a therapeutic approach for SCI. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by hIgG (2 g/kg) in the injured spinal cord might be explained in twofold. First, hIgG might antagonize neutrophil infiltration into the spinal cord by co-localizing with endothelial cell ligands that mediate various steps in neutrophil extravasation. Second, hIgG could traffic neutrophils towards the spleen by increasing expression of neutrophil chemoattractants in the spleen and sera. Overall, we demonstrate that delayed administration of hIgG (2 g/kg) at 1 and 4-h post-injury enhances short-term and long-term benefits after SCI by modulating local and systemic neuroinflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Vithushan Surendran
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katarzyna Pieczonka
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Carpenter RS, Marbourg JM, Brennan FH, Mifflin KA, Hall JCE, Jiang RR, Mo XM, Karunasiri M, Burke MH, Dorrance AM, Popovich PG. Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3702. [PMID: 32710081 PMCID: PMC7382469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes immune dysfunction, increasing the risk of infectious morbidity and mortality. Since bone marrow hematopoiesis is essential for proper immune function, we hypothesize that SCI disrupts bone marrow hematopoiesis. Indeed, SCI causes excessive proliferation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), but these cells cannot leave the bone marrow, even after challenging the host with a potent inflammatory stimulus. Sequestration of HSPCs in bone marrow after SCI is linked to aberrant chemotactic signaling that can be reversed by post-injury injections of Plerixafor (AMD3100), a small molecule inhibitor of CXCR4. Even though Plerixafor liberates HSPCs and mature immune cells from bone marrow, competitive repopulation assays show that the intrinsic long-term functional capacity of HSPCs is still impaired in SCI mice. Together, our data suggest that SCI causes an acquired bone marrow failure syndrome that may contribute to chronic immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Carpenter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Marbourg
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katherine A Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaokui M Mo
- Center for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Malith Karunasiri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew H Burke
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrienne M Dorrance
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Palandi J, Bobinski F, de Oliveira GM, Ilha J. Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury and physical exercise in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:781-795. [PMID: 31837360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of physical exercise on neuropathic pain (NP) in animal models of SCI. The search was conducted in Medline and Science Direct to identify experimental preclinical studies involving animal models of SCI, physical exercise as an intervention and the assessment of NP. Fifteen articles met the eligibility criteria. The review shows that in studies of NP involving animal models of SCI, rodents are the most common species. Thoracic contusion is the most common injury and mechanical and thermal nociception are the most frequently assessed NP components. The benefits of physical exercise vary according to its starting period and total duration. In addition, there is considerable heterogeneity regarding the type and intensity of exercise capable of alleviating NP after SCI. Furthermore, physical exercise has beneficial effects on mechanical, thermal and cold nociception, and spontaneous pain. These results are weakened by the paucity of studies involving these pain outcomes. The review protocol is published for free access on the SyRF platform (http://syrf.org.uk/protocols/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Palandi
- Physical Therapy Graduate Program, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil; Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, Neuromotor System Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Physical Therapy Graduate Program, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil; Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern of Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, 88137-272, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Martins de Oliveira
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, Neuromotor System Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Physical Therapy Graduate Program, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil; Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, Neuromotor System Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, 88080-350, SC, Brazil.
