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Hayes W, Keenan C, Wilson J, Onarinde BA. Early detection of dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus using volatile compounds. Food Chem 2024; 435:137518. [PMID: 37788541 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Lecanicillium fungicola is a pathogen of the commercial white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and is the causal agent of dry bubble disease, which can cause severe economic losses to mushroom growers. Volatile compounds were measured by GC/MS techniques over pure cultures of mycelia on agars, over microcosms of growing mushrooms, and over harvested mushrooms to identify compounds that might give an early warning of the disease. The mushroom strain tested was Agaricus bisporus, strain Sylvan A15; either deliberately infected with L. fungicola or water as a control. Over microcosms, the appearance of β-copaene, β-cubebene, and α-cedrene coincided with, but did not precede, the earliest visual signs of the disease. Mushrooms with dry bubble symptoms also had high levels of β-barbatene and an unknown diterpene (UK 1821). Over some harvested mushroom sets, high levels of cis-α-bisabolene developed as a defence reaction to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hayes
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, 2 Peppermint Way, Holbeach, Lincs, PE12 7FJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Cathy Keenan
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Jude Wilson
- MBio, Monaghan Mushrooms Group, Tyholland, Co. Monaghan, Ireland.
| | - Bukola Adenike Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, 2 Peppermint Way, Holbeach, Lincs, PE12 7FJ, United Kingdom.
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2
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Li Z, Wen J, Jing Z, Li H, Huang J, Yuan C, Xian L, Gao L, Zhu J, Xie B, Tao Y. Low temperature, mechanical wound, and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can stimulate the SA signaling molecule as well as its downstream pathway and the formation of fruiting bodies in Flammulina filiformis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197498. [PMID: 37675426 PMCID: PMC10477995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) and mechanical wound (MW), as two common physics methods, have been empirically used in production to stimulate the primordia formation of Flammulina filiformis, which is typically produced using the industrial production mode. However, the detailed effect on the fruiting body formation and important endogenous hormones and signaling pathways in this process is poorly understood. In this study, LT, MW, their combination, i.e., MW + LT, and low concentration of SA (0.1 mM SA) treatments were applied to the physiologically mature mycelia of F. filiformis. The results showed that the primordia under the four treatments began to appear on the 5th-6th days compared with the 12th day in the control (no treatment). The MW + LT treatment produced the largest number of primordia (1,859 per bottle), followed by MW (757), SA (141), and LT (22), compared with 47 per bottle in the control. The HPLC results showed that the average contents of endogenous SA were significantly increased by 1.3 to 2.6 times under four treatments. A total of 11 SA signaling genes were identified in the F. filiformis genome, including 4 NPR genes (FfNpr1-4), 5 TGA genes (FfTga1-5), and 2 PR genes (FfPr1-2). FfNpr3 with complete conserved domains (ANK and BTB/POZ) showed significantly upregulated expression under all four above treatments, while FfNpr1/2/4 with one domain showed significantly upregulated response expression under the partial treatment of all four treatments. FfTga1-5 and FfPr1-2 showed 1.6-fold to 8.5-fold significant upregulation with varying degrees in response to four treatments. The results suggested that there was a correlation between "low temperature/mechanical wound-SA signal-fruiting body formation", and it will help researchers to understand the role of SA hormone and SA signaling pathway genes in the formation of fruiting bodies in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Wen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhuohan Jing
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahua Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengjin Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Xian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lingling Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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3
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Cheng B, Tao N, Ma Y, Chai H, Liu P, Chen W, Zhao Y. Overexpression of the Capebp2 Gene Encoding the PEBP-like Protein Promotes the Cap Redifferentiation in Cyclocybe aegerita. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:657. [PMID: 37367593 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) is widely involved in various physiological behaviors, such as the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in plants, tumorigenesis in the human, etc. However, few functional studies have examined pebp genes affecting the development of fungi. In this study, Capebp2 was cloned from Cyclocybe aegerita AC0007 strains based on the genome sequence and gene prediction, and the sequence alignment of CaPEBP2 with other PEBP proteins from other biological sources including plant, animal, fungi, and bacteria indicated that PEBP had low sequence similarity in fungi, whereas all protein sequences had some conserved motifs such as DPDAP and HRY. Expression analysis showed the transcription level of Capebp2 increased approximately 20-fold in fruiting bodies compared with mycelia. To uncover the function of Capebp2 in C. aegetita development, Capebp2 was cloned into a pATH vector driven by the actin promoter for obtaining overexpression transformant lines. Fruiting experiments showed the transformed strains overexpressing Capebp2 exhibited redifferentiation of the cap on their surface, including intact fruiting bodies or partial lamella during fruiting development stage, and the longitudinal section indicated that all regenerated bodies or lamella sprouted from the flesh and shared the epidermis with the mother fruiting bodies. In summary, the sequence characterization of Capebp2, expression level during different development stages, and function on fruiting body development were documented in this study, and these findings provided a reference to study the role of pebp in the development process of basidiomycetes. Importantly, gene mining of pebp, function characterization, and the regulating pathways involved need to be uncovered in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bopu Cheng
