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Desai SR, Chakraborty S, Shastri A. Mechanisms of resistance to hypomethylating agents and BCL-2 inhibitors. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2023; 36:101521. [PMID: 38092478 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2023.101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) & acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal diseases that emerge and progress due to the expansion of disease-initiating aberrant hematopoietic stem cells, that are not eliminated by conventional cytotoxic therapies. Hypomethylating agents(HMA), azacytidine and decitabine are the first line agents for treatment of MDS and a combination with BCL-2 inhibitor, venetoclax, is approved for AML induction in patients above 75 years and is also actively being investigated for use in high risk MDS. Resistance to these drugs has become a significant clinical challenge in treatment of myeloid malignancies. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to HMA and venetoclax. Insights into these mechanisms can help identify potential biomarkers for resistance prediction, aid in the development of combination therapies and strategies to prevent resistance and advance the field of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhamsh Reddy Desai
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Samarpana Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Department of Molecular & Developmental Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Aditi Shastri
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Department of Molecular & Developmental Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Division of Hemato-Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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2
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Assouline S, Gasiorek J, Bergeron J, Lambert C, Culjkovic-Kraljacic B, Cocolakis E, Zakaria C, Szlachtycz D, Yee K, Borden KLB. Molecular targeting of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in high-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia patients: a randomized phase II trial of vismodegib, ribavirin with or without decitabine. Haematologica 2023; 108:2946-2958. [PMID: 36951168 PMCID: PMC10620574 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.282791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance underpins poor outcomes in many malignancies including refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). Glucuronidation is a common mechanism of drug inactivation impacting many AML therapies, e.g., cytarabine, decitabine, azacytidine and venetoclax. In AML cells, the capacity for glucuronidation arises from increased production of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) enzymes. UGT1A elevation was first observed in AML patients who relapsed after response to ribavirin, a drug used to target the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E, and subsequently in patients who relapsed on cytarabine. UGT1A elevation resulted from increased expression of the sonic-hedgehog transcription factor GLI1. Vismodegib inhibited GLI1, decreased UGT1A levels, reduced glucuronidation of ribavirin and cytarabine, and re-sensitized cells to these drugs. Here, we examined if UGT1A protein levels, and thus glucuronidation activity, were targetable in humans and if this corresponded to clinical response. We conducted a phase II trial using vismodegib with ribavirin, with or without decitabine, in largely heavily pre-treated patients with high-eIF4E AML. Pre-therapy molecular assessment of patients' blasts indicated highly elevated UGT1A levels relative to healthy volunteers. Among patients with partial response, blast response or prolonged stable disease, vismodegib reduced UGT1A levels, which corresponded to effective targeting of eIF4E by ribavirin. In all, our studies are the first to demonstrate that UGT1A protein, and thus glucuronidation, are targetable in humans. These studies pave the way for the development of therapies that impair glucuronidation, one of the most common drug deactivation modalities. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02073838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Assouline
- Jewish General Hospital and McGill University 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2.
| | - Jadwiga Gasiorek
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Julie Bergeron
- CEMTL installation Maisonneuve Rosemont, 5415 boul. de l'Assomption, Montreal H1T 2M4
| | - Caroline Lambert
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Biljana Culjkovic-Kraljacic
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Eftihia Cocolakis
- Jewish General Hospital and McGill University 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2
| | - Chadi Zakaria
- Jewish General Hospital and McGill University 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2
| | - David Szlachtycz
- Jewish General Hospital and McGill University 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2
| | - Karen Yee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Katherine L B Borden
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec.
