The protective effect and mechanism of Aornia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins on IBD model mice

Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aronia melanocarpa Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Antioxidant Activity Investigation

This study explores the green extraction of phenolic antioxidants from Aronia melanocarpa fruit using choline-chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional solvents. Sixteen DESs, prepared by combining choline chloride with various hydrogen bond donors, were characterized for their physical properties, including viscosity, polarity, and pH, and applied to extract phenolics from Aronia melanocarpa. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified key phenolic compounds, including neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acid, quercetin derivatives, and cyanidin derivatives, as well as total phenolic acids, flavanols, and anthocyanins. The results revealed that DES composition and physical properties significantly influenced extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the intrinsic antioxidant activity of DESs contributed substantially to the overall activity of the extracts, particularly in DESs containing organic acids or thiourea. Choline chloride/tartaric acid DES demonstrated the highest total phenolic content, attributed to its high viscosity and strongly acidic pH, while choline chloride/thiourea DES, with low viscosity and slightly acidic pH, exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. This study highlights how tailoring DES formulations can optimize the extraction of target compounds while accounting for the solvent's intrinsic properties. The findings support the potential application of DESs as environmentally friendly solvents in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Juice Supplementation Affects Age-Related Myocardial Remodeling in Rats

BACKGROUND

Cardiac aging is associated with myocardial remodeling and reduced angiogenesis. Counteracting these changes with natural products is a preventive strategy with great potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMJ) supplementation on age-related myocardial remodeling in aged rat hearts.

METHODS

Healthy male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into three groups: (1) young controls (CY)-age 2 months; (2) old controls (CO)-age 27 months; (3) AMJ group-27-month-old animals, supplemented with Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ) at a dose of 10 mL∙kg-1 for 105 days. After this period, the hearts of the animals were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses were performed.

RESULTS

A higher vascular and capillary density was found in the hearts of the AMJ group, as compared to CO. The mean number of CD34+ cells in the myocardium increased by 18.6% in the AMJ group, as compared to CO (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) immunoexpression in the myocardium increased by 37% (p < 0.05) and the Proto-oncogene Mas receptor (MAS1) immunoexpression increased by 6% (p < 0.05) in the AMJ group, as compared to CO.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the application of AMJ, noticeable neovascularization was found, which indicates improved myocardial nourishment. The present study demonstrates for the first time that polyphenol-rich AMJ can positively influence age-related microvascular myocardial remodeling in rats, thus outlining its potential as a preventive agent for healthy cardiac aging.

Imperata cylindrica polysaccharide ameliorates intestinal dysbiosis and damage in hyperuricemic nephropathy

In this study, a combination of adenine and potassium oxonate was utilized to establish a hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) mouse model, aiming to elucidate the effect through which Imperata Cylindrica polysaccharide (ICPC-a) ameliorates HN. In HN mice, an elevation in the abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium, Enterococcus, Prevotella, and Escherichia-Shigella was observed, whereas Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium declined. Additionally, the systemic reductions in the levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, along with a significant increase in indole content, were noted. HN mice demonstrated intestinal barrier impairment, as evidenced by diminished mRNA expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 and increased Mmp-9 levels. The pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and COX-2 were overexpressed. Subsequent gavage intervention with ICPC-a markedly mitigated the inflammatory response and ameliorated colon tissue damage. ICPC-a effectively regulated the abundance of gut microbiota and their metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and indole, promoting the correction of metabolic and gut microbiota imbalances in HN mice. These findings underscored the capacity of ICPC-a as a prebiotic to modulate gut microbiota and microbial metabolites, thereby exerting a multi-pathway and multi-targeted therapeutic effect on HN.

Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Juice Supplementation Improves Oxidative Stress and Aging Markers in Testis of Aged Rats

Spermatogenesis is a process that continues until the end of an individual's life, although with reduced activity with advancing age. Inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis are events considered as predictors of pathogenesis and the development of age-related diseases observed in aged testes. The use of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties has a beneficial effect on the inflammatory and oxidative status of the aged testis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementation with antioxidant-rich black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) juice on several markers of oxidative stress and aging in rat testis. In total, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups: young controls aged 2 months, old controls aged 27 months, and 27-month-old rats supplemented with black chokeberry juice at a dose of 10 mL/kg for 3 months. A. melanocarpa juice supplementation led to reduced oxidative stress, manifested by increased immunoexpression of nNOS, eNOS, and MAS1 in the seminiferous tubules and in the Leydig cells. The morphometrically determined tubule structure data showed no significant differences between the three groups. However, the intensity of the immunoreaction for TRK-C and NT3 in Leydig cells was demonstrably higher in the supplemented old animals compared with the old controls. There was a significantly higher number of blood vessels around the seminiferous tubules in the supplemented animals compared to the old controls. These data indicate that supplementation with A. melanocarpa juice slows down aging processes in the testis and preserves the functional activity of Leydig cells.

Complexes of glycated casein and carboxymethyl cellulose enhance stability and control release of anthocyanins

To improve the stability and sustained-release property of anthocyanins (ACNs), casein (CA) - dextran (DEX) glycated conjugates (UGCA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used to prepare ACNs-loaded binary and ternary complexes. The ACNs-loaded binary complexes (ACNs-UGCA) and ternary complexes (ACNs-UGCA-CMC) achieved by 8 min' ultrasonic treatment with 40 % amplitude. The binary and ternary complexes showed spherical structure and good dispersibility, with the average size of 121.2 nm and 132.4 nm respectively. The anthocyanins encapsulation efficiency of ACNs-UGCA-CMC increased almost 20 % than ACNs-UGCA. ACNs-UGCA-CMC had better colloidal stabilities than ACNs-UGCA, such as thermal stability and dilution stability. Simultaneously, both of the binary and ternary complexes significantly prevented anthocyanins from being degraded by heat treatment, ascorbic acid, sucrose and simulated gastrointestinal environment. The protective effect of ACNs-UGCA-CMC was more significant. Furthermore, ACNs-UGCA-CMC showed slower anthocyanins release in simulated releasing environment in vitro and a long retention time in vivo. Our current study provides a potential delivery for improving the stability and controlling release of anthocyanins.

Transcriptome and proteome profile of jejunum in chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed the effects of dietary bilberry anthocyanin on immune function

Introduction

The present study investigated the effects of bilberry anthocyanin (BA) on immune function when alleviating Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection in chickens.

Methods

A total of 180 newly hatched yellow-feathered male chicks were assigned to three groups (CON, SI, and SI + BA). Birds in CON and SI were fed a basal diet, and those in SI + BA were supplemented with 100 mg/kg BA for 18 days. Birds in SI and SI + BA received 0.5 ml suspension of S. Typhimurium (2 × 109 CFU/ml) by oral gavage at 14 and 16 days of age, and those in CON received equal volumes of sterile PBS.

Results

At day 18, (1) dietary BA alleviated weight loss of chickens caused by S. Typhimurium infection (P < 0.01). (2) Supplementation with BA reduced the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius (P < 0.01) and jejunal villus height (P < 0.05) and increased the number of goblet cells (P < 0.01) and the expression of MUC2 (P < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa, compared with birds in SI. (3) Supplementation with BA decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of immunoglobulins and cytokines in plasma (IgA, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-β) and jejunal mucosa (IgG, IgM, sIgA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) of S. Typhimurium-infected chickens. (4) BA regulated a variety of biological processes, especially the defense response to bacteria and humoral immune response, and suppressed cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and intestinal immune network for IgA production pathways by downregulating 6 immune-related proteins.

Conclusion

In summary, the impaired growth performance and disruption of jejunal morphology caused by S. Typhimurium were alleviated by dietary BA by affecting the expression of immune-related genes and proteins, and signaling pathways are related to immune response associated with immune cytokine receptors and production in jejunum.

