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Pinto A, Botelho MJ, Churro C, Asselman J, Pereira P, Pereira JL. A review on aquatic toxins - Do we really know it all regarding the environmental risk posed by phytoplankton neurotoxins? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118769. [PMID: 37597370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxins are potent natural toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria and marine algae species during harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms (CyanoHABs and HABs, respectively). These harmful bloom events and the toxins produced during these events are a human and environmental health concern worldwide, with occurrence, frequency and severity of CyanoHABs and HABs being predicted to keep increasing due to ongoing climate change scenarios. These contexts, as well as human health consequences of some toxins produced during bloom events have been thoroughly reviewed before. Conversely, the wider picture that includes the non-human biota in the assessment of noxious effects of toxins is much less covered in the literature and barely covered by review works. Despite direct human exposure to aquatic toxins and related deleterious effects being responsible for the majority of the public attention to the blooms' problematic, it constitutes a very limited fraction of the real environmental risk posed by these toxins. The disruption of ecological and trophic interactions caused by these toxins in the aquatic biota building on deleterious effects they may induce in different species is paramount as a modulator of the overall magnitude of the environmental risk potentially involved, thus necessarily constraining the quality and efficiency of the management strategies that should be placed. In this way, this review aims at updating and consolidating current knowledge regarding the adverse effects of aquatic toxins, attempting to going beyond their main toxicity pathways in human and related models' health, i.e., also focusing on ecologically relevant model organisms. For conciseness and considering the severity in terms of documented human health risks as a reference, we restricted the detailed revision work to neurotoxic cyanotoxins and marine toxins. This comprehensive revision of the systemic effects of aquatic neurotoxins provides a broad overview of the exposure and the hazard that these compounds pose to human and environmental health. Regulatory approaches they are given worldwide, as well as (eco)toxicity data available were hence thoroughly reviewed. Critical research gaps were identified particularly regarding (i) the toxic effects other than those typical of the recognized disease/disorder each toxin causes following acute exposure in humans and also in other biota; and (ii) alternative detection tools capable of being early-warning signals for aquatic toxins occurrence and therefore provide better human and environmental safety insurance. Future directions on aquatic toxins research are discussed in face of the existent knowledge, with particular emphasis on the much-needed development and implementation of effective alternative (eco)toxicological biomarkers for these toxins. The wide-spanning approach followed herein will hopefully stimulate future research more broadly addressing the environmental hazardous potential of aquatic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano Pinto
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Review of Cyanotoxicity Studies Based on Cell Cultures. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5647178. [PMID: 35509523 PMCID: PMC9061046 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5647178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins (CTs) are a large and diverse group of toxins produced by the peculiar photosynthetic prokaryotes of the domain Cyanoprokaryota. Toxin-producing aquatic cyanoprokaryotes can develop in mass, causing “water blooms” or “cyanoblooms,” which may lead to environmental disaster—water poisoning, extinction of aquatic life, and even to human death. CT studies on single cells and cells in culture are an important stage of toxicological studies with increasing impact for their further use for scientific and clinical purposes, and for policies of environmental protection. The higher cost of animal use and continuous resistance to the use of animals for scientific and toxicological studies lead to a progressive increase of cell lines use. This review aims to present (1) the important results of the effects of CT on human and animal cell lines, (2) the methods and concentrations used to obtain these results, (3) the studied cell lines and their tissues of origin, and (4) the intracellular targets of CT. CTs reviewed are presented in alphabetical order as follows: aeruginosins, anatoxins, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), cylindrospermopsins, depsipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, lyngbyatoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cyanobacterial retinoids, and saxitoxins. The presence of all these data in a review allows in one look to advance the research on CT using cell cultures by facilitating the selection of the most appropriate methods, conditions, and cell lines for future toxicological, pharmacological, and physiological studies.