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3
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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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Shi SL, Fukuda H, Chujo T, Kouwaki T, Oshiumi H, Tomizawa K, Wei FY. Export of RNA-derived modified nucleosides by equilibrative nucleoside transporters defines the magnitude of autophagy response and Zika virus replication. RNA Biol 2021; 18:478-495. [PMID: 34382915 PMCID: PMC8677048 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1960689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA contains a wide variety of posttranscriptional modifications covalently attached to its base or sugar group. These modified nucleosides are liberated from RNA molecules as the consequence of RNA catabolism and released into extracellular space, but the molecular mechanism of extracellular transport and its pathophysiological implications have been unclear. In the present study, we discovered that RNA-derived modified nucleosides are exported to extracellular space through equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2), with ENT1 showing higher preference for modified nucleosides than ENT2. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of ENT1 and ENT2 significantly attenuated export of modified nucleosides thereby resulting in their accumulation in cytosol. Using mutagenesis strategy, we identified an amino acid residue in ENT1 that is involved in the discrimination of unmodified and modified nucleosides. In ENTs-deficient cells, the elevated levels of intracellular modified nucleosides were closely associated with an induction of autophagy response as evidenced by increased LC3-II level. Importantly, we performed a screening of modified nucleosides capable of inducing autophagy and found that 1-methylguanosine (m1G) was sufficient to induce LC3-II levels. Pathophysiologically, defective export of modified nucleosides drastically induced Zika virus replication in an autophagy-dependent manner. In addition, we also found that pharmacological inhibition of ENTs by dilazep significantly induced Zika virus replication. Collectively, our findings highlight RNA-derived modified nucleosides as important signaling modulators that activate autophagy response and indicate that defective export of these modified nucleoside can have profound consequences for pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lan Shi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chujo
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kouwaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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5
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Nucleoside ENTry modulates erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3468-3469. [PMID: 34165544 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Di Francia R, Crisci S, De Monaco A, Cafiero C, Re A, Iaccarino G, De Filippi R, Frigeri F, Corazzelli G, Micera A, Pinto A. Response and Toxicity to Cytarabine Therapy in Leukemia and Lymphoma: From Dose Puzzle to Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050966. [PMID: 33669053 PMCID: PMC7956511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, the authors propose a crosswise examination of cytarabine-related issues ranging from the spectrum of clinical activity and severe toxicities, through updated cellular pharmacology and drug formulations, to the genetic variants associated with drug-induced phenotypes. Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside; Ara-C) in multiagent chemotherapy regimens is often used for leukemia or lymphoma treatments, as well as neoplastic meningitis. Chemotherapy regimens can induce a suboptimal clinical outcome in a fraction of patients. The individual variability in clinical response to Leukemia & Lymphoma treatments among patients appears to be associated with intracellular accumulation of Ara-CTP due to genetic variants related to metabolic enzymes. The review provides exhaustive information on the effects of Ara-C-based therapies, the adverse drug reaction will also be provided including bone pain, ocular toxicity (corneal pain, keratoconjunctivitis, and blurred vision), maculopapular rash, and occasional chest pain. Evidence for predicting the response to cytarabine-based treatments will be highlighted, pointing at their significant impact on the routine management of blood cancers. Abstract Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog, commonly used in multiagent chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, as well as for neoplastic meningitis. Ara-C-based chemotherapy regimens can induce a suboptimal clinical outcome in a fraction of patients. Several studies suggest that the individual variability in clinical response to Leukemia & Lymphoma treatments among patients, underlying either Ara-C mechanism resistance or toxicity, appears to be associated with the intracellular accumulation and retention of Ara-CTP due to genetic variants related to metabolic enzymes. Herein, we reported (a) the latest Pharmacogenomics biomarkers associated with the response to cytarabine and (b) the new drug formulations with optimized pharmacokinetics. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with detailed and comprehensive information on the effects of Ara-C-based therapies, from biological to clinical practice, maintaining high the interest of both researcher and clinical hematologist. This review could help clinicians in predicting the response to cytarabine-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Di Francia
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Stefania Crisci
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela De Monaco
- Clinical Patology, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, “S.M. delle Grazie Hospital”, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Concetta Cafiero
- Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati, Statte, 74010 Taranto, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.C.); (A.M.); Tel.:+39-34-0101-2002 (C.C.); +39-06-4554-1191 (A.M.)
