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Chaichian S, Khodabandehloo F, Haghighi L, Govahi A, Mehdizadeh M, Ajdary M, Varma RS. Toxicological Impact of Bisphenol A on Females' Reproductive System: Review Based on Experimental and Epidemiological Studies. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01521-y. [PMID: 38532232 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The study encompassing research papers documented in the last two decades pertaining to the possible influence of bisphenol A (BPA) on the fertility of females are appraised with emphasis on the influence of BPA in reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries) and pregnancy outcomes including discussion on the reproductive process (implantation, estrous cycle, hormone secretion); outcomes reveal a connection amongst BPA and female infertility. Ovary, uterus, and its shape as well as function can alter a person's ability to become pregnant by influencing the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in the ovarian model. Additionally, implantation and the estrous cycle may be affected by BPA. However, more research is warranted to comprehend the underlying action mechanisms and to promptly identify any imminent reproductive harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Chaichian
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khodabandehloo
- Department of Genetics and Advanced Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Haghighi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Govahi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Ajdary
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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2
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Yao X, Liu W, Xie Y, Xi M, Xiao L. Fertility loss: negative effects of environmental toxicants on oogenesis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1219045. [PMID: 37601637 PMCID: PMC10436557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1219045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a global decline in fertility rates, with ovulatory disorders emerging as the leading cause, contributing to a global lifetime infertility prevalence of 17.5%. Formation of the primordial follicle pool during early and further development of oocytes after puberty is crucial in determining female fertility and reproductive quality. However, the increasing exposure to environmental toxins (through occupational exposure and ubiquitous chemicals) in daily life is a growing concern; these toxins have been identified as significant risk factors for oogenesis in women. In light of this concern, this review aims to enhance our understanding of female reproductive system diseases and their implications. Specifically, we summarized and categorized the environmental toxins that can affect oogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of oogenesis, highlighting specific stages that may be susceptible to the influence of environmental toxins. Furthermore, we discuss the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which various environmental toxins, including metals, cigarette smoke, and agricultural and industrial toxins, affect female oogenesis. Raising awareness about the potential risks associated with toxin exposure is crucial. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend the mechanisms underlying these effects, including the identification of biomarkers to assess exposure levels and predict reproductive outcomes. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of environmental toxins on female oogenesis and guide future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yidong Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingrong Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lebachelier de la Riviere ME, Wu L, Gayet M, Bousquet M, Buron C, Vignault C, Téteau O, Desmarchais A, Maillard V, Uzbekova S, Guérif F, Lacroix M, Papillier P, Jarrier-Gaillard P, Binet A, Elis S. Cumulative and potential synergistic effects of seven different bisphenols on human granulosa cells in vitro? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121818. [PMID: 37182577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol (BP) structural analogues of BPA are widely used. Previous studies showed similar effects of BPA and BPS on reproduction in several species including human. We hypothesised that the similar effects of several bisphenols (BPs) could accumulate in granulosa cells (GCs) and affects steroidogenesis. This study investigated the effects of seven BP analogues and their equimolar cocktail on human granulosa cells (hGC) and assessed BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF level exposures in the follicular fluid of 277 women undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology. The hGCs were recovered after women oocyte punctures and treated with the seven BP analogues (BPS, BPA, BPAF, BPF, BPAP, BPE and BPB) or their equimolar cocktail of 7 × 1.43 or 7 × 7.14 μM for each of the seven BPs, the sum of BPs reaching 10 ("∑BPs 10 μM"), or 50 μM ("∑BPs 50 μM"), respectively. Oestradiol and progesterone secretion, cell proliferation, viability and expression of steroidogenic enzymes were investigated. Progesterone secretion was decreased by 6 BPs 10 μM and the cocktail "∑BPs 10 μM", (-17.8 to -41.3%) and by all seven BPs 50 μM and "∑BPs 50 μM" (-21.8 to -84.2%). Oestradiol secretion was decreased only by 50 μM BPAF and BPAP (-37.8% and -44%, respectively), with corresponding decreases in CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 gene expression. Cellular proliferation was decreased after treatment with 50 μM BPAF (-32.2%), BPAP (-29%), BPB (-24%) and the equimolar cocktail "∑BPs 50 μM" (-33.1%). BPB (50 μM) and the cocktail "∑BPs 50 μM" increased HSD3B2 mRNA expression. At least one BP was detected in 64 of 277 (23.1%) women follicular fluids. Similar effects of the seven BPs or their cocktail were observed on progesterone secretion and/or on cell proliferation, suggesting cumulative effects of BPs. Our results highlight the urge to consider all BPs simultaneously and to further investigate the potential additive or synergistic effects of several BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luyao Wu
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Manon Gayet
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marie Bousquet
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Charlotte Buron
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Claire Vignault
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ophélie Téteau
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alice Desmarchais
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Virginie Maillard
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Svetlana Uzbekova
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Marlène Lacroix
- Therapeutic Innovations and Resistance (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Papillier
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Aurélien Binet
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Sebastien Elis
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E, Gerassimidou S. An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:45-62. [PMID: 35362236 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With over 95% of bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resins, termed here as BPA-based plastic materials, components, and products (MCPs), an investigation of human exposure to BPA over the whole lifecycle of BPA-based plastic MCPs is necessary. This mini-review unpacks the implications arising from the long-term human exposure to BPA and its potential accumulation across the lifecycle of BPA-based plastics (production, use, and management). This investigation is timely and necessary in promoting a sustainable circular economy model. Restrictions of BPA in the form of bans and safety standards are often specific to products, while safety limits rely on traditional toxicological and biomonitoring methods that may underestimate human health implications and therefore the "safety" of BPA exposure. Controversies in regards to the: (a) dose-response curves; (b) the complexity of sources, release mechanisms, and pathways of exposure; and/or (c) the quality and reliability of toxicological studies, appear to currently stifle progress toward the regulation of BPA-based plastic MCPs. Due to the abundance of BPA in our MCPs production, consumption, and management systems, there is partial and inadequate evidence on the contribution of BPA-based plastic MCPs to human exposure to BPA. Yet, the production, use, and end-of-life management of plastic MCPs constitute the most critical BPA source and potential exposure pathways that require further investigation. Active collaboration among risk assessors, government, policy-makers, and researchers is needed to explore the impacts of BPA in the long term and introduce restrictions to BPA-based MCPs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:45-62. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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5
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Stavridis K, Triantafyllidou O, Pisimisi M, Vlahos N. Bisphenol-A and Female Fertility: An Update of Existing Epidemiological Studies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237227. [PMID: 36498800 PMCID: PMC9736436 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans interfere with a variety of endocrine disruptors on a daily basis, which may result in adverse health effects. Among them, Bisphenol-A (BPA) is the most debated endocrine disruptor, despite being widely studied, regarding its effects on fertility. The aim of this review was to investigate the interrelation of BPA and female fertility. PubMed (Medline) was searched from 2013 until 2022 to identify epidemiological studies that report the association of BPA with fertility parameters, in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis. Regarding general fertility, most studies report an inverse association between BPA and ovarian reserve markers, namely antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). The BPA and estradiol (E2) levels did not correlate significantly in the majority of studies. No definite conclusions can be reached regarding BPA and IVF endpoints or endometriosis. Lastly, most studies report higher prevalence of PCOS in women with higher BPA concentrations, although no casualty has been proven. Although most studies fail to reach definite conclusion regarding the impact of BPA on fertility, there is accumulating evidence suggesting a negative role of BPA in female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stavridis
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Attica, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6981919457
| | - Olga Triantafyllidou
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Attica, Greece
| | - Maria Pisimisi
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Vlahos
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Attica, Greece