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Mamur S, Gündüzer E, Yaman M. Toxicological aspect of bioinsecticide pyrethrum extract and expressions of apoptotic gene levels in human hepotacellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:373-384. [PMID: 35321623 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2057266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethrum extract (PE), an important natural bioinsecticide, is extensively used across the world to control pest insects in homes and farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effect of PE using MTT assay and genotoxic effect using micronucleus (MN) assay. The changes in the expressions of the apoptosis genes in mRNA levels were also investigated using Real Time qPCR analysis as well as the ratio of apoptotic/necrotic cells with AnnexinV-FITC/Propidium iodide (PI) assay in HepG2 cells. PE markedly suppressed the cell proliferation on HepG2 cells. It significantly increased the frequency of micronucleus (MN) at 500 and 1000 µg/mL. PE also induced the percentage of cell population of late apoptotic/necrotic cells (FITC + PI+) and necrotic cells (FITC- PI+) especially at 4000 μg/mL analyzed by flow cytometry. PE caused significant fold changes in the expression of several apoptotic genes including APAF1, BIK, BAX, BAD, BİD, MCL-1, CASP3, CASP1, CASP2, FAS, FADD and TNFRSF1A. In particularly, the pro-apoptotic gene Hrk (Harakiri) remarkably and dose-dependently was overexpressed of the mRNA level. As a result, PE may exhibit cyto-genotoxic effects especially at higher concentrations and lead to significant changes in the expression of mRNA levels in several apoptotic genes.Highlights [Database][Mismatch]Natural bioinsecticide PE exhibited cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells.PE significantly induced the micronucleus (MN) frequency at 500 and 1000 µg/mL.This bioinsecticide induced cell death and it lead to significant fold changes in the expression of mRNA levels in several apoptotic genes in HepG2 cells.The highest increase of the expression of mRNA levels was determined in Hrk (Harakiri) at 4000 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Mamur
- Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, 06830, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Gündüzer
- Gazi University, Science Faculty, Deparment of Biology, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melek Yaman
- Gazi University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen G, Wang L, Wang M, Hu T. Comprehensive insights into the occurrence and toxicological issues of nodularins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111884. [PMID: 33307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. Nodularins (NODs) are one of the cyanotoxins group mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena throughout the world. NODs may exert adverse effects on animal and human health, and NOD-R variant is the most widely investigated. However, research focused on them is still limited. In order to understand the realistic risk well, the aim of this review is to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding NODs, including their sources, distribution, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis and degradation, adverse effects in vitro and vivo, and toxicokinetics. More data is urgently needed to integrate the cumulative or synergistic effects of NODs on different species and various cells to better understand, anticipate and aggressively manage their potential toxicity after both short- and long-term exposure in ecosystem, and to minimize or prevent the adverse effects on human health, environment and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Wang Q, Guan X, Lai C, Gao H, Zheng Y, Huang J, Lin B. Selenium enrichment improves anti-proliferative effect of oolong tea extract on human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111873. [PMID: 33248145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se)-enriched tea is attracting increasing interests due to its significantly improved health benefits. This study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of Se-enriched oolong tea against human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Compared with regular oolong tea extract (TE, 0.04 μg selenium/g), Se-enriched oolong tea extract (Se-TE, 0.51 μg selenium/g) exhibited more prominent anti-proliferative effect against HuH-7 cells with an IC50 of 203.1 μg/mL, mainly due to the synergistic effects of organic selenium and tea polyphenols. Our results found that Se-TE increased intracellular ROS production, arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and thus induced cell apoptosis. In addition, western blotting assay revealed the increased expressions of the p53, Bax, caspase 3, and a reduction of Bcl-2 and CDK2, resulting in Se-TE-induced apoptosis. The improved anti-proliferative effect makes Se-enriched oolong tea extract a promising health-promoting ingredient in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Xuefang Guan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Chengchun Lai
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Huiying Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yafeng Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Juqing Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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Berlinck RGS, Bernardi DI, Fill T, Fernandes AAG, Jurberg ID. The chemistry and biology of guanidine secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:586-667. [PMID: 33021301 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017-2019Guanidine natural products isolated from microorganisms, marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants, amphibians and spiders, represented by non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids and shikimic acid derived, are the subject of this review. The topics include the discovery of new metabolites, total synthesis of natural guanidine compounds, biological activity and mechanism-of-action, biosynthesis and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Schmitz MJ, Colombo GM, Simião CDS, Ortiz CR, Fonseca Costa LD, Nascimento da Silva TV, Ramos PB, Yunes JS, Wasielesky W, Tesser MB, Monserrat JM. Modulation of nodularin toxicity in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (BOONE, 1931) fed with dietary açai (Euterpe oleracea) inclusion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:464-471. [PMID: 32450300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of lyophilized açaí Euterpe oleracea (LEO) on redox status of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight 1.5 ± 0.39 g) upon exposure to cyanotoxin nodularin (NOD) in bioflocs system. Three hundred juvenile shrimps were randomly divided into two groups and fed twice a day with two diets: one containing 0.00 (control diet) and the other 10.0% LEO (w/w) for 30-days. After the feeding period, both shrimp groups were submitted to three treatments (14 L; 7 shrimp/tank) with different concentrations of cyanotoxin NOD (0.00; 0.25; and 1.00 μg/L) dissolved in water with 96 h of exposure. Then, the shrimps were sampled (n = 15/treatment) for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH), the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), sulfhydryl groups associated to proteins (P-SH), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the hepatopancreas, gills and muscle. The NOD accumulation was measured in the muscle. The results revealed that dietary LEO significantly increased GSH levels in the hepatopancreas and gills of the shrimps exposed to NOD. Toxin exposure did not modify GST activity in all organs. Muscle TBARS levels were lower in the shrimp fed with the LEO diet and exposed to NOD. The NOD toxin did not accumulate in the muscle but notably was detected in the control groups fed or not with dietary LEO. Açaí was able to induce the antioxidant system of L. vannamei, as well as lowered the oxidative damage in shrimps exposed to NOD, suggesting its use as a chemoprotectant against cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Josué Schmitz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Grecica Mariana Colombo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Cleber Dos Santos Simião
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Chaelen Rodrigues Ortiz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luíza Dy Fonseca Costa
- Laboratório de Cianobactérias e FicotoxinasUniversidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Thamyres Vanessa Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Baptista Ramos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - João Sarkis Yunes
- Laboratório de Cianobactérias e FicotoxinasUniversidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilson Wasielesky
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Carcinocultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Borges Tesser
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição de Organismos Aquáticos (LANOA), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José María Monserrat
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Functional de Organismos Aquáticos - BIFOA. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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