| | - Agnese Re
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giancarla Iaccarino
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosaria De Filippi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Corazzelli
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.C.); (A.M.); Tel.:+39-34-0101-2002 (C.C.); +39-06-4554-1191 (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
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7
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Schneider EH, Hofmeister O, Kälble S, Seifert R. Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effect of guanosine and guanosine derivatives in HuT-78 T lymphoma cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1251-1267. [PMID: 32313990 PMCID: PMC7314729 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 100 μM of 3',5'-cGMP, cAMP, cCMP, and cUMP as well as of the corresponding membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl esters on anti-CD3-antibody (OKT3)-induced IL-2 production of HuT-78 cutaneous T cell lymphoma (Sézary lymphoma) cells were analyzed. Only 3',5'-cGMP significantly reduced IL-2 production. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic (propidium iodide/annexin V staining) and anti-proliferative (CFSE staining) effects revealed that 3',5'-cGMP concentrations > 50 μM strongly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HuT-78 cells (cultured in the presence of αCD3 antibody). Similar effects were observed for the positional isomer 2',3'-cGMP and for 2',-GMP, 3'-GMP, 5'-GMP, and guanosine. By contrast, guanosine and guanosine-derived nucleotides had no cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) xenograft cells. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of guanosine and guanosine-derived compounds on HuT-78 cells were completely eliminated by the nucleoside transport inhibitor NBMPR (S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine). By contrast, the ecto-phosphodiesterase inhibitor DPSPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine) and the CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor AMP-CP (adenosine 5'-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate) were not protective. We hypothesize that HuT-78 cells metabolize guanosine-derived nucleotides to guanosine by yet unknown mechanisms. Guanosine then enters the cells by an NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter and exerts cytotoxic effects. This transporter may be ENT1 because NBMPR counteracted guanosine cytotoxicity in HuT-78 cells with nanomolar efficacy (IC50 of 25-30 nM). Future studies should further clarify the mechanism of the observed effects and address the question, whether guanosine or guanosine-derived nucleotides may serve as adjuvants in the therapy of cancers that express appropriate nucleoside transporters and are sensitive to established nucleoside-derived cytostatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Hofmeister
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Solveig Kälble
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Wei CW, Lee CY, Lee DJ, Chu CF, Wang JC, Wang TC, Jane WN, Chang ZF, Leu CM, Dzhagalov IL, Hsu CL. Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 Regulates T Cell Homeostasis by Coordinating Lysosomal Function with Nucleoside Availability. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2330-2341. [PMID: 29791845 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are a versatile immune cell population responding to challenges by differentiation and proliferation followed by contraction and memory formation. Dynamic metabolic reprogramming is essential for T cells to meet the biosynthetic needs and the reutilization of biomolecules, processes that require active participation of metabolite transporters. Here, we show that equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3) is highly expressed in peripheral T cells and has a key role in maintaining T cell homeostasis by supporting the proliferation and survival of T cells. ENT3 deficiency leads to an enlarged and disturbed lysosomal compartment, resulting in accumulation of surplus mitochondria, elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage in T cells. Our results identify ENT3 as a vital metabolite transporter that supports T cell homeostasis and activation by regulating lysosomal integrity and the availability of nucleosides. Moreover, we uncovered that T cell lysosomes are an important source of salvaged metabolites for survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wen Wei
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Jin Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Chu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zee-Fen Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ivan L Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Anderson JT, Hu S, Fu Q, Baker SD, Sparreboom A. Role of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in the disposition of cytarabine in mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00534. [PMID: 31832201 PMCID: PMC6887677 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite the many years of clinical use, the identity of the transporter(s) involved in the disposition of Ara-C remains poorly studied. Previous work demonstrated that concurrent administration of Ara-C with nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR) causes an increase in Ara-C plasma levels, suggesting involvement of one or more nucleoside transporters. Here, we confirmed the presence of an NMBPR-mediated interaction with Ara-C resulting in a 2.5-fold increased exposure. The interaction was unrelated to altered blood cell distribution, and subsequent studies indicated that the disposition of Ara-C was unaffected in mice with a deficiency of postulated candidate transporters, including ENT1, OCTN1, OATP1B2, and MATE1. These studies indicate the involvement of an unknown NBMPR-sensitive Ara-C transporter that impacts the pharmacokinetic properties of this clinically important agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Anderson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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10