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Carpenter RS, Jiang RR, Brennan FH, Hall JCE, Gottipati MK, Niewiesk S, Popovich PG. Human immune cells infiltrate the spinal cord and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19105. [PMID: 31836828 PMCID: PMC6911055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice can be used to better understand how the human immune system responds to central nervous system (CNS) injury and inflammation. The optimal parameters for using humanized mice in preclinical CNS injury models need to be established for appropriate use and interpretation. Here, we show that the developmental age of the human immune system significantly affects anatomical and functional outcome measures in a preclinical model of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Specifically, it takes approximately 3-4 months for a stable and functionally competent human immune system to develop in neonatal immune compromised mice after they are engrafted with human umbilical cord blood stem cells. Humanized mice receiving a SCI before or after stable engraftment exhibit significantly different neuroinflammatory profiles. Importantly, the development of a mature human immune system was associated with worse lesion pathology and neurological recovery after SCI. In these mice, human T cells infiltrate the spinal cord lesion and directly contact human macrophages. Together, data in this report establish an optimal experimental framework for using humanized mice to help translate promising preclinical therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Carpenter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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9
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Brennan FH, Popovich PG. Emerging targets for reprograming the immune response to promote repair and recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 31:334-344. [PMID: 29465433 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In adult mammals, a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits a chronic unregulated neuroinflammatory response accompanied by seemingly paradoxical suppression of systemic immunity. These SCI-induced changes in immune function contribute to poor neurological outcomes and enhanced morbidity or mortality. Nonspecific anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory therapies are ineffective and can even worsen outcomes. Therefore, recent experimental SCI research has advanced the understanding of how neuroimmune cross-talk contributes to spinal cord and systemic pathology. RECENT FINDINGS It is now appreciated that the immune response caused by injury to the brain or spinal cord encompasses heterogeneous elements that can drive events on the spectrum between exacerbating pathology and promoting tissue repair, within the spinal cord and throughout the body. Recent novel discoveries regarding the role and regulation of soluble factors, monocytes/macrophages, microRNAs, lymphocytes and systemic immune function are highlighted in this review. SUMMARY A more nuanced understanding of how the immune system responds and reacts to nervous system injury will present an array of novel therapeutic opportunities for clinical SCI and other forms of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Oni EN, Halikere A, Li G, Toro-Ramos AJ, Swerdel MR, Verpeut JL, Moore JC, Bello NT, Bierut LJ, Goate A, Tischfield JA, Pang ZP, Hart RP. Increased nicotine response in iPSC-derived human neurons carrying the CHRNA5 N398 allele. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34341. [PMID: 27698409 PMCID: PMC5048107 DOI: 10.1038/srep34341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in nicotinic receptor alpha 5 (CHRNA5) has been associated with increased risk of addiction-associated phenotypes in humans yet little is known the underlying neural basis. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from donors homozygous for either the major (D398) or the minor (N398) allele of the nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs16969968, in CHRNA5. To understand the impact of these nicotinic receptor variants in humans, we differentiated these iPSCs to dopamine (DA) or glutamatergic neurons and then tested their functional properties and response to nicotine. Results show that N398 variant human DA neurons differentially express genes associated with ligand receptor interaction and synaptic function. While both variants exhibited physiological properties consistent with mature neuronal function, the N398 neuronal population responded more actively with an increased excitatory postsynaptic current response upon the application of nicotine in both DA and glutamatergic neurons. Glutamatergic N398 neurons responded to lower nicotine doses (0.1 μM) with greater frequency and amplitude but they also exhibited rapid desensitization, consistent with previous analyses of N398-associated nicotinic receptor function. This study offers a proof-of-principle for utilizing human neurons to study gene variants contribution to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen N Oni
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Apoorva Halikere
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Guohui Li
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mavis R Swerdel
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Neuroscience Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Brennan FH, Kurniawan ND, Vukovic J, Bartlett PF, Käsermann F, Arumugam TV, Basta M, Ruitenberg MJ. IVIg attenuates complement and improves spinal cord injury outcomes in mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:495-511. [PMID: 27386499 PMCID: PMC4931715 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits immediate neural cell death, axonal damage, and disruption of the blood–spinal cord barrier, allowing circulating immune cells and blood proteins into the spinal parenchyma. The inflammatory response to SCI involves robust complement system activation, which contributes to secondary injury and impairs neurological recovery. This study aimed to determine whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), an FDA‐approved treatment for inflammatory conditions, can scavenge complement activation products and improve recovery from contusive SCI. Methods We used functional testing, noninvasive imaging, and detailed postmortem analysis to assess whether IVIg therapy is effective in a mouse model of severe contusive SCI. Results IVIg therapy at doses of 0.5–2 g/kg improved the functional and histopathological outcomes from SCI, conferring protection against lesion enlargement, demyelination, central canal dilation, and axonal degeneration. The benefits of IVIg were detectable through noninvasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), with IVIg treatment counteracting the progressive SCI‐induced increase in radial diffusivity (RD) in white matter. Diffusion indices significantly correlated with the functional performance of individual mice and accurately predicted the degree of myelin preservation. Further experiments revealed that IVIg therapy reduced the presence of complement activation products and phagocytically active macrophages at the lesion site, providing insight as to its mechanisms of action. Interpretation Our findings highlight the potential of using IVIg as an immunomodulatory treatment for SCI, and the value of DTI to assess tissue damage and screen for the efficacy of candidate intervention strategies in preclinical models of SCI, both quantitatively and noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Jana Vukovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia; Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 117597 Singapore
| | - Milan Basta
- BioVisions Inc. 9012 Wandering Trail Dr Potomac Maryland 20854 USA
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia; Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia; Trauma Critical Care and Recovery Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
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