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Agrawal H, Thakur K, Mitra S, Mitra D, Keswani C, Sircar D, Onteru S, Singh D, Singh SP, Tyagi RK, Roy P. Evaluation of (Anti)androgenic Activities of Environmental Xenobiotics in Milk Using a Human Liver Cell Line and Androgen Receptor-Based Promoter-Reporter Assay. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41531-41547. [PMID: 36406583 PMCID: PMC9670299 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent reports on milk consumption and its associated risk with hormone related disorders necessitates the evaluation of dairy products for the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and ensure the safety of consumers. In view of this, we investigated the possible presence of (anti)androgenic contaminants in raw and commercialized milk samples. For this purpose, a novel HepARE-Luc cell line that stably expresses human androgen receptor (AR) and the androgen responsive luciferase reporter gene was generated and used in the present study. Treatment of this cell line with androgens and corresponding antiandrogen (flutamide) stimulated or inhibited expression of reporter luciferase, respectively. Real time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining results exhibited transcription response and translocation of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to androgen. Observations implied that a cell-based xenobiotic screening assay via AR response can be conducted for assessing the (anti)androgenic ligands present in food chain including milk. Therefore, the cell line was further used to screen the (anti)androgenic activity of a total of 40 milk fat samples procured as raw or commercial milk. Some of the raw and commercial milk fat samples distinctly showed antiandrogenic activities. Subsequently, some commonly used environmental chemicals were also evaluated for their (anti)androgenic activities. Initial observations with molecular docking studies of experimental compounds were performed to assess their interaction with AR ligand binding domain. Furthermore, (anti)androgenic activities of these compounds were confirmed by performing luciferase assay using the HepARE-Luc cell line. None of the test compounds showed androgenic activities rather some of them like Bisphenol A (BPA) and rifamycin showed antiandrogenic activities. In conclusion, our results provide a valuable information about the assessment of (anti)androgenic activities present in milk samples. Overall, it is proposed that a robust cell-based CALUX assay can be used to assess the (anti)androgenic activities present in milk which can be attributed to different environmental chemicals present therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Agrawal
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Keshav Thakur
- Special
Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi - 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Shreyasi Mitra
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debarghya Mitra
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department
of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suneel Onteru
- Division
of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal - 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Division
of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal - 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Surya P. Singh
- Department
of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special
Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi - 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Plante I, Winn LM, Vaillancourt C, Grigorova P, Parent L. Killing two birds with one stone: Pregnancy is a sensitive window for endocrine effects on both the mother and the fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112435. [PMID: 34843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex process requiring tremendous physiological changes in the mother in order to fulfill the needs of the growing fetus, and to give birth, expel the placenta and nurse the newborn. These physiological modifications are accompanied with psychological changes, as well as with variations in habits and behaviors. As a result, this period of life is considered as a sensitive window as impaired functional and physiological changes in the mother can have short- and long-term impacts on her health. In addition, dysregulation of the placenta and of mechanisms governing placentation have been linked to chronic diseases later-on in life for the fetus, in a concept known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). This concept stipulates that any change in the environment during the pre-conception and perinatal (in utero life and neonatal) period to puberty, can be "imprinted" in the organism, thereby impacting the health and risk of chronic diseases later in life. Pregnancy is a succession of events that is regulated, in large part, by hormones and growth factors. Therefore, small changes in hormonal balance can have important effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect both the mother and the fetus giving rise to growing concerns surrounding these exposures. This review will give an overview of changes that happen during pregnancy with respect to the mother, the placenta, and the fetus, and of the current literature regarding the effects of EDCs during this specific sensitive window of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Louise M Winn
- Queen's University, School of Environmental Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Petya Grigorova
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Caporossi L, Viganò P, Paci E, Capanna S, Alteri A, Campo G, Pigini D, De Rosa M, Tranfo G, Papaleo B. Female Reproductive Health and Exposure to Phthalates and Bisphenol A: A Cross Sectional Study. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110299. [PMID: 34822691 PMCID: PMC8622554 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The xenoestrogenicity of some plasticisers (phthalates and bisphenol A) is documented in the literature and may pose a risk to female reproductive health. The aim of this study was to assess exposure to six phthalates. This was achieved by measuring their respective metabolites (mono-ethylphthalate (MEP); mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP); mono-n-ottylphthalate (MnOP); and monobenzylphthalate (MBzP)), as well as the sum of two of the diethyl-hexyl phthalate metabolites-(∑DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in a female population with infertility problems, and by conducting a correlation analysis between infertility factors, work activities, and lifestyle habits, in order to formulate a causal hypothesis. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out and women under 43 years of age were recruited from an assisted reproduction technology (ART) center; the sample of 186 women was given a specific questionnaire and a spot urine sample was collected. Phthalate metabolites and urinary BPA were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. The results showed significantly higher mean values for MEP in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) (820.5 ± 1929.5 µg/g of creatinine) and idiopathic infertility (230.0 ± 794.2 µg/g of creatinine) than in women with other infertility factors (76.9 ± 171.8 µg/g of creatinine). Similarly, for MnOP levels, women with idiopathic infertility (2.95 ± 3.44 µg/g of creatinine) showed significantly higher values than women with the other infertility factors taken together (1.35 ± 2.05 µg/g of creatinine). Women with tubal factors of infertility, RPL, and endocrine dysfunctions show higher values of DEHP (p = 0.032). Considering occupations, women working in commerce showed more than twice as much urinary BPA levels (1.10 ± 0.48 µg/g of creatinine) compared to women working in other industries (0.45 ± 0.35 µg/g of creatinine). The presence of significantly higher values of certain phthalates, DEHP in particular, especially in women with RPL and idiopathic infertility, suggests a possible involvement of these compounds as competing factors in reproductive issues. The study of sources of exposure suggested that the working activity in trade, as a casher in particular, represents a major one for BPA (p = 0.015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Caporossi
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Viganò
- Fondazione Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Infertility Unit, Via M. Fanti, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Silvia Capanna
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Alessandra Alteri
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Campo
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Mariangela De Rosa
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Bruno Papaleo
- INAIL—National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (E.P.); (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.D.R.); (G.T.); (B.P.)
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9
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Fu X, He J, Zheng D, Yang X, Wang P, Tuo F, Wang L, Li S, Xu J, Yu J. Association of endocrine disrupting chemicals levels in serum, environmental risk factors, and hepatic function among 5- to 14-year-old children. Toxicology 2021; 465:153011. [PMID: 34715266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) might increase the risk of childhood diseases by disrupting hormone-mediated processes that are critical for growth and development during childhood, however, the association among the exposure level of EDCs such as Nonylphenol (NP), Bisphenol A (BPA), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in children and environmental risk factors, as well as hepatic function has not been elaborated. This study aimed to discuss this interesting relationship among NP, BPA, DMP concentrations in serum, environmental risk factors, hepatic function of 5- to 14-year-old children in industrial zone, residential zone and suburb in northern district of Guizhou Province, China. In Zunyi city, 1006 children participated in cross-sectional health assessments from July to August 2018, and their parents completed identical questionnaires on the environmental risk factors of EDCs exposure to mothers and children. Serum NP, BPA and DMP concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) were detected with automatic biochemical analyzer. The median concentrations of serum NP, BPA, and DMP in the participants were 45.85 ng/mL, 26.31 ng/mL and 31.62 ng/mL, respectively, which were higher than the environmental concentration limits of the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hair gels used during pregnancy, types of domestic drinking water, nail polish and cosmetics used by children were significantly positive correlated with serum NP concentration (P < 0.05). Gender, feeding pattern, plastic water cup used during pregnancy, hair spray and perfume use for children, duration of children birth, materials for baby bottle or cup and ways to plastic products were significantly positively correlated with serum BPA concentration (P < 0.05). Gender, perms used during pregnancy, hair spray and perfume use for children, using plastic lunch box during pregnancy, duration of children birth, exposure to pesticides, parents' occupations were significantly positively correlated with serum DMP concentrations (P < 0.05). Serum NP (β = 0.296, P = 0.036) and DMP (β = 0.316, P = 0.026) concentrations and TBIL level were significantly positively correlated. Serum NP concentration and the levels of IBIL (β = 0.382, P = 0.006) are significantly positively correlated. Cosmetics used during pregnancy significantly increased AST level (β = 2.641, P = 0.021). There was a positive correlation between the frequency of hair spray and perfume use for children and the AST (β = 4.241, P = 0.022). NP, BPA and DMP, which were commonly detected in the serum of children aged 5-14 years old in Zunyi City, Northern Guizhou Province, China, were closely related to the environmental risk factors of exposure environment during pregnancy, infancy and school age. Exposure to NP, BPA and DMP would have negative effects on hepatic function, and these effects showed differences in gender and geographical location. Notably,The relationships were more evident in girls than in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Fu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jie He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Deliang Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Honghuagang District People's Hospital, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - FangXu Tuo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Shixu Li
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China.
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China.