Dietary supplementation of bilberry anthocyanin on growth performance, intestinal mucosal barrier and cecal microbes of chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

BACKGROUND

Anthocyanins (AC) showed positive effects on improving the intestinal health and alleviating intestinal pathogen infections, therefore, an experiment was conducted to explore the protective effects of supplemented AC on Salmonella-infected chickens.

METHODS

A total of 240 hatchling chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, each with 6 replicates. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (CON, and ST), 100 (ACL) and 400 (ACH) mg/kg of AC for d 60, and orally challenged with PBS (CON) or 10⁹ CFU/bird (ST, ACL, ACH) Salmonella Typhimurium at d 14 and 16.

RESULTS

(1) Compared with birds in ST, AC supplementation increased the body weight (BW) at d 18 and the average daily gain (ADG) from d 1 to 18 of the Salmonella-infected chickens (P < 0.05); (2) AC decreased the number of Salmonella cells in the liver and spleen, the contents of NO in plasma and inflammatory cytokines in ileal mucosa of Salmonella-infected chickens (P < 0.05); (3) Salmonella infection decreased the ileal villi height, villi height to crypt depth (V/C), and the expression of zonulaoccludins-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, occludin, and mucin 2 (MUC2) in ileal mucosa. AC supplementation relieved these adverse effects, and decreased ileal crypt depth (P < 0.05); (4) In cecal microbiota of Salmonella-infected chickens, AC increased (P < 0.05) the alpha-diversity (Chao1, Pd, Shannon and Sobs indexes) and the relative abundance of Firmicutes, and decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota and the enrichment of drug antimicrobial resistance, infectious bacterial disease, and immune disease pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary AC protected chicken against Salmonella infection via inhibiting the Salmonella colonization in liver and spleen, suppressing secretion of inflammatory cytokines, up-regulating the expression of ileal barrier-related genes, and ameliorating the composition and function of cecal microbes. Under conditions here used, 100 mg/kg bilberry anthocyanin was recommended.

Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Juice Modulates ACE2 Immunoexpression and Diminishes Age-Related Remodeling of Coronary Arteries in Rats

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMJ) supplementation on age-related coronary arteries remodeled in aged rat hearts. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into three groups: (1) young controls (CY), aged 2 months, without AMJ supplementation; (2) old controls (CO), aged 27 months, without AMJ supplementation; and (3) the AMJ group (A), which used 27-month old animals, supplemented orally with AMJ for 105 days. AMJ supplementation did not influence the wall-to-diameter parameter (Kernohan index) of the coronary arteries of test animals. Aged rats supplemented with AMJ showed a significant decrease in the amount of collagen fibers in their coronary tunica media, as compared with the old controls. The intensity of the immunoreaction for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the coronary tunica media was significantly lower in the supplemented group than in the old controls. The intensity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) immunoreaction in the coronary tunica media of the supplemented group was significantly higher than the one observed in the old controls. These results indicate the positive effects of AMJ supplementation on the age-dependent remodeling of coronary arteries and support for the preventive potential of antioxidant-rich functional food supplementation in age-related diseases.

Anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota modulatory effects of polysaccharides from Fuzhuan brick tea on colitis in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium

In this study, the effects of crude Fuzhuan brick tea polysaccharides (CFBTPS) and their purified fraction (FBTPS-3) on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice were investigated. Both CFBTPS and FBTPS-3 exhibited intestinal anti-inflammatory activities, including restoring body weight, colon length and solid fecal weight, and decreasing the disease activity index score in mice. Moreover, the expression of lipocalin-2 in colitis could be significantly reduced. The inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharides in the serum and the expression of inflammation-related mRNA in the colon tissue were decreased. Both CFBTPS and FBTPS-3 could increase tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1), promoting the intestinal barrier function. For gut microbiota, DSS treatment resulted in abnormal proliferation of Bifidobacteria, while FBTPS-3 could restore this disorder to a certain extent. In addition, FBPTS-3 promoted the growth of probiotics such as Bacteroides, Parasutterella and Collinsella. Both CFBTPS and FBTPS-3 could attenuate colitis; what's more, FBTPS-3 exhibited a better anti-inflammatory effect than CFBTPS.