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Whole transcriptome analysis of HCT-8 cells infected by Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:441. [PMID: 36434735 PMCID: PMC9700907 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium species are zoonotic protozoans that are important causes of diarrhoeal disease in both humans and animals. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in the innate immune defense against Cryptosporidium infection, but the underlying molecular mechanisms in the interaction between human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8) cells and Cryptosporidium species have not been entirely revealed. METHODS The expression profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the early phase of infection of HCT-8 cells with Cryptosporidium parvum and at 3 and 12 h post infection were analyzed using the RNA-sequencing technique. The biological functions of differentially expressed RNAs (dif-RNAs) were discovered through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The targeting relationships between three ncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed using bioinformatics methods, followed by building a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network centered on miRNAs. RESULTS After strictly filtering the raw data, our analysis revealed 393 dif-lncRNAs, 69 dif-miRNAs and 115 dif-mRNAs at 3 hpi, and 450 dif-lncRNAs, 129 dif-miRNAs, 117 dif-mRNAs and one dif-circRNA at 12 hpi. Of these, 94 dif-lncRNAs, 24 dif-miRNAs and 22 dif-mRNAs were detected at both post-infection time points. Eleven dif-lncRNAs, seven dif-miRNAs, eight dif-mRNAs and one circRNA were randomly selected and confirmed using the quantitative real-time PCR. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the dif-mRNAs were significantly enriched in nutritional absorption, metabolic processes and metabolism-related pathways, while the dif-lncRNAs were mainly involved in the pathways related to the infection and pathogenicity of C. parvum (e.g. tight junction protein) and immune-related pathways (e.g. cell adhesion molecules). In contrast, dif-miRNAs and dif-circRNA were significantly enriched in apoptosis and apoptosis-related pathways. Among the downregulated RNAs, the miRNAs has-miR-324-3p and hsa-miR-3127-5p appear to be crucial miRNAs which could negatively regulate circRNA, lncRNA and mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The whole transcriptome profiles of HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum were obtained in this study. The results of the GO and KEGG pathway analyses suggest significant roles for these dif-RNAs during the course of C. parvum infection. A ceRNA regulation network containing miRNA at its center was constructed for the first time, with hsa-miR-324-3p and hsa-miR-3127-5p being the crucial miRNAs. These findings provide novel insights into the responses of human intestinal epithelial cells to C. parvum infection.
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Xie F, Zhang Y, Li J, Sun L, Zhang L, Qi M, Zhang S, Jian F, Li X, Li J, Ning C, Wang R. MiR-942-5p targeting the IFI27 gene regulates HCT-8 cell apoptosis via a TRAIL-dependent pathway during the early phase of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:291. [PMID: 35974384 PMCID: PMC9382849 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. We previously reported that C. parvum upregulated miR‑942‑5p expression in HCT‑8 cells via TLR2/TLR4‑NF‑κB signaling. In the present study, the role of miRNA-942-5p in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated HCT-8 cell apoptosis induced by C. parvum was investigated. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used for analysis. RESULTS Forced expression of miRNA-942-5p resulted in decreased apoptosis and an increased C. parvum burden in HCT-8 cells. The opposite results were observed using the suppressed expression of miRNA-942-5p. The miRNA-942-5p led to the translational suppression of IFI27 gene through targeting the 3'-untranslated region of the IFI27 gene. Moreover, overexpression of the IFI27 gene produced a high apoptotic ratio and low C. parvum burden. In contrast, a low apoptotic ratio and a high C. parvum burden were observed following downregulation of the IFI27 gene. Both miR-942-5p and the IFI27 gene influenced TRAIL and caspase-8 expression induced by C. parvum in HCT-8 cells. Moreover, TRAIL promoted HCT-8 cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that C. parvum induced the downregulation of IFI27 via relief of miR-942-5p-mediated translational suppression. IFI27 downregulation was affected the burden of C. parvum by regulating HCT-8 cell apoptosis through TRAIL-dependent pathways. Future studies should determine the mechanisms by which C. parvum infection increases miR-942-5p expression and the role of miR-942-5p in hosts' anti-C. parvum immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Juanfeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changsheng Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Niu Z, Wang C, Xie F, Li J, Zhang S, Qi M, Jian F, Ning C, Zhang L, Wang R. Cryptosporidium parvum upregulates miR-942-5p expression in HCT-8 cells via TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB signaling. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:435. [PMID: 32867835 PMCID: PMC7461316 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Micro (mi)RNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. This study investigated host miRNA activity in the innate immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Methods In vitro infection model adopts HCT-8 human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells infected with C. parvum. The expression of miR-942-5p was estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The TLRs-NF-κB signaling was confirmed by qPCR, western blotting, TLR4- and TLR2-specific short-interfering (si)RNA, and NF-κB inhibition. Results HCT-8 cells express all known toll-like receptors (TLRs). Cryptosporidium parvum infection of cultured HCT-8 cells upregulated TLR2 and TLR4, and downstream TLR effectors, including NF-κB and suppressed IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha). The expression of miR-942-5p was significantly upregulated at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-infection, and especially at 8 hpi. The results of TLR4- and TLR2-specific siRNA and NF-κB inhibition showed that upregulation of miR-942-5p was promoted by p65 subunit-dependent TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB pathway signaling. Conclusions miR-942-5p of HCT-8 cells was significantly upregulated after C. parvum infection, especially at 8 hpi, in response to a p65-dependent TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB signaling. TLR4 appeared to play a dominant role.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Chenrong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Fujie Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Juanfeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
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A chicken embryo model for the maintenance and amplification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125718. [PMID: 32604041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that inhabit the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates. Research of these parasites is limited by a lack of model hosts. This study aimed to determine the extent to which infection at the embryo stage can enhance the propagation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens. Nine-day-old chicken embryos and one-day-old chickens were experimentally infected with different doses of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Post hatching, all chickens had demonstrable infections, and the infection dose had no effect on the course of infection. Chickens infected as embryos shed oocysts immediately after hatching and shed significantly more oocysts over the course of the infection than chickens infected as one-day-olds. In chickens infected as embryos, C. baileyi was found in all organs except the brain whereas, C. parvum was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. In chickens infected as one-day-olds, C. baileyi was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. Chickens infected as embryos with C. baileyi died within 16 days of hatching. All other chickens cleared the infection. Infection of chickens as embryos could be used as an effective and simple model for the propagation of C. baileyi and C. parvum.