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Nan Tao
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuanhao Ma
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hongmei Chai
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yongchang Zhao
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650223, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650223, China
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5
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Xiang Q, Arshad M, Li Y, Zhang H, Gu Y, Yu X, Zhao K, Ma M, Zhang L, He M, Chen Q. Transcriptomic profiling revealed important roles of amino acid metabolism in fruiting body formation at different ripening times in Hypsizygus marmoreus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169881. [PMID: 37180258 PMCID: PMC10167310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypsizygus marmoreus is an industrial mushroom that is widely cultivated in East Asia. Its long postripening stage before fruiting severely limits its industrialized production. Methods Five different mycelial ripening times (30, 50, 70, 90, and 100 d) were chosen and primordia (30P, 50P, 70P, 90P, and 110P) were collected for comparative transcriptomic analyses. The corresponding substrates (30F, 50F, 70F, 90F, and 110F) were used for nutrient content and enzyme activity determination. Results In pairwise comparisons between 110P and other primordia, a total of 1,194, 977, 773, and 697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 30P_110P, 50P_110P, 70P_110P, and 90P_110P, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and histidine metabolism were enriched in all groups. Among the main carbon nutrients, the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were high, and the lignin content decreased with the extension of the ripening time. Laccase had the highest activity, and acid protease activity decreased with the extension of the ripening time. Discussion The highly enrichment for amino acid metabolic pathways in primordia reveals that these pathways are essential for fruiting body formation in H. marmoreus, and these results will provide a basis for the optimization of its cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanju Xiang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yakun Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Menggen Ma
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingzi Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Maolan He
- Qinghai Spring Medicinal Resources Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang Y, Dong Y, Wang P, Zhu P, Li Y, Lai Y, Liu J, Liu Q. Cauliflower-shaped Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in an atmosphere with high environmental carbon dioxide concentration. Mycologia 2023; 115:1-11. [PMID: 36651878 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2149013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Commercial aspects, physiological properties, and nutritional characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus grown under various environmental carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]e) conditions were assessed. As [CO2]e increased, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) in fruiting body increased, activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase were inhibited, and malondialdehyde and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) syntheses were reduced, leading to incomplete development of pilei and stipes, or even absence of pilei. Under high [CO2]e (≥1.00%), fruiting body of P. ostreatus was morphologically altered to assume cauliflower shape. This cultivation condition resulted in high total contents of crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, increased levels of umami- and sweet-tasting amino acids, and reduced levels of bitter-tasting amino acids, thus enhancing the flavor of the product. In conclusion, a novel "cauliflower-shaped" mushroom (P. ostreatus) was successfully cultivated at high (≥1.00%) environmental CO2 concentration. The product has a delicious taste and high nutritional value, is relatively easy to transport and store, and has excellent potential for commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Li
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lai
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
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7