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10
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Jacobson MH, Stein CR, Liu M, Ackerman MG, Blakemore JK, Long SE, Pinna G, Romay-Tallon R, Kannan K, Zhu H, Trasande L. Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenols and Phthalates and Postpartum Depression: The Role of Neurosteroid Hormone Disruption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1887-1899. [PMID: 33792735 PMCID: PMC8502446 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious psychiatric disorder. While causes remain poorly understood, perinatal sex hormone fluctuations are an important factor, and allopregnanolone in particular has emerged as a key determinant. Although synthetic environmental chemicals such as bisphenols and phthalates are known to affect sex hormones, no studies have measured allopregnanolone and the consequences of these hormonal changes on PPD have not been interrogated. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of repeated measures of urinary bisphenols and phthalates in early and midpregnancy with serum pregnenolone, progesterone, allopregnanolone, and pregnanolone concentrations in midpregnancy and PPD symptoms at 4 months postpartum. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 139 pregnant women recruited between 2016 and 2018. Bisphenols and phthalates were measured in early and midpregnancy urine samples. Serum sex steroid hormone concentrations were measured in midpregnancy. PPD was assessed at 4 months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Multiple informant models were fit using generalized estimating equations. Serum levels of allopregnanolone, progesterone, pregnanolone, and pregnenolone were examined as log-transformed continuous variables. PPD symptoms were examined as continuous EPDS scores and dichotomously with scores ≥10 defined as PPD. RESULTS Di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites were associated with reduced progesterone concentrations. Log-unit increases in ∑DnOP and ∑DiNP predicted 8.1% (95% CI -15.2%, -0.4%) and 7.7% (95% CI -13.3%, -1.7%) lower progesterone, respectively. ∑DnOP was associated with increased odds of PPD (odds ratio 1.48; 95% CI 1.04, 2.11). CONCLUSION Endocrine disrupting chemicals may influence hormonal shifts during pregnancy as well as contribute to PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie H Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: Melanie Jacobson, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 462 1st Avenue, Building A, 8th floor, Room 850, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Cheryl R Stein
- Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at NYU Langone; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marra G Ackerman
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blakemore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sara E Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Raquel Romay-Tallon
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Environmental Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY 10012, USA
- NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY 10012, USA
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11
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You HH, Song G. Review of endocrine disruptors on male and female reproductive systems. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 244:109002. [PMID: 33610819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) interfere with different hormonal and metabolic processes and disrupt the development of organs and tissues, as well as the reproductive system. In toxicology research, various animal models have been utilized to compare and characterize the effects of EDs. We reviewed studies assessing the effect of ED exposure in humans, zebrafish, and mouse models and the adverse effects of EDs on male and female reproductive systems. This review outlines the distinctive morphological characteristics, as well as gene expression, factors, and mechanisms that are known to occur in response to EDs. In each animal model, disturbances in the reproductive system were associated with certain factors of apoptosis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, estrogen receptor pathway-induced meiotic disruption, and steroidogenesis. The effects of bisphenol A, phthalate, and 17α-ethinylestradiol have been investigated in animal models, each providing supporting outcomes and elaborating the key regulators of male and female reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyoung Hannah You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kawa IA, Fatima Q, Mir SA, Jeelani H, Manzoor S, Rashid F. Endocrine disrupting chemical Bisphenol A and its potential effects on female health. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:803-811. [PMID: 33839640 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A large number of chemical compounds with endocrine-disrupting activity have been documented. These chemicals are ubiquitous and widely used in many products of our daily lives. Bisphenol A (BPA) is among the most common Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) that has been used for many years in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. There is growing evidence that exposure to these EDCs poses a possible health risk. This review focuses on the effect of EDCs, in particular, BPA on female reproduction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), which is the most prevalent endocrine disorder of reproductively aged women. METHODS A relevant literature survey was conducted with Google scholar and Pubmed using several appropriate keywords to select the most relevant studies evaluating the role of endocrine disrupting-chemicals in female reproduction. RESULTS The female menstrual cycle and fertility are very sensitive to hormonal imbalance and alteration in endocrine function during critical times and different stages of lifecycle owing to EDC exposure results in many abnormalities like menstrual irregularities, impaired fertility, PCOS, and Endometriosis among others. BPA is the most extensively studied EDC worldwide and has been strongly associated with female reproductive health. CONCLUSION EDCs lead to deleterious effects on human health including reproductive health which are of global concern. Exposure to EDCs in early life can elicit disease in adult life and maybe even transgenerational. There is an immediate need to minimize the ill effect of EDCs which can be tackled through the collection of more data to clarify the clinical implications of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Ashaq Kawa
- Department of Biochemistry/Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Qudsia Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry/Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shahnaz Ahmad Mir
- Department of Endocrinology, Government Medical College, Shireen Bagh, Srinagar, India
| | - Humira Jeelani
- Department of Biochemistry/Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Saika Manzoor
- Department of Biochemistry/Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Fouzia Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry/Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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13
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Green MP, Harvey AJ, Finger BJ, Tarulli GA. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impacts on human fertility and fecundity during the peri-conception period. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110694. [PMID: 33385395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly difficult to avoid exposure to man-made endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and environmental toxicants. This escalating yet constant exposure is postulated to partially explain the concurrent decline in human fertility that has occurred over the last 50 years. Controversy however remains as to whether associations exist, with conflicting findings commonly reported for all major EDC classes. The primary aim of this extensive work was to identify and review strong peer-reviewed evidence regarding the effects of environmentally-relevant EDC concentrations on adult male and female fertility during the critical periconception period on reproductive hormone concentrations, gamete and embryo characteristics, as well as the time to pregnancy in the general population. Secondly, to ascertain whether individuals or couples diagnosed as sub-fertile exhibit higher EDC or toxicant concentrations. Lastly, to highlight where little or no data exists that prevents strong associations being identified. From the greater than 1480 known EDCs, substantial evidence supports a negative association between exposure to phthalates, PCBs, PBDEs, pyrethroids, organochloride pesticides and male fertility and fecundity. Only moderate evidence exists for a negative association between BPA, PCBs, organochloride pesticides and female fertility and fecundity. Overall fewer studies were reported in women than men, with knowledge gaps generally evident for both sexes for all the major EDC classes, as well as a paucity of female fertility studies following exposure to parabens, triclosans, dioxins, PFAS, organophosphates and pyrethroids. Generally, sub-fertile individuals or couples exhibit higher EDC concentrations, endorsing a positive association between EDC exposure and sub-fertility. This review also discusses confounding and limiting factors that hamper our understanding of EDC exposures on fertility and fecundity. Finally, it highlights future research areas, as well as government, industry and social awareness strategies required to mitigate the negative effects of EDC and environmental toxicant exposure on human fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bethany J Finger
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard A Tarulli
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Martínez-Ibarra A, Martínez-Razo LD, MacDonald-Ramos K, Morales-Pacheco M, Vázquez-Martínez ER, López-López M, Rodríguez Dorantes M, Cerbón M. Multisystemic alterations in humans induced by bisphenol A and phthalates: Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies reveal the need to change health policies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116380. [PMID: 33387779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A vast amount of evidence indicates that bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are widely distributed in the environment since these compounds are mass-produced for the manufacture of plastics and plasticizers. These compounds belong to a large group of substances termed endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). It is well known that humans and living organisms are unavoidably and unintentionally exposed to BPA and phthalates from food packaging materials and many other everyday products. BPA and phthalates exert their effect by interfering with hormone synthesis, bioavailability, and action, thereby altering cellular proliferation and differentiation, tissue development, and the regulation of several physiological processes. In fact, these EDC can alter fetal programming at an epigenetic level, which can be transgenerational transmitted and may be involved in the development of various chronic pathologies later in the adulthood, including metabolic, reproductive and degenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer. In this review, we describe the most recent proposed mechanisms of action of these EDC and offer a compelling selection of experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies, which show evidence of how exposure to these pollutants affects our health during development, and their association with a wide range of reproductive, metabolic and neurological diseases, as well as hormone-related cancers. We stress the importance of concern in the general population and the urgent need for the medical health care system to closely monitor EDC levels in the population due to unavoidable and involuntary exposure to these pollutants and their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Ibarra
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - L D Martínez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - K MacDonald-Ramos
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - M Morales-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - E R Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - M López-López
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | | | - M Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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15