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Parker WAE, Eriksson N, Becker RC, Voora D, Åkerblom A, Himmelmann A, James SK, Wallentin L, Storey RF. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 gene polymorphisms and clinical outcomes following acute coronary syndromes: findings from the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) study. Platelets 2018; 30:579-588. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1478404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. E. Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Niclas Eriksson
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard C. Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deepak Voora
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Axel Åkerblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan K. James
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert F. Storey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Drenberg CD, Gibson AA, Pounds SB, Shi L, Rhinehart DP, Li L, Hu S, Du G, Nies AT, Schwab M, Pabla N, Blum W, Gruber TA, Baker SD, Sparreboom A. OCTN1 Is a High-Affinity Carrier of Nucleoside Analogues. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2102-2111. [PMID: 28209616 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to xenobiotic nucleosides used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other cancers remains a major obstacle to clinical management. One process suggested to participate in resistance is reduced uptake into tumor cells via nucleoside transporters, although precise mechanisms are not understood. Through transcriptomic profiling, we determined that low expression of the ergothioneine transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4; ETT) strongly predicts poor event-free survival and overall survival in multiple cohorts of AML patients receiving treatment with the cytidine nucleoside analogue cytarabine. Cell biological studies confirmed OCTN1-mediated transport of cytarabine and various structurally related cytidine analogues, such as 2'deoxycytidine and gemcitabine, occurs through a saturable process that is highly sensitive to inhibition by the classic nucleoside transporter inhibitors dipyridamole and nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside. Our findings have immediate clinical implications given the potential of the identified transport system to help refine strategies that could improve patient survival across multiple cancer types where nucleoside analogues are used in cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 77(8); 2102-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Drenberg
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alice A Gibson
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dena P Rhinehart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guoqing Du
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Navjotsingh Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William Blum
- Division of Hematology, The Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Baloch K, Chen L, Memon AA, Dexter L, Irving W, Ilyas M, Thomson BJ. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 expression in primary human hepatocytes is highly variable and determines uptake of ribavirin. Antivir Chem Chemother 2017; 25:2-10. [PMID: 28417642 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616686894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue and remains a necessary component of both interferon-based and directly acting anti-viral regimens for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. The achievable concentration of ribavirin within hepatocytes is likely to be an important determinant of therapeutic outcome. In vitro expression levels of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) has been shown to be a predictor of treatment response in patients receiving nucleoside-based chemotherapeutic agents. We therefore investigated whether a similar relationship existed between ENT1 expression and ribavirin uptake in freshly isolated primary hepatocytes. Methods Primary hepatocytes were cultured on collagen-coated plates and exposed to ribavirin. Parallel samples were taken for high-performance liquid chromatography to assess ribavirin uptake and for quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate ENT1 expression. Similar assays were performed on the human hepatoma cell line (Huh7). ENT1 gene sequence was analysed by cloning of polymerase chain reaction amplified complementary DNA followed by direct sequencing. Results There was a strong direct correlation between expression of ENT1 in primary hepatocytes and ribavirin uptake at 24 hr. Huh7 cells expressed ENT1 at similar levels to the majority of primary hepatocytes, but did not take up ribavirin. Sequencing revealed that ENT1 in Huh7 cells is wild type. Conclusions In this study, we clearly demonstrate that ribavirin uptake in primary human hepatocytes is variable and correlates with ENT1 expression. This variation in ENT1 expression may account for differences in response rate in patients receiving ribavirin-based anti-hepatitis C virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Baloch
- 1 School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,2 Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Liqiong Chen
- 3 School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,4 AEM iMed, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Ameer A Memon
- 2 Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Laura Dexter