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Song S, Han M, Wang X, Wang S, Qin W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun X. Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in cultivation substrate and its association with bacterial communities throughout commercial production of Agaricus bisporus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114360. [PMID: 36508827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal manure is an important raw material for Agaricus bisporus production; however, it is also a reservoir for antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Little is known about the influence of the commercial cultivation of A. bisporus on the dynamics of ARGs and the underlying mechanisms that cause their variations. In this study, we investigated the fate of 285 ARGs, 10 mobile genetic elements, and seven major categories of antibiotic residues in substrate and mushroom samples at different production phases. The results showed that commercial substrate preparation, particularly the pasteurization phase, was highly efficient in removing ARGs from the substrate. We further found that mycelium proliferation of A. bisporus contributed significantly to the removal of ARGs from the substrate and casing soil. The bacterial community is the key driver of changes in ARGs during the commercial cultivation of A. bisporus, which explained 46.67% of the variation in ARGs. Our results indicate that, despite the addition of animal manure, the risk of ARG dissemination to fruiting bodies and the environment is low. We propose that bioremediation by specific edible fungi might be a novel and promising method for scavenging antimicrobial resistance contamination from soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meilin Han
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wentao Qin
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuduo Zhang
- Fangshan District Extension Station of Planting Technology, Beijing 102499, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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8
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Whiteness measurement of Agaricus bisporus based on image processing and color calibration model. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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The Biosynthesis of 1-octene-3-ol by a Multifunctional Fatty Acid Dioxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase in Agaricus bisporus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080827. [PMID: 36012815 PMCID: PMC9410191 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway from linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol in Agaricus bisporus has long been established, in which linoleic acid is converted to 10-hydroperoxide (10-HPOD) by deoxygenation, and 10-HPOD is subsequently cleaved to yield 1-octene-3-ol and 10-oxodecanoic acid. However, the corresponding enzymes have not been identified and cloned. In the present study, four putative genes involved in oxylipid biosynthesis, including one lipoxygenase gene named AbLOX, two linoleate diol synthase genes named AbLDS1 and AbLDS2, and one hydroperoxide lyase gene named AbHPL were retrieved from the A. bisporus genome by a homology search and cloned and expressed prokaryotically. AbLOX, AbLDS1, and AbLDS2 all exhibited fatty acid dioxygenase activity, catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid to generate hydroperoxide, and AbHPL showed a cleaving hydroperoxide activity, as was determined by the KI-starch method. AbLOX and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol with an optimum temperature of 35 °C and an optimum pH of 7.2, whereas AbLDS1, AbLDS2, and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid without 1-octen-3-ol. Reduced AbLOX expression in antisense AbLOX transformants was correlated with a decrease in the yield of 1-octen-3-ol. AbLOX and AbHPL were highly homologous to the sesquiterpene synthase Cop4 of Coprinus cinerea and the yeast sterol C-22 desaturase, respectively. These results reveal that the enzymes for the oxidative cleavage of linoleic acid to synthesize 1-octen-3-ol in A. bisporus are the multifunctional fatty acid dioxygenase AbLOX and hydroperoxide lyase AbHPL.
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10
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Shu L, Wang M, Xu H, Qiu Z, Li T. De novo transcriptome assembly and comprehensive assessment provide insight into fruiting body formation of Sparassis latifolia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11075. [PMID: 35773379 PMCID: PMC9247108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes associated with fruiting body formation of Sparasis latifolia are valuable for improving mushroom breeding. To investigate this process, 4.8 × 108 RNA-Seq reads were acquired from three stages: hyphal knot (SM), primordium (SP), and primordium differentiation (SPD). The de novo assembly generated a total of 48,549 unigenes, of which 71.53% (34,728) unigenes could be annotated by at least one of the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), GO (Gene Ontology), and KOG (Eukaryotic Orthologous Group) databases. KEGG and KOG analyses respectively mapped 32,765 unigenes to 202 pathways and 19,408 unigenes to 25 categories. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) indicated primordium initiation was significantly related to 66 pathways, such as “Ribosome”, “metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450”, and “glutathione metabolism” (among others). The MAPK and mTOR signal transduction pathways underwent significant adjustments during the SM to SP transition. Further, our research revealed the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway related to cell proliferation could play crucial functions during the development of SP and SPD. These findings provide crucial candidate genes and pathways related to primordium differentiation and development in S. latifolia, and advances our knowledge about mushroom morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shu
- School of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miaoyue Wang
- School of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhiheng Qiu
- School of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Tianlai Li
- School of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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11