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Gul P, Celik N, Ozgeris FB, Demirkaya-Miloglu F, Kiziltunc A, Seven N. Effects of Bisphenol A Released From Composite Fillings on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Men. Int Dent J 2021; 71:343-351. [PMID: 33583564 PMCID: PMC9275326 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Composite resins are the most preferred filling material because of their excellent aesthetic qualities. However, a filling material should also be biocompatible as well as aesthetic. The aim of this study was to determine the serum and saliva bisphenol-A (BPA) levels and to examine the effects of serum BPA on reproductive hormone levels after healthy men were treated with composite fillings. Methods Eighteen healthy males each received 2 composite restorations. Saliva and blood samples of subjects were collected before resin application and 1 day and 1, 3, and 5 weeks after the resin was applied. BPA amounts in samples were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum gonadotropins, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, free androgen index, and oestrogen levels were measured with radioimmunological assay kits. Statistical analysis of data was made using Friedman, Wilcoxon signed ranks and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results The amount of BPA released from composite resins over time was not significantly elevated in either saliva or serum (P > 0.5). In addition, serum BPA levels were significantly higher than saliva BPA levels for both composites (P < .05), but saliva and serum BPA levels were not statistically different when comparing the 2 composites (P > .05). Conclusions BPA from composite resins used in this study did not significantly alter serum hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Gul
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Celik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Ozgeris
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demirkaya-Miloglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kiziltunc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Seven
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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16
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Liu Q. Effects of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Female Reproductive Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:205-229. [PMID: 33523436 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are xenobiotic compounds that are frequently contacted in daily life. With the species and quantity of substances created and utilized by human beings significantly surpassing the self-purification capacity of nature, a large number of hazardous substances are enriched in the human body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and skin. Some of these compounds cause many problems endangering female reproductive health by simulating/antagonizing endogenous hormones or affecting the synthesis, metabolism, and bioavailability of endogenous hormones, including reproductive disorders, fetal birth defects, fetal developmental abnormalities, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and even gynecological malignancies. Therefore, the study of the relationship between environmental EDCs and female reproductive diseases and related mechanisms is of considerable significance to women, children health care, and improve the quality of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicai Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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17
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The Influence of Environmental Factors on Ovarian Function, Follicular Genesis, and Oocyte Quality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:41-62. [PMID: 33523429 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exist ubiquitously in the environment. Epidemiological data suggest that the increasing prevalence of infertility may be related to the numerous chemicals. Exposure to EDCs may have significant adverse impacts on the reproductive system including fertility, ovarian reserve, and sex steroid hormone levels. This chapter covers the common exposure ways, the origins of EDCs, and their effects on ovarian function, follicular genesis, and oocyte quality. Furthermore, we will review the origin and the physiology of ovarian development, as well as explore the mechanisms in which EDCs act on the ovary from human and animal data. And then, we will focus on the bisphenol A (BPA), which has been shown to reduce fertility and ovarian reserve, as well as disrupt steroidogenesis in animal and human models. Finally, we will discuss the future direction of prevention and solution methods.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to evaluate the impact of environmental exposures on the menstrual cycle length detailing timing of exposure on pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature has examined the relationship between menstrual cycle length and environmental exposures including air pollutants, parabens, and polybrominated biphenyls. SUMMARY Research is limited but suggest importance of further research in evaluating environmental exposures and menstrual cycle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa C. Hammer
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Alexis Veiga
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Mustieles V, D'Cruz SC, Couderq S, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Fini JB, Hofer T, Steffensen IL, Dirven H, Barouki R, Olea N, Fernández MF, David A. Bisphenol A and its analogues: A comprehensive review to identify and prioritize effect biomarkers for human biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:105811. [PMID: 32866736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have demonstrated widespread and daily exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Moreover, BPA structural analogues (e.g. BPS, BPF, BPAF), used as BPA replacements, are being increasingly detected in human biological matrices. BPA and some of its analogues are classified as endocrine disruptors suspected of contributing to adverse health outcomes such as altered reproduction and neurodevelopment, obesity, and metabolic disorders among other developmental and chronic impairments. One of the aims of the H2020 European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) is the implementation of effect biomarkers at large scales in future HBM studies in a systematic and standardized way, in order to complement exposure data with mechanistically-based biomarkers of early adverse effects. This review aimed to identify and prioritize existing biomarkers of effect for BPA, as well as to provide relevant mechanistic and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) information in order to cover knowledge gaps and better interpret effect biomarker data. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed to identify all the epidemiologic studies published in the last 10 years addressing the potential relationship between bisphenols exposure and alterations in biological parameters. A total of 5716 references were screened, out of which, 119 full-text articles were analyzed and tabulated in detail. This work provides first an overview of all epigenetics, gene transcription, oxidative stress, reproductive, glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones, metabolic and allergy/immune biomarkers previously studied. Then, promising effect biomarkers related to altered neurodevelopmental and reproductive outcomes including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), kisspeptin (KiSS), and gene expression of nuclear receptors are prioritized, providing mechanistic insights based on in vitro, animal studies and AOP information. Finally, the potential of omics technologies for biomarker discovery and its implications for risk assessment are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to comprehensively identify bisphenol-related biomarkers of effect for HBM purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Stephan Couderq
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département "Adaptation du Vivant", UMR 7221 MNHN/CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75006, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département "Adaptation du Vivant", UMR 7221 MNHN/CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75006, France
| | - Tim Hofer
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Lise Steffensen
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Barouki
- University Paris Descartes, ComUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM, National Institute of Health & Medical Research) UMR S-1124, Paris, France
| | - Nicolás Olea
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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20
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Arya S, Dwivedi AK, Alvarado L, Kupesic-Plavsic S. Exposure of U.S. population to endocrine disruptive chemicals (Parabens, Benzophenone-3, Bisphenol-A and Triclosan) and their associations with female infertility. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114763. [PMID: 32806428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDC) among women of reproductive age is alarming. Exposure to EDCs could be contributing to infertility. We determined the association between common EDCs and self-reported infertility among U.S. women, 18-45 years of age using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for periods 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. A cross-sectional study on reproductive age women was conducted. Available important sociodemographic variables, and urinary concentrations of parabens (methyl paraben [MP], ethyl paraben [EP], propyl paraben [PP], and butyl paraben [BP]), Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), Bisphenol-A (BPA), and triclosan (TCS) were obtained from the NHANES databases. Clustering among EDCs were obtained using variable cluster analysis. Relative risk regression models were used to estimate associations of individual and combined EDCs with self-reported infertility after applying appropriate survey weights to account for the complex survey design as well as to compensate for the four-year cycle. Results were summarized using prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of total 789 individuals included in the study, 14% (95%CI: 11%-18%) had infertility. MP and PP were detected in 99% of urine samples, BP in 46%, EP and BP-3 in 96%, BPA in 94% and TCS in 73%. Self-reported infertility was significantly associated with combined score of BP-3, BPA and TCS (PR = 1.13, p = 0.007), and above detection level of EP (PR = 1.57, p = 0.025) even after adjusting for potential confounders. Our results suggested the EP and mixtures of benzophenones, TCS, and BPA were associated with infertility among the U.S. women. However, because of the limitations inherent to the cross-sectional study design, prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Arya
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, USA.
| | - Luis Alvarado
- Biostatistics & Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Office of Vice President Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, USA.
| | - Sanja Kupesic-Plavsic
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, USA.
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21
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Radwan P, Wielgomas B, Radwan M, Krasiński R, Klimowska A, Kaleta D, Jurewicz J. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and in vitro fertilization outcomes among women from a fertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:216-220. [PMID: 32721521 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Although many animals and in vitro studies reported that BPA may affect female fertility through the effect on maturing oocytes and meiotic cell division, but the data from human studies are limited and inconclusive. The study was conducted to examine the association between urinary BPA concentration and in vitro reproductive outcomes (metaphase II (MII) oocyte yield, top quality embryo, fertilization rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy) among women from an infertility clinic. The study participants were enrolled in the Infertility Center in Poland. 450 women aged 24-44 (n = 674 IVF cycles) provided urine samples. The urinary concentrations of BPA were evaluated using validated gas chromatography ion-tap mass spectrometry method. Clinical outcomes of IVF treatment were abstracted from patients electronic chart records. To assess the relationship between urinary BPA concentrations early examined reproductive outcomes generalized linear mixed models were used. The detection rate of BPA in urine samples was 98% and the geometric mean 1.59 ± 2.15 ng/ml. A significant decrease was observed between urinary concentration of BPA and implantation (p = 0.04) and decreased MII oocyte count (p = 0.03). There was no association between other examined IVF outcomes: embryo quality, fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy and BPA exposure. Exposure to BPA may have a negative effect during the early stages of human development. The studies among the larger and more diverse population are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Radwan
- "Gameta", 7 Cybernetyki St, Warsaw, 02-677, Poland; "Gameta" Kielce-Regional Science-Technology Centre, Kielce, 45 Podzamcze St, Chęciny, 26-060, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera St, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Radwan
- Department of Gynecology and Reproduction, "Gameta" Hospital, 34/36 Rudzka St, 95-030 Rzgów, Poland; Faculty of Health Sciences, The State University of Applied Sciences in Plock, 2 Dabrowskiego Sq, 09-402 Plock, Poland
| | - Rafał Krasiński
- Department of Gynecology and Reproduction, "Gameta" Hospital, 34/36 Rudzka St, 95-030 Rzgów, Poland
| | - Anna Klimowska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera St, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Kaleta
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St, Łódź, 90-752, Poland
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St, Łódź, 90-752, Poland.