- 3 School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,5 Wales Specialist Virology Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Irving
- 6 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,7 Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- 1 School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Brian J Thomson
- 1 School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,7 Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Hays FA. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters-A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 36:7-30. [PMID: 27759477 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of nucleosides, nucleobases, and therapeutic analogs. The best-characterized ENTs are the human transporters hENT1 and hENT2. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic ENTs have also been studied (e.g., yeast, parasitic protozoa). ENTs are major pharmaceutical targets responsible for modulating the efficacy of more than 30 approved drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. This review highlights findings on the characterization of ENTs by surveying studies on genetics, permeant and inhibitor interactions, mutagenesis, and structural models of ENT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Harold Hamm Diabetes Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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Shi W, Wu L, Guo J, Xu F, Chang C, Li X. [Functional study of hENT1 on SKM-1 cell resistance to decitabine]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:408-12. [PMID: 26031529 PMCID: PMC7342581 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (hENT1) silencing on proliferation, apoptosis and demethylation of human myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) derived cell line SKM-1 treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, DAC). METHODS hENT1 was silenced in SKM-1 cells mediated by lentivirus transfection. The infection efficiency was detected by flow cytometry, and the mRNA expression level of hENT1 was confirmed by qRT-PCR. The proliferation ratio of SKM-1 cells treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 mmol/L) of DAC for 24, 48 and 72 h was detected by CCK-8 method after hENT1 silencing. The apoptosis of SKM-1 cells was detected by Western blot for cleaved level of caspase-3 and evaluated by flow cytometry after staining with anti-Annexin V-PE and 7-AAD. The p15(INK4B) DNA methylation status was measured by methylation specific PCR using EZ DNA Methylation-Gold™ Kit. RESULTS The expression level of hENT1 silenced group (0.253±0.030) was statistically decreased compared with that in control group (1.000±0.091) (P<0.01). Compared with control, the proliferation inhibition rate of hENT1 silenced group was significantly decreased by different concentrations of DAC (0.5, 1, 5 μmol/L) treatment for 24, 48, 72 h (P<0.05), which was (49.41±4.02)% and (33.03±2.47)%, respectively (P=0.007) at 5 μmol/L DAC treatment for 72 h in hENT1 silenced group and the control group. Western blot showed that cleaved caspase3 of hENT1 silenced group was also significantly inhibited. The percentage of Annexin Ⅴ⁺ cells and demethylation status of p15(INK4B) were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Apoptosis of hENT1 silenced SKM-1 cells induced by DAC was decreased, and the susceptibility of these cells to demethylation treatment was also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chunkang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Hummel-Eisenbeiss J, Hascher A, Hals PA, Sandvold ML, Müller-Tidow C, Lyko F, Rius M. The role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 on the cellular transport of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine and CP-4200 in human leukemia cells. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:438-50. [PMID: 23814180 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.086801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 5-azacytidine is an archetypical drug for epigenetic cancer therapy, and its clinical effectiveness has been demonstrated in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, therapy resistance in patients with MDS/AML remains a challenging issue. Membrane proteins that are involved in drug uptake are potential mediators of drug resistance. The responsible proteins for the transport of 5-azacytidine into MDS/AML cells are unknown. We have now systematically analyzed the expression and activity of various nucleoside transporters. We identified the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) as the most abundant nucleoside transporter in leukemia cell lines and in AML patient samples. Transport assays using [¹⁴C]5-azacytidine demonstrated Na⁺-independent uptake of the drug into the cells, which was inhibited by S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI), a hENT1 inhibitor. The cellular toxicity of 5-azacytidine and its DNA demethylating activity were strongly reduced after hENT1 inhibition. In contrast, the cellular activity of the 5-azacytidine derivative 5-azacytidine-5'-elaidate (CP-4200), a nucleoside transporter-independent drug, persisted after hENT1 inhibition. A strong dependence of 5-azacytidine-induced DNA demethylation on hENT1 activity was also confirmed by array-based DNA methylation profiling, which uncovered hundreds of loci that became demethylated only when hENT1-mediated transport was active. Our data establish hENT1 as a key transporter for the cellular uptake of 5-azacytidine in leukemia cells and raise the possibility that hENT1 expression might be a useful biomarker to predict the efficiency of 5-azacytidine treatments. Furthermore, our data suggest that CP-4200 may represent a valuable compound for the modulation of transporter-related 5-azacytidine resistances.