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Yu Y, Liu T, Liu L, Chen Y, Tang J, Peng W, Tan H. Application of the mushroom volatile 1-octen-3-ol to suppress a morel disease caused by Paecilomyces penicillatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4787-4799. [PMID: 35759038 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Morels (Morchella spp.) are of great economic and scientific value. Paecilomyces penicillatus can cause white mold disease (WMD) widely emerging on morel ascocarps and is also a potential factor causing morel fructification failure. 1-octen-3-ol is a mushroom volatile compound with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to control the morel disease caused by P. penicillatus through suppressing P. penicillatus in the soil cultivated with Morchella sextelata using 1-octen-3-ol. Safe concentration of 1-octen-3-ol was estimated by comparing its inhibitory effect against P. penicillatus and M. sextelata, respectively, with mycelium-growth experiments on agar plates. The results showed that M. sextelata possesses a higher tolerance to 1-octen-3-ol than P. penicillatus with a 1-octen-3-ol concentration between 0 and 200 µL/L. Based on that, a sandy soil was supplemented with low (50 µL/L) or high concentration (200 µL/L) of 1-octen-3-ol. The effects of 1-octen-3-ol on soil microbial communities, WMD incidence, and morel yield were investigated. Compared to the non-supplemented control group, the incidence of WMD and the proportion of Paecilomyces in the soils of low- and high-concentration treatment groups were significantly decreased, corresponding to a significant increase in morel ascocarp yield. It suggests that 1-octen-3-ol effectively suppressed P. penicillatus in the soil, thereby reducing the severity of WMD and improving the morel yield. The diversity of soil bacterial communities was also altered by 1-octen-3-ol supplement. The proportion of Rhodococcus spp. in the soil was positively correlated with the 1-octen-3-ol concentration and ascocarp yield, suggesting its potential role in improving morel yield. KEY POINTS: • A novel method for morel disease suppression was proposed. • Paecilomyces in soil affects white mold disease and fructification yield of morel. • 1-Octen-3-ol suppresses Paecilomyces and alters bacterial community in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhai Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixu Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China. .,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology in Chengdu, Chengdu, China. .,Drylands Salinization Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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12
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Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Zhao Y, Kakumyan P. Impact of Cultivation Substrate and Microbial Community on Improving Mushroom Productivity: A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040569. [PMID: 35453768 PMCID: PMC9027886 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lignocellulosic material and substrate formulations affect mushroom productivity. The microbial community in cultivation substrates affects the quality of the substrates and the efficiency of mushroom production. The elucidation of the key microbes and their biochemical function can serve as a useful guide in the development of a more effective system for mushroom cultivation. Abstract Lignocellulosic materials commonly serve as base substrates for mushroom production. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the major components of lignocellulose materials. The composition of these components depends upon the plant species. Currently, composted and non-composted lignocellulosic materials are used as substrates in mushroom cultivation depending on the mushroom species. Different substrate compositions can directly affect the quality and quantity of mushroom production yields. Consequently, the microbial dynamics and communities of the composting substrates can significantly affect mushroom production. Therefore, changes in both substrate composition and microbial diversity during the cultivation process can impact the production of high-quality substrates and result in a high degree of biological efficiency. A brief review of the current findings on substrate composition and microbial diversity for mushroom cultivation is provided in this paper. We also summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of mushroom cultivation by analyzing the microbial diversity of the composting substrates during mushroom cultivation. The resulting information will serve as a useful guide for future researchers in their attempts to increase mushroom productivity through the selection of suitable substrate compositions and their relation to the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
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13
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Braat N, Koster MC, Wösten HA. Beneficial interactions between bacteria and edible mushrooms. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Pennerman KK, Yin G, Bennett JW. Eight-carbon volatiles: prominent fungal and plant interaction compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:487-497. [PMID: 34727164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has historically been studied mostly by entomologists; however, botanists and mycologists are increasingly aware of the physiological potential of chemical communication in the gas phase. Most research to date focuses on the observed effects of VOCs on different organisms such as differential growth or metabolite production. However, with the increased interest in volatile signaling, more researchers are investigating the molecular mechanisms for these effects. Eight-carbon VOCs are among the most prevalent and best-studied fungal volatiles. Therefore, this review emphasizes examples of eight-carbon VOCs affecting plants and fungi. These compounds display different effects that include growth suppression in both plants and fungi, induction of defensive behaviors such as accumulation of mycotoxins, phytohormone signaling cascades, and the inhibition of spore and seed germination. Application of '-omics' and other next-generation sequencing techniques is poised to decipher the mechanistic basis of volatiles in plant-fungal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla K Pennerman