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22
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Li C, Cao M, Qi T, Ye X, Ma L, Pan W, Luo J, Chen P, Liu J, Zhou J. The association of bisphenol A exposure with premature ovarian insufficiency: a case-control study. Climacteric 2020; 24:95-100. [PMID: 32668991 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1781078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few epidemiological investigations and animal studies have demonstrated that bisphenol A (BPA) may affect female reproductive health. However, no epidemiologic study has investigated the relationship between BPA exposure and the risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). METHODS In this case-control study, urinary concentrations of BPA and serum levels of reproductive hormone were measured. Associations between BPA concentrations and the risk of POI and POI-related hormone levels were estimated. RESULTS Among BPA quartiles, no obvious association was found between BPA levels and the risk of POI (p = 0.603). Although the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of POI was slightly increased for participants in the highest BPA concentration quartile, the association was not statistically significant (OR = 1.282, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.615-2.049 for the highest vs. lowest quartile, p = 0.508). Although follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels showed no tendency of an association with BPA (p = 0.941 and p = 0.876 for FSH and AMH, respectively), the highest quartile of luteinizing hormone was significantly positively associated with BPA levels (OR = 1.333, 95% CI 0.986-1.803, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS The urinary concentrations of BPA determined in this study were consistent with the range of exposure currently observed in Chinese women. However, BPA exposure at a relatively low level is not associated with POI in Chinese women. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - M Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - T Qi
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Ye
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Luo
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - P Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Pivonello C, Muscogiuri G, Nardone A, Garifalos F, Provvisiero DP, Verde N, de Angelis C, Conforti A, Piscopo M, Auriemma RS, Colao A, Pivonello R. Bisphenol A: an emerging threat to female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:22. [PMID: 32171313 PMCID: PMC7071611 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been reported to be associated to female infertility. Indeed, BPA has been found to be more frequently detected in infertile women thus leading to hypothesize a possible effect of BPA on natural conception and spontaneous fecundity. In addition, in procedures of medically assisted reproduction BPA exposure has been found to be negatively associated with peak serum estradiol levels during gonadotropin stimulation, number of retrieved oocytes, number of normally fertilized oocytes and implantation. BPA deleterious effects are more critical during perinatal exposure, causing dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in pups and adults, with a precocious maturation of the axis through a damage of GnRH pulsatility, gonadotropin signaling and sex steroid hormone production. Further, BPA exposure during early lifestage may have a transgenerational effect predisposing the subsequent generations to the risk of developing BPA related disease. Experimental studies suggested that prenatal, perinatal and postnatal exposure to BPA can impair several steps of ovarian development, induce ovarian morphology rearrangement and impair ovarian function, particularly folliculogenesis, as well as can impair uterus morphology and function, in female adult animal and offspring. Finally, studies carried out in animal models have been reported the occurrence of endometriosis-like lesions after BPA exposure. Moreover, BPA exposure has been described to encourage the genesis of PCOS-like abnormalities through the impairment of the secretion of sex hormones affecting ovarian morphology and functions, particularly folliculogenesis. The current manuscript summarizes the evidence regarding the association between BPA exposure and female infertility, reviewing both clinical and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Garifalos
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Paola Provvisiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- I.O.S. & COLEMAN Srl, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Verde
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- I.O.S. & COLEMAN Srl, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conforti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Piscopo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- Laboratory of Seminology-sperm bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
- FERTISEXCARES Centro di Andrologia, Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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24
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Amar S, Binet A, Téteau O, Desmarchais A, Papillier P, Lacroix MZ, Maillard V, Guérif F, Elis S. Bisphenol S Impaired Human Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1821. [PMID: 32155818 PMCID: PMC7084356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is a structural analog of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA); it is the main BPA replacement in the plastics industry. Previous studies have shown that BPA and BPS exhibit similar effects on reproduction in fish and rodent species. BPS reportedly alters steroidogenesis in bovine granulosa cells. Luteinised granulosa cells collected from 59 women who were undergoing an in vitro fertilization procedure were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of BPS (10 nM, 100 nM, 1 µM, 10 µM or 50 µM). BPS exposure was investigated by assessing follicular fluids from these 59 women for their BPS content. Culture medium, cells, total messenger RNA (mRNA) and total protein extracted from the luteinised granulosa cells were examined for oestradiol and progesterone secretion, cellular proliferation, viability, gene expression, steroidogenic enzyme expression and cell signaling. BPS was measured in follicular fluids using mass spectrometry. Exposure of granulosa cells to 10 or 50 µM BPS for 48 h induced a 16% (p = 0.0059) and 64% (p < 0.0001) decrease, respectively, in progesterone secretion; 50 µM BPS decreased oestradiol secretion by 46% (p < 0.0001). Ten µM BPS also tended to reduce CYP11A1 protein expression by 37% (p = 0.0947) without affecting HSD3B1 and CYP19A1 expression. Fifty µM BPS increased ERRγ expression. Environmental levels of BPS (nanomolar range) did not induce changes in steroidogenesis in human granulosa cells. The effects of BPS were observed after only 48 h of BPS exposure. These acute effects might be similar to chronic effects of physiological BPS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Amar
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
- Service de Chirurgie pédiatrique viscérale, urologique, plastique et brûlés, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Aurélien Binet
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
- Service de Chirurgie pédiatrique viscérale, urologique, plastique et brûlés, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ophélie Téteau
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Alice Desmarchais
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Pascal Papillier
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Marlène Z. Lacroix
- Therapeutic Innovations and Resistance (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Maillard
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sebastien Elis
- PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (S.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (V.M.); (F.G.)
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25
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Hassan S, Ali R, Shah D, Sajjad N, Qadir J. Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exhibit Similar Toxicogenomics and Health Effects. HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS OF PLASTIC POLLUTION 2020. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A and phthalates are most frequently detected organic pollutants found in our surroundings because of their regular use as plasticizers in daily use polymeric products. BPA is used in manufacturing baby feeding bottles, water pipes, canned food linings, and food packaging materials. Phthalates are used in polyvinyl chloride products including clothing, toys, medical devices, and food packaging. These chemicals are not bound to the matrix and leach out into the surroundings on slight change in the environment, like alteration in pH, temperature, and pressure. Humans are continuously exposed to these chemicals through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion when the leachates enter food, drinks, air, water, or soil. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) revealed that Bisphenol A has 1932 interactions with genes/proteins and few frequently used phthalates (DEHP, MEHP, DBP, BBP, and MBP) showed 484 gene/protein interactions. Similar toxicogenomics and adverse effects of Bisphenol A and phthalates on human health are attributed to their 89 common interacting genes/proteins.
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26
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Wei Y, Han C, Li S, Cui Y, Bao Y, Shi W. Maternal exposure to bisphenol A during pregnancy interferes ovaries development of F1 female mice. Theriogenology 2019; 142:138-148. [PMID: 31593881 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal exposure bisphenol A (BPA) on ovaries development of F1 female mice. The BPA exposure model of pregnant mice was prepared by intragastric administration of BPA at the doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg kg-1 d-1 at gestation day (GD) 0.5-17.5. The ovarian index of the offspring mice was calculated at postnatal day (PND) 21 and PND 56. The results showed that BPA at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg significantly increased the abortion rate of the pregnant mice, and each dose of BPA significantly reduced the survival rate of the pups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Besides, there was a non-monotonic dose-response relationship between serum hormone, ovarian receptor levels and BPA in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56. BPA increased the ovarian/uterine index in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56, increased the mRNA relative transcript levels of ovarian ERα, PgR and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) in F1 females at PND 21, while decreased at PND 56 (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). BPA also increased the relative expression of caspase-7, caspase-9, bax, inhibited the relative expression of bcl-2 in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56, and increased the apoptosis rate in the ovaries in F1 mice at PND 56 (P < 0.01). The number of follicles in the ovary was increased in F1 females at PND 21, and the ovaries were significantly atrophied when sexual maturity (PND 56). Our results indicated that BPA could disturb the contents of DNMT and make reproductive injury to the offspring females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Chao Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
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27
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Mínguez-Alarcón L, Messerlian C, Bellavia A, Gaskins AJ, Chiu YH, Ford JB, Azevedo AR, Petrozza JC, Calafat AM, Hauser R, Williams PL. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A, parabens and phthalate metabolite mixtures in relation to reproductive success among women undergoing in vitro fertilization. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:355-362. [PMID: 30826614 PMCID: PMC6469504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously investigated whether urinary concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), parabens, and phthalate metabolites were individually associated with reproductive outcomes among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. However, humans are typically exposed to many man-made chemicals simultaneously. Thus, investigating one chemical at a time may not represent the effect of mixtures. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether urinary concentrations of BPA, parabens, and phthalate metabolite mixtures are associated with reproductive outcomes among women undergoing IVF. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 420 women contributing 648 IVF cycles who provided up to two urine samples per cycle prior to oocyte retrieval (N = 1145) between 2006 and 2017 at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, and had available urine biomarker data. Urinary concentrations of BPA, parabens, and phthalate metabolites were quantified using isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Intermediate and clinical end-points of IVF treatments were abstracted from electronic medical records. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to identify main patterns of BPA, parabens, and phthalate metabolites concentrations. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the association between PCA-derived factor scores, in quartiles, and IVF outcomes, using random intercepts to account for multiple IVF cycles and adjusting for known confounders. Because of temporal trends in exposure, we conducted a sensitivity analysis restricted to women who underwent IVF cycles in the earlier years of study (2006-2012). RESULTS Urinary concentrations of BPA, parabens, and most phthalate metabolites were significantly lower during the second half of the study period (2013-2017) than during the first half (2006-2012). None of the three factors derived from the PCA [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), non-DEHP, and paraben] was associated with IVF outcomes in the main analyses. Similarly, BKRM analyses did not identify any associations of individual urinary concentrations of BPA, paraben and phthalate metabolites with IVF outcomes while accounting for correlation between exposures. However, in sensitivity analyses restricted to women who underwent IVF cycles from 2006 to 2012, where concentrations of most phthalates and phenols were higher, there were decreases in implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth across quartiles of the DEHP factor. Specifically, women in the highest quartile of the DEHP factor had, on average, lower probabilities of implantation (-22% p, trend = 0.08), clinical pregnancy (-24% p, trend = 0.14), and live birth (-38% p, trend = 0.06) compared to women in the lowest quartile. Among this group of women, BKMR results did not identify any single contributor driving the decreased probabilities of live birth within the DEHP factor. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that women undergoing IVF are concurrently exposed to multiple endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). While we found no overall significant associations, we observed diminished pregnancy success with specific clusters of chemicals among women who underwent IVF cycles in earlier years of study, when urinary concentrations of these EDCs were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America.