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Choi MK. Variability of gemcitabine accumulation and its relationship to expression of nucleoside transporters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:921-7. [PMID: 22644860 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT1 and equilibrated nucleoside transporter ENT1 mediate the cellular uptake of naturally occurring pyrimidine and purine nucleosides and many structurally diverse anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogs, thereby regulating drug responses or toxicity at the target site. The objectives of this study were to analyze interindividual variations in the cellular accumulation of gemcitabine and to examine the correlation between the uptake of gemcitabine and expression levels of CNT1 and ENT1 transporters. Gemcitabine was a substrate for both CNT1 and ENT1 with higher affinity to CNT1 than to ENT1. The difference in gemcitabine uptake was 4.8-fold in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 subjects. Among these, the CNT1- and ENT1-mediated uptake of gemcitabine was 14.3- and 16.5-folds, respectively. CNT1-mediated gemcitabine uptake showed a higher correlation with the CNT1 expression level than did ENT1-mediated uptake with ENT1 expression level. In conclusion, CNT1 seemed to be a major contributing factor to gemcitabine uptake in PBMCs and showed 14.3-fold inter-individual variations. However, ENT1-mediated uptake of gemcitabine might compensate for the total uptake of gemcitabine; therefore, the variation in the apparent accumulation of gemcitabine was smaller than that of the individual transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.
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Molina-Arcas M, Pastor-Anglada M. Role of Nucleoside Transporters in Nucleoside-Derived Drug Sensitivity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:335-46. [DOI: 10.1080/15257771003729823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jin G, Matsushita H, Asai S, Tsukamoto H, Ono R, Nosaka T, Yahata T, Takahashi S, Miyachi H. FLT3-ITD induces ara-C resistance in myeloid leukemic cells through the repression of the ENT1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1001-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Waidmann O, Pleli T, Dvorak K, Baehr C, Mondorf U, Plotz G, Biondi RM, Zeuzem S, Piiper A. Inhibition of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and activation of A2A adenosine receptors by 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-modified cAMP analogs and their hydrolytic products. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32256-63. [PMID: 19801629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.056622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP analogs containing hydrophobic modification of C(8) at the adenine ring such as 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (8-pCPT-cAMP) and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyl-cAMP (8-pCPT-2'-O-methyl-cAMP) can penetrate membranes due to their high lipophilicity and directly activate intracellular cAMP effectors. Therefore, these cAMP analogs have been used in numerous studies, assuming that their effects reflect the consequences of direct activation of cAMP effectors. The present study provides evidence that 8-pCPT-modified cAMP analogs and their corresponding putative hydrolysis products (8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine (8-pCPT-ado) and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyl-adenosine (8-pCPT-2'-O-methyl-ado)) inhibit the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). In PC12 cells, in which nucleoside transport strongly depended on ENT1, 8-pCPT-ado, 8-pCPT-2'-O-methyl-ado, and, to a smaller extent, 8-pCPT-2'-O-methyl-cAMP caused an increase of protein kinase A substrate motif phosphorylation and anti-apoptotic effect by an A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-dependent mechanism. In contrast, the effects of 8-pCPT-cAMP were mainly A(2A)R-independent. In HEK 293 showing little endogenous ENT1-dependent nucleoside transport, transfection of ENT1 conferred A(2A)R-dependent increase in protein kinase A substrate motif phosphorylation. Together, the data of the present study indicate that inhibition of ENT1 and activation of adenosine receptors have to be considered when interpreting the effects of 8-pCPT-substituted cAMP/adenosine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Waidmann
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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