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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15
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Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 86:e0001921. [PMID: 34817241 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sexual fruiting bodies is one of the most complex morphogenetic processes in fungi. Mycologists have long been fascinated by the morphological and developmental diversity of fruiting bodies; however, evolutionary developmental biology of fungi still lags significantly behind that of animals or plants. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, focusing on phylogenetic and developmental biology. Phylogenetic approaches have revealed a complex history of morphological transformations and convergence in fruiting body morphologies. Frequent transformations and convergence is characteristic of fruiting bodies in contrast to animals or plants, where main body plans are highly conserved. At the same time, insights into the genetic bases of fruiting body development have been achieved using forward and reverse genetic approaches in selected model systems. Phylogenetic and developmental studies of fruiting bodies have each yielded major advances, but they have produced largely disjunct bodies of knowledge. An integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, developmental, and functional biology, is needed to achieve a true fungal evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) synthesis for fungal fruiting bodies.
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16
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Masiulionis VE, Pagnocca FC. In vitro study of volatile organic compounds produced by the mutualistic fungus of leaf-cutter ants and the antagonist Escovopsis. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Orban A, Hennicke F, Rühl M. Volatilomes of Cyclocybe aegerita during different stages of monokaryotic and dikaryotic fruiting. Biol Chem 2020; 401:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOC) are characteristic for different fungal species. However, little is known about VOC changes during development and their biological role. Therefore, we established a laboratory cultivation system in modified crystallizing dishes for analyzing VOC during fruiting body development of the dikaryotic strainCyclocybe aegeritaAAE-3 as well as four monokaryotic offspring siblings exhibiting different fruiting phenotypes. From these, VOC were extracted directly from the headspace (HS) and analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For all tested strains, alcohols and ketones, including oct-1-en-3-ol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol and cyclopentanone, were the dominant substances in the HS of early developmental stages. In the dikaryon, the composition of the VOC altered with ongoing fruiting body development and, even more drastically, during sporulation. At the latter stage, sesquiterpenes, especially Δ6-protoilludene, α-cubebene and δ-cadinene, were the dominant substances. After sporulation, the amount of sesquiterpenes decreased, while additional VOC, mainly octan-3-one, appeared. In the HS of the monokaryons, less VOC were present of which all were detectable in the HS of the dikaryonC. aegeritaAAE-3. The results of the present study show that the volatilome ofC. aegeritachanges considerably depending on the developmental stage of the fruiting body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Junior Research Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung/Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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18
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Baars JJP, Scholtmeijer K, Sonnenberg ASM, van Peer A. Critical Factors Involved in Primordia Building in Agaricus bisporus: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132984. [PMID: 32610638 PMCID: PMC7411738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is an economically important crop worldwide. Many aspects of its cultivation are well known, except for the precise biological triggers for its fructification. By and large, for most basidiomycete species, nutrient availability, light and a drop in temperature are critical factors for fructification. A. bisporus deviates from this pattern in the sense that it does not require light for fructification. Furthermore its fructification seems to be inhibited by a self-generated factor which needs to be removed by microorganisms in order to initiate fruiting. This review explores what is known about the morphogenesis of fruiting initiation in A. bisporus, the microflora, the self-inhibitors for fruiting initiation and transcription factors involved. This information is subsequently contrasted with an overall model of the regulatory system involved in the initiation of the formation of primordia in basidiomycetes. The comparison reveals a number of the blank spots in our understanding of the fruiting process in A. bisporus.
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19
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Ogawa W, Takeda Y, Endo N, Yamashita S, Takayama T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. Repeated fruiting of Japanese golden chanterelle in pot culture with host seedlings. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:519-530. [PMID: 31342139 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Yellow chanterelles are among the most popular wild edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms worldwide. The representative European golden chanterelle, Cantharellus cibarius, has only once been reported to fruit