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R Azevedo
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - John C Petrozza
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and IVF, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America; Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
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Ge W, Li L, Dyce PW, De Felici M, Shen W. Establishment and depletion of the ovarian reserve: physiology and impact of environmental chemicals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1729-1746. [PMID: 30810760 PMCID: PMC11105173 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive life span in women starts at puberty and ends at menopause, following the exhaustion of the follicle stockpile termed the ovarian reserve. Increasing data from experimental animal models and epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to a number of ubiquitously distributed reproductively toxic environmental chemicals (RTECs) can contribute to earlier menopause and even premature ovarian failure. However, the causative relationship between environmental chemical exposure and earlier menopause in women remains poorly understood. The present work, is an attempt to review the current evidence regarding the effects of RTECs on the main ovarian activities in mammals, focusing on how such compounds can affect the ovarian reserve at any stages of ovarian development. We found that in rodents, strong evidence exists that in utero, neonatal, prepubescent and even adult exposure to RTECs leads to impaired functioning of the ovary and a shortening of the reproductive lifespan. Regarding human, data from cross-sectional surveys suggest that human exposure to certain environmental chemicals can compromise a woman's reproductive health and in some cases, correlate with earlier menopause. In conclusion, evidences exist that exposure to RTECs can compromise a woman's reproductive health. However, human exposures may date back to the developmental stage, while the adverse effects are usually diagnosed decades later, thus making it difficult to determine the association between RTECs exposure and human reproductive health. Therefore, epidemiological surveys and more experimental investigation on humans, or alternatively primates, are needed to determine the direct and indirect effects caused by RTECs exposure on the ovary function, and to characterize their action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Campen KA, Kucharczyk KM, Bogin B, Ehrlich JM, Combelles CMH. Spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment in bovine oocytes after exposure to low doses of bisphenol A or bisphenol S. Hum Reprod 2019. [PMID: 29538760 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the effects of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol S (BPS) during IVM on bovine oocyte maturation, spindle morphology and chromosome alignment? SUMMARY ANSWER Exposure to BPA or BPS during IVM resulted in increased spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment, even at very low concentrations. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY BPA is an endocrine disrupting chemical that alters oocyte maturation, spindle morphology and chromosome alignment in a range of species. The use of BPA substitutes, such as BPS, is increasing and these substitutes often display different potencies and mechanisms of action compared with BPA. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) underwent IVM with BPA or BPS for 24 h, together with vehicle-only controls. Overall, 10 different concentrations of BPA or BPS were used ranging from 1 fM to 50 μM in order to detect low dose or non-monotonic effects. An incomplete block design was utilized for the study, with at least three replicates per block. A total of 939 oocytes (250 of which were controls) were used for the BPA experiments, and 432 (110 controls) for the BPS experiments. Following the IVM period, the oocytes were denuded and fixed for immunocytochemistry. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immunocytochemistry was used to label the chromatin, actin, and microtubules in the fixed oocytes. The meiotic stage was assessed using immunofluorescence, and the metaphase-II (MII) oocytes were further assessed for spindle morphology and chromosome alignment (in all MII oocytes regardless of spindle morphology) using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Significant differences between the treatment and control groups were determined using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was no effect of BPA or BPS on the proportion of bovine oocytes that reached MII (P > 0.05). BPA and BPS increased spindle abnormalities in MII oocytes at almost all concentrations tested, including those as low as 1 fM (P = 0.013) or 10 fM (P < 0.0001), respectively, compared to control. Oocytes with flattened spindles with broad poles were observed at a higher frequency at some concentrations of BPA (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.002 for 10 nM and 50 μM, respectively) or BPS (P = 0.01 for 100 nM BPS), while this spindle phenotype was absent in the controls. BPA increased chromosome misalignment at concentrations of 10 fM, 10 nM and 50 μM (P < 0.0001 to P = 0.043 depending on the dose). BPS increased chromosome misalignment at concentrations of 10 fM, 100 pM, 10 nM, 100 nM and 50 μM (P < 0.0001 to P = 0.013 depending on the dose). LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Exposures to BPA or BPS were performed during the IVM of COCs to allow for determination of direct effects of these chemicals on oocyte maturation. Whole follicle culture or in vivo studies will confirm whether follicular cell interactions modify the effects of BPA or BPS on oocyte meiotic maturation. Investigation into the effects of BPA or BPS on other oocyte functions will determine whether these chemicals alter oocyte quality via mechanisms independent of the meiotic endpoints characterized here. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The findings of this study show that both BPA and BPS induce spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment in bovine in a non-monotonic manner, and at concentrations that are orders of magnitude below those measured in humans. Taken in context with previous studies on the effects of BPA in a range of species, our data support the literature that BPA may reduce oocyte quality and lead to subsequent infertility. Additionally, these results contribute to the burgeoning field of research on BPS and suggest that BPS may indeed be a 'regrettable substitution' for BPA. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Grant 1R15ES024520-01). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Campen
- Biology Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Bogin
- Biology Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Julie M Ehrlich
- Biology Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
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Rashtian J, Chavkin DE, Merhi Z. Water and soil pollution as determinant of water and food quality/contamination and its impact on female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:5. [PMID: 30636624 PMCID: PMC6330570 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A mounting body of the literature suggests that environmental chemicals found in food and water could affect female reproduction. Many worldwide daily-used products have been shown to contain chemicals that could incur adverse reproductive outcomes in the perinatal/neonatal periods, childhood, adolescence, and even adulthood. The potential impact of Bisphenol A (BPA), Phthalates and Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on female reproduction, in particular on puberty, PCOS pathogenesis, infertility, ovarian function, endometriosis, and recurrent pregnancy loss, in both humans and animals, will be discussed in this report in order to provide greater clinician and public awareness about the potential consequences of these chemicals. The effects of these substances could interfere with hormone biosynthesis/action and could potentially be transmitted to further generations. Thus proper education about these chemicals can help individuals decide to limit exposure, ultimately alleviating the risk on future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rashtian
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Zaher Merhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10463, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, 180 Varick Street, Sixth Floor, New York, NY, 10014, USA.
