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Zheng JT, Zhang N, Yu YH, Gong PT, Li XH, Wu N, Wang C, Wang XC, Li X, Li JH, Zhang XC. Identification of a TRBD zinc finger-interacting protein in Giardia duodenalis and its regulation of telomerase. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:568. [PMID: 31783771 PMCID: PMC6884763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis, with diarrhea as the primary symptom. The trophozoite proliferation of this zoonotic parasite is mainly affected by telomerase, although the mechanism of telomerase regulation has not been thoroughly analyzed. Methods This study was performed to identify the telomerase RNA-binding domain (TRBD)-interacting protein in G. duodenalis and its regulation of telomerase. Interaction between TRBD and interacting proteins was verified via pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) techniques, and the subcellular localization of the protein interactions was determined in vivo via split SNAP-tag labeling. The hammerhead ribozyme was designed to deplete the mRNA of TRBD-interacting proteins. Results Using TRBD as bait, we identified zinc-finger domain (ZFD)-containing proteins and verified it via pulldown and co-IP experiments. Protein-protein interaction occurred in the nuclei of 293T cells and both nuclei of G. duodenalis. The hammerhead ribozyme depleted ZFD mRNA levels, which reduced the reproduction rate of G. duodenalis, telomerase activity and telomere length. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ZFD may regulate telomere function in G. duodenalis nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Animal Models of Human Diseases, Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yan-Hui Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peng-Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xian-He Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834079. [PMID: 25883975 PMCID: PMC4391616 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viral and nonviral systems have been developed to aid delivery of biologically active molecules into cells. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received increasing attention in the past two decades for biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on opportunities and challenges associated with CPP delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials. We first describe the nature of versatile CPPs and their interactions with various types of cargoes. We then discuss in vivo and in vitro delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by CPPs. Studies on the mechanisms of cellular entry and limitations in the methods used are detailed.
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Jefferies R, Yang R, Woh CK, Weldt T, Milech N, Estcourt A, Armstrong T, Hopkins R, Watt P, Reid S, Armson A, Ryan UM. Target validation of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) gene in Cryptosporidium using Phylomer(®) peptides. Exp Parasitol 2014; 148:40-8. [PMID: 25447124 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, a gastroenteric disease characterised mainly by diarrheal illnesses in humans and mammals is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Treatment options for cryptosporidiosis are limited, with the current therapeutic nitazoxanide, only partly efficacious in immunocompetent individuals. The parasite lacks de novo purine synthesis, and is exclusively dependant on purine salvage from its host. Inhibition of the inosine 5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a purine salvage enzyme that is essential for DNA synthesis, thereby offers a potential drug target against this parasite. In the present study, a yeast-two-hybrid system was used to identify Phylomer peptides within a library constructed from the genomes of 25 phylogenetically diverse bacteria that targeted the IMPDH of Cryptosporidium parvum (IMPcp) and Cryptosporidium hominis (IMPch). We identified 38 unique interacting Phylomers, of which, 12 were synthesised and screened against C. parvum in vitro. Two Phylomers exhibited significant growth inhibition (81.2-83.8% inhibition; P < 0.05), one of which consistently exhibited positive interactions with IMPcp and IMPch during primary and recapitulation yeast two-hybrid screening and did not interact with either of the human IMPDH proteins. The present study highlightsthe potential of Phylomer peptides as target validation tools for Cryptosporidium and other organisms and diseases because of their ability to bind with high affinity to target proteins and disrupt function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jefferies
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Phylogica, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C K Woh
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Phylogica, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T Weldt
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - N Milech
- Phylogica, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Estcourt
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T Armstrong
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Hopkins
- Phylogica, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Watt
- Phylogica, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Reid
- School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Armson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - U M Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
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Cell penetrating peptides in the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2012; 2:187-202. [PMID: 24970133 PMCID: PMC4030843 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a highly selective barrier. This limits the cellular uptake of molecules including DNA, oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins used as therapeutic agents. Different approaches have been employed to increase the membrane permeability and intracellular delivery of these therapeutic molecules. One such approach is the use of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). CPPs represent a new and innovative concept, which bypasses the problem of bioavailability of drugs. The success of CPPs lies in their ability to unlock intracellular and even intranuclear targets for the delivery of agents ranging from peptides to antibodies and drug-loaded nanoparticles. This review highlights the development of cell penetrating peptides for cell-specific delivery strategies involving biomolecules that can be triggered spatially and temporally within a cell transport pathway by change in physiological conditions. The review also discusses conjugations of therapeutic agents to CPPs for enhanced intracellular delivery and bioavailability that are at the clinical stage of development.
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Delcroix M, Riley LW. Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Antiviral Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:448-470. [PMID: 27713263 PMCID: PMC4033964 DOI: 10.3390/ph3030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and the few available drugs to treat these diseases often come with limitations. The key obstacle to the development of new antiviral agents is their delivery into infected cells in vivo. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that can cross the cellular lipid bilayer with the remarkable capability to shuttle conjugated cargoes into cells. CPPs have been successfully utilized to enhance the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of antiviral molecules, and thereby increase the inhibitory activity of potential antiviral proteins and oligonucleotide analogues, both in cultured cells and in animal models. This review will address the notable findings of these studies, highlighting some promising results and discussing the challenges CPP technology has to overcome for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaine Delcroix
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Lee W Riley
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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