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Ren GJ, Fan XC, Liu TL, Wang SS, Zhao GH. Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs during Cryptosporidium baileyi infection. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:356. [PMID: 29747577 PMCID: PMC5946474 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium baileyi is the most common Cryptosporidium species in birds. However, effective prevention measures and treatment for C. baileyi infection were still not available. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in regulating occurrence and progression of many diseases and are identified as effective biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases. In the present study, the expression profiles of host mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs associated with C. baileyi infection were investigated for the first time. Results The tracheal tissues of experimental (C. baileyi infection) and control chickens were collected for deep RNA sequencing, and 545,479,934 clean reads were obtained. Of them, 1376 novel lncRNAs were identified, including 1161 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and 215 anti-sense lncRNAs. A total of 124 lncRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed between the experimental and control groups. Additionally, 14,698 mRNAs and 9085 circRNAs were identified, and significantly different expressions were observed for 1317 mRNAs and 104 circRNAs between two groups. Bioinformatic analyses of gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for their targets and source genes suggested that these dysregulated genes may be involved in the interaction between the host and C. baileyi. Conclusions The present study revealed the expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs during C. baileyi infection for the first time, and sheds lights on the roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs underlying the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4754-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jing Ren
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Fan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ting-Li Liu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Tetens AK, Hanig S, Kurth M, Greif G, Entzeroth R. Transient transfection of Cryptosporidium baileyi. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:813-816. [PMID: 28916308 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the transient transfection of C. baileyi. We describe the transfection of this apicomplexan parasite and the cultivation in ovo. The functionality of heterologous sequences in C. baileyi was demonstrated by the expression and detection of the mCherry protein in ovo. The mCherry protein was expressed in parasitic stages up to the oocyst stage under the control of the heterologous promoter region of the C. parvum actin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Tetens
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - S Hanig
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Kurth
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Greif
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - R Entzeroth
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ryan U, Paparini A, Monis P, Hijjawi N. It's official - Cryptosporidium is a gregarine: What are the implications for the water industry? WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:305-313. [PMID: 27639055 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium are a major cause of diarrhoea and ill-health in humans and animals and are frequent causes of waterborne outbreaks. Until recently, it was thought that Cryptosporidium was an obligate intracellular parasite that only replicated within a suitable host, and that faecally shed oocysts could survive in the environment but could not multiply. In light of extensive biological and molecular data, including the ability of Cryptosporidium to complete its life cycle in the absence of a host and the production of novel extracellular stages, Cryptosporidium has been formally transferred from the Coccidia, to a new subclass, Cryptogregaria, with gregarine parasites. In this review, we discuss the close relationship between Cryptosporidium and gregarines and discuss the implications for the water industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Andrea Paparini
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Paul Monis
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
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Paziewska-Harris A, Singer M, Schoone G, Schallig H. Quantitative analysis of Cryptosporidium growth in in vitro culture--the impact of parasite density on the success of infection. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:329-37. [PMID: 26435485 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important waterborne pathogen for which no treatment or vaccination is available. This study set out to quantify DNA replication of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. Cryptosporidium DNA could be detected at up to 60 % of input level in both host-cell-free and host cell containing cultures 6 days after infection with living sporozoites, but was lost within 2 days in cultures inoculated with UV-inactivated sporozoites. Total DNA increased between days 2 and 6, evidence of successful DNA replication in both cell-free and host-cell-containing cultures. Overall however, only a small fraction (up to 5 %) of parasite DNA could be found associated with host cells or bound to plastic of the cell-free cultures, and the majority of parasite DNA was present in the cell culture medium, separable by simple decantation. After 2 days, in host-cell-containing cultures, the parasite DNA could be concentrated by slow centrifugation, suggesting that it was associated with intact parasite cells, but at 6 days, the majority could not be centrifuged and is therefore thought to have represented copies associated with dead and degraded parasites. In cell-free cultures and in larger plates, the majority of DNA was in this form. Performance of the parasite was best in small culture plates, and least in the largest plate sizes. We interpret these results as suggesting that Cryptosporidium sporozoites first bind to the host cell monolayer or to the plasticware, but then by 2 days, there has been a substantial release of parasites back into the medium. Host-cell-free cultures also supported modest replication and may have represented DNA synthesis in cells beginning merogony. The role of the host cells is unclear, as so much of the parasite DNA is released into the medium. Host cells may provide a feeder role, conditioning the medium for Cryptosporidium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paziewska-Harris
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Singer
- Current address: Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Schoone
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schallig
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yang R, Elankumaran Y, Hijjawi N, Ryan U. Validation of cell-free culture using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gene expression studies. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ryan U, Hijjawi N. New developments in Cryptosporidium research. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:367-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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