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31
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Matuszczak E, Komarowska MD, Debek W, Hermanowicz A. The Impact of Bisphenol A on Fertility, Reproductive System, and Development: A Review of the Literature. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:4068717. [PMID: 31093279 PMCID: PMC6481157 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4068717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been used since the 1950s, in food packaging, industrial materials, dental sealants, and personal hygiene products. Everyone is exposed to BPA through skin, inhalation, and digestive system. BPA disrupts endocrine pathways, because it has weak estrogenic, antiandrogenic, and antithyroid activities. Despite the rapid metabolism, BPA can accumulate in different tissues. Many researchers proved the impact of BPA on human development, metabolism, and finally reproductive system. There is increasing evidence that BPA has impact on human fertility and is responsible for the reproductive pathologies, e.g., testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cryptorchidism, cancers, and decreased fertility in male and follicle loss in female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Matuszczak
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Debek
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Macut D, Milutinović DV, Rašić-Marković A, Nestorov J, Bjekić-Macut J, Stanojlović O. A decade in female reproduction: an endocrine view of the past and into the future. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:497-505. [PMID: 30421155 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, huge achievements have been made in the fields of neurophysiology, molecular endocrinology, and biochemistry, as well as in the successful translation of clinical research into diseases into clinical practice. As regards female reproduction, most of the advances made in this area were achieved in gonadal axis regulation, regulation of behavior through sex steroids, reproductive genetics, preservation of ovarian reproductive function, steroid profiling, and metabolic and overall reproductive outcomes. The coming years are expected to bring further understanding of the relationships between nutrition, energy metabolism, and reproductive function and to succeed in identifying new genetic markers linked to adverse metabolic and unfavorable cardiovascular outcomes in women. From our perspective, future research in the field of female reproduction should be directed toward doing research into genetic reproductive abnormalities and neuroendocrine diseases, pathophysiology, long-term health outcomes for oligo/amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction. It is additionally expected that a better understanding will be gained of the endocrinology of the placenta and of pregnancy, the role of the microbiome in female reproduction, the role of insulin sensitizers, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic drugs, and various advances in the prevention of ovarian damage caused by various oncology therapies, while new therapeutic options for the treatment of infertility, including kisspeptin, will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 13, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Nestorov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Bjekić-Macut
- UMC Bežanijska kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Huang FM, Chang YC, Lee SS, Ho YC, Yang ML, Lin HW, Kuan YH. Bisphenol A exhibits cytotoxic or genotoxic potential via oxidative stress-associated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in murine macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:215-224. [PMID: 30312649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is primarily used in production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins including plastic containers. BPA is an endocrine disruptor and supposes to induce asthma and cancer. However, so far only a few evidences have shown the BPA-induced toxic effect and its related mechanism in macrophages. BPA demonstrated cytotoxic effect on RAW264.7 macrophages in a concentration and time-dependent manner. BPA induces necrosis, apoptosis, and genotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of cytochrome C (cyto C) and p53 was due to mitochondrial disruption via BCL2 and BCL-XL downregulation and BAX, BID, and BAD upregulation. Both caspase-dependent, including caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP-1 cleavage, and caspase-independent, such as nuclear translocation of AIF, pathways were activated by BPA. Furthermore, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of antioxidative enzyme activities were induced by BPA. Parallel trends were observed in the effect of BPA on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, genotoxicity, p53 phosphorylation, BCL2 family expression exchange, caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways, and ROS generation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Finally, BPA-exhibited cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity could be inhibited by N-acetylcysteine. These results indicated that the toxic effect of BPA was functioning via oxidative stress-associated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chyuan Ho
- School of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Viguié C, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Habert R, Chevrier C, Michel C, Pasquier E. Evidence-based adverse outcome pathway approach for the identification of BPA as en endocrine disruptor in relation to its effect on the estrous cycle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:10-28. [PMID: 29577943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proper cyclicity is essential to reach successful optimal fertility. In rats and mice, BPA exposure is repeatedly and reliably reported to show an adverse effect on the estrous cycle after exposures at different life stages. In humans, a possible association between modifications of menstrual cycle characteristics (e.g. length of the cycle, duration of menstrual bleeding) and sub-fecundity or spontaneous abortion has been observed. Alterations of ovarian cyclicity can therefore be definitely considered as an adverse health outcome. As a prerequisite for the EU REACH regulation to identify a substance as an endocrine disruptor and a SVHC,1 the proof has to be established that the substance can have deleterious health effects resulting from an endocrine mode of action. This review provides an overview of the currently available data allowing to conclude that the adverse effects of BPA exposure on ovarian cyclicity is mediated by an endocrine mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - René Habert
- Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiations, CEA, INSERM U 967, University Paris-Diderot, CEA Research Center, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- INSERM, UMR1085, Researche Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Pollack AZ, Mumford SL, Krall JR, Carmichael AE, Sjaarda LA, Perkins NJ, Kannan K, Schisterman EF. Exposure to bisphenol A, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and parabens in relation to reproductive hormones in healthy women: A chemical mixture approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:137-144. [PMID: 30092451 PMCID: PMC6174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the associations of bisphenol A, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and parabens with reproductive hormone levels in women. Our goal was to evaluate the associations between repeated measures of these chemicals and their mixtures with reproductive hormones in women. METHODS Longitudinal urine samples from healthy, premenopausal women (n = 143 with 3-5 urine samples each) were measured for bisphenol A, five chlorophenols (2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, triclosan), two ultraviolet (UV) filters (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3), and eight parabens and their metabolites (benzyl, butyl, ethyl, heptyl, methyl, propyl, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB)) over two menstrual cycles. Estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in blood up to 8 times each menstrual cycle. Linear mixed models were used for both single and multi-chemical exposures estimated using principal component analysis. Four factors were identified including: paraben; paraben metabolites and BPA, phenols, and UV filters. Models were adjusted for creatinine, age, race, and body mass index and weighted with inverse probability of exposure weights to account for time varying confounding. RESULTS In single-chemical models, 3,4-DHB was associated with estradiol (0.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 0.12)), 2-4-DCP with increased progesterone 0.14 (0.06, 0.21) and decreased FSH -0.08 (-0.11, -0.04), and 4-HB was associated with increased FSH 0.07 (0.01, 0.13). In multi-chemical models, all factors were associated with increased progesterone (beta coefficient range: 0.15 for UV filter factor to 0.32 for paraben factor). The paraben factor and the paraben metabolite and BPA factor were associated with increased estradiol [0.21 (0.15, 0.28); 0.12 (0.07, 0.18)]. The phenol and UV filter factors were associated with decreased estradiol, FSH, and LH. The UV filter factor showed the strongest inverse association with estradiol -0.16 (-0.22, -0.10), FSH -0.12 (-0.17, -0.07), and LH -0.17 (-0.23, -0.10). CONCLUSION Mixtures of phenols were associated with changes in reproductive hormones. Such changes could contribute to adverse health in women but additional research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Pollack
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Jenna R Krall
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Andrea E Carmichael
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Lindsey A Sjaarda
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Neil J Perkins
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
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Siracusa JS, Yin L, Measel E, Liang S, Yu X. Effects of bisphenol A and its analogs on reproductive health: A mini review. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:96-123. [PMID: 29925041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Known endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animal models. Its structural analogs: bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are increasingly being used in consumer products. However, these analogs may exert similar adverse effects on the reproductive system, and their toxicological data are still limited. This mini-review examined studies on both BPA and BPA analog exposure and reproductive toxicity. It outlines the current state of knowledge on human exposure, toxicokinetics, endocrine activities, and reproductive toxicities of BPA and its analogs. BPA analogs showed similar endocrine potencies when compared to BPA, and emerging data suggest they may pose threats as reproductive hazards in animal models. While evidence based on epidemiological studies is still weak, we have utilized current studies to highlight knowledge gaps and research needs for future risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Steven Siracusa
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Emily Measel
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Shenuxan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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Cho SH, Choi Y, Kim SH, Kim SJ, Chang J. Urinary bisphenol A versus serum bisphenol A concentration and ovarian reproductive outcomes among IVF patients: Which is a better biomarker of BPA exposure? Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Di Donato M, Cernera G, Giovannelli P, Galasso G, Bilancio A, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Recent advances on bisphenol-A and endocrine disruptor effects on human prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:35-42. [PMID: 28257827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are man-made substances widespread in the environment that include, among many others, bisphenol A (BPA), organochlorinated pesticides and hormone derivatives detectable in meat from animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations. Increasing evidence indicates that EDCs have a negative impact on human health as well as on male and female fertility. They may also be associated with some endocrine diseases and increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize available data on the (potential) impact of some common EDCs, focusing particularly on BPA, prostate cancer and their mechanisms of action. These compounds interfere with normal hormone signal pathway transduction, resulting in prolonged exposure of receptors to stimuli or interference with cellular hormone signaling in target cells. Understanding the effects of BPA and other EDCs as well as their molecular mechanism(s) may be useful in sensitizing the scientific community and the manufacturing industry to the importance of finding alternatives to their indiscriminate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (formerly, Seconda Università di Napoli), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Karwacka A, Zamkowska D, Radwan M, Jurewicz J. Exposure to modern, widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effect on the reproductive potential of women: an overview of current epidemiological evidence. HUM FERTIL 2017; 22:2-25. [PMID: 28758506 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2017.1358828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that exposure to widespread, environmental contaminants called endocrine disruptors (EDCs) negatively affects animal and human reproductive health and has been linked to several diseases including infertility. This review aims to evaluate the impact of environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals [phthalates, parabens, triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), organochlorine (PCBs) and perfluorinated (PFCs) compounds] on the reproductive potential among women, by reviewing most recently published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on EDCs exposure and reproductive potential among women for the last 16 years were identified by a search of the PUBMED, MEDLINE, EBSCO and TOXNET literature databases. The results of the presented studies show that exposure to EDCs impacts the reproductive potential in women, measured by ovarian reserve and by assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals decrease: (i) oestradiol levels (BPA); (ii) anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations (PCBs); (iii) antral follicle count (BPA, parabens, phthalates); (iv) oocyte quality (BPA, triclosan, phthalates, PCBs); (v) fertilization rate (PFCs, PCBs); (vi) implantation (BPA, phthalates, PCBs); (vii) embryo quality (triclosan, PCBs, BPA); (viii) rate of clinical pregnancy and live births (parabens, phthalates). The studies were mostly well-designed and used prospective cohorts with the exposure assessment based on the biomarker of exposure. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiological data is urgently needed to confirm the presented findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Karwacka
- a Department of Gynecology and Reproduction , 'Gameta' Hospital , Rzgow , Poland
| | - Dorota Zamkowska
- b Department of Obstetrics , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Michał Radwan
- a Department of Gynecology and Reproduction , 'Gameta' Hospital , Rzgow , Poland
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- c Department of Environmental Epidemiology , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
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Tomza-Marciniak A, Stępkowska P, Kuba J, Pilarczyk B. Effect of bisphenol A on reproductive processes: A review of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:51-80. [PMID: 28608465 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As bisphenol A (BPA) is characterized by a pronounced influence on human hormonal regulation, particular attention has been aimed at understanding its role in reproductive processes in males and females, as well as on fetal development. Owing to the increasing number of alarming reports on the negative consequences of the presence of BPA in human surroundings, more and more studies are being undertaken to clarify the negative effects of BPA on human reproductive processes. The aim of this work was to collect and summarize data on the influence of BPA exposure on reproductive health. Based on an analysis of selected publications it was stated that there is strong proof confirming that BPA is an ovarian, uterine and prostate toxicant at a level below the lowest observed adverse effect level (50 mg kg-1 bodyweight) as well as a level below the proposed safe level (4 μg kg-1 bodyweight). It seems there is also reliable evidence in relation to the negative effect of BPA on sperm quality and motility. Limited evidence also pertains to the case of the potential of BPA to affect polycystic ovary syndrome occurrence. Although in epidemiological studies this disease was common, in studies on animal models such results were still not confirmed. No unambiguous results of epidemiological studies and with animal models were obtained in relation to the evaluation of associations between BPA and implantation failure in women, evaluation of associations between BPA and sexual dysfunction in men, and impact of BPA on birth rate, birth weight and length of gestation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Stępkowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kuba
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
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Sifakis S, Androutsopoulos VP, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on the male and female reproductive systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:56-70. [PMID: 28292651 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) comprise a group of chemical compounds that have been examined extensively due to the potential harmful effects in the health of human populations. During the past decades, particular focus has been given to the harmful effects of EDCs to the reproductive system. The estimation of human exposure to EDCs can be broadly categorized into occupational and environmental exposure, and has been a major challenge due to the structural diversity of the chemicals that are derived by many different sources at doses below the limit of detection used by conventional methodologies. Animal and in vitro studies have supported the conclusion that endocrine disrupting chemicals affect the hormone dependent pathways responsible for male and female gonadal development, either through direct interaction with hormone receptors or via epigenetic and cell-cycle regulatory modes of action. In human populations, the majority of the studies point towards an association between exposure to EDCs and male and/or female reproduction system disorders, such as infertility, endometriosis, breast cancer, testicular cancer, poor sperm quality and/or function. Despite promising discoveries, a causal relationship between the reproductive disorders and exposure to specific toxicants is yet to be established, due to the complexity of the clinical protocols used, the degree of occupational or environmental exposure, the determination of the variables measured and the sample size of the subjects examined. Future studies should focus on a uniform system of examining human populations with regard to the exposure to specific EDCs and the direct effect on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Sifakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
| | | | - Aristeidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
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Campen KA, McNatty KP, Pitman JL. A protective role of cumulus cells after short-term exposure of rat cumulus cell-oocyte complexes to lifestyle or environmental contaminants. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:19-33. [PMID: 28087314 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian follicular fluid provides a potential reservoir for exogenous compounds that may adversely affect oocyte quality. This study examined the effects of common lifestyle and environmental contaminants, namely bisphenol-A (BPA), caffeine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), nicotine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on gap junction genes (Gja1, Gja4) and proteins (GJA1), glucose metabolism genes (Gfpt1, Pfkp) and oocyte growth factor genes (Bmp15, Gdf9), as well as gap junction transfer rate, in rat cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). In vitro exposure to MDMA and THC accelerated the timing of meiotic resumption and all contaminants altered either gap junction gene expression (BPA, caffeine, MDMA and THC) or transfer rate (BPA and nicotine). In vitro exposure of COCs to MDMA also altered glucose metabolism genes. Overall, oocyte-derived genes were largely unaffected following exposure to any contaminant. In summary, the impact of short-term exposure to lifestyle and environmental contaminants on oocyte function may be diminished due to protective properties of cumulus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Campen
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth P McNatty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Janet L Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
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Bloom MS, Mok-Lin E, Fujimoto VY. Bisphenol A and ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ziv-Gal A, Flaws JA. Evidence for bisphenol A-induced female infertility: a review (2007-2016). Fertil Steril 2016; 106:827-56. [PMID: 27417731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We summarized the scientific literature published from 2007 to 2016 on the potential effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on female fertility. We focused on overall fertility outcomes (e.g., ability to become pregnant, number of offspring), organs that are important for female reproduction (i.e., oviduct, uterus, ovary, hypothalamus, and pituitary), and reproductive-related processes (i.e., estrous cyclicity, implantation, and hormonal secretion). The reviewed literature indicates that BPA may be associated with infertility in women. Potential explanations for this association can be generated from experimental studies. Specifically, BPA may alter overall female reproductive capacity by affecting the morphology and function of the oviduct, uterus, ovary, and hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis in animal models. In addition, BPA may disrupt estrous cyclicity and implantation. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better understand the exact mechanisms of action and to detect potential reproductive toxicity at earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Ziv-Gal
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
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Hart RJ. Physiological Aspects of Female Fertility: Role of the Environment, Modern Lifestyle, and Genetics. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:873-909. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the Western World there is an increasing trend to postpone childbearing. Consequently, the negative influence of age on oocyte quality may lead to a difficulty in conceiving for many couples. Furthermore, lifestyle factors may exacerbate a couple's difficulty in conceiving due mainly to the metabolic influence of obesity; however, the negative impacts of low peripheral body fat, excessive exercise, the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, and smoking all have significant negative effects on fertility. Other factors that impede conception are the perceived increasing prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome, which is further exacerbated by obesity, and the presence of uterine fibroids and endometriosis (a progressive pelvic inflammatory disorder) which are more prevalent in older women. A tendency for an earlier sexual debut and to have more sexual partners has led to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, there are several genetic influences that may limit the number of oocytes within the ovary; consequently, by postponing attempts at childbearing, a limitation of oocyte number may become evident, whereas in previous generations with earlier conception this potentially reduced reproductive life span did not manifest in infertility. Environmental influences on reproduction are under increasing scrutiny. Although firm evidence is lacking however, dioxin exposure may be linked to endometriosis, phthalate exposure may influence ovarian reserve, and bisphenol A may interfere with oocyte development and maturation. However, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is recognized to lead to ovarian damage and predispose the woman to ovarian failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. Hart
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia & Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, Subiaco, Perth Western Australia
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Mansur A, Adir M, Yerushalmi G, Hourvitz A, Gitman H, Yung Y, Orvieto R, Machtinger R. Does BPA alter steroid hormone synthesis in human granulosa cellsin vitro? Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1562-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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James-Todd TM, Chiu YH, Zota AR. Racial/ethnic disparities in environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and women's reproductive health outcomes: epidemiological examples across the life course. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016; 3:161-180. [PMID: 28497013 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in women's reproductive health outcomes across the life course have been well-documented. Endocrine disrupting chemicals may be one factor driving disparities, as studies suggest exposure to certain environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as certain phthalates, bisphenol A, parabens and polybrominated diphenyl ethers are higher in non-whites. Yet, a limited amount of research has focused on these chemical exposures as a potential mediator of racial/ethnic differences in women's reproductive health outcomes, such as pubertal development, fibroids, infertility, and pregnancy complications. Given that race/ethnicity is a social construct, the purpose of this review was to present the current state of the literature on racial/ethnic disparities in both environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, as well as associations between these chemicals and selected women's reproductive health outcomes. Our goal was to evaluate literature from populations based in the United States to: 1) characterize racial/ethnic differences in environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and 2) systematically review literature on environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and selected women's health outcomes in populations containing more than one racial/ethnic group. This review highlights the need for future work in determining whether higher exposures to some environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals might partly explain differences in women's reproductive health outcomes in these higher-exposure and high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamarra M James-Todd
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, U.S
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, U.S
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, U.S
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, U.S
| | - Ami R Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S
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Bloom MS, Micu R, Neamtiu I. Female Infertility and “Emerging” Organic Pollutants of Concern. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Arora M, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Makris KC. Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:352-79. [PMID: 26521216 PMCID: PMC6415542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity of bisphenol A (BPA) with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives (ClxBPA) in various environmental media that show increased estrogen-activity when compared with that of BPA. The documented health risks associated with BPA exposures have led to the gradual market entry of BPA structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), etc. A suite of exposure sources to ClxBPA and BPA analogs in the domestic environment is anticipated to drive the nature and range of halogenated BPA derivatives that can form when residual BPA comes in contact with disinfectant in tap water and/or consumer products. The primary objective of this review was to survey all available studies reporting biomonitoring protocols of ClxBPA and structural BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPB, etc.) in human matrices. Focus was paid on describing the analytical methodologies practiced for the analysis of ClxBPA and BPA analogs using hyphenated chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, because current methodologies for human matrices are complex. During the last decade, an increasing number of ecotoxicological, cell-culture and animal-based and human studies dealing with ClxBPA exposure sources and routes of exposure, metabolism and toxicity have been published. Up to date findings indicated the association of ClxBPA with metabolic conditions, such as obesity, lipid accumulation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. We critically discuss the limitations, research needs and future opportunities linked with the inclusion of ClxBPA and BPA analogs into exposure assessment protocols of relevant epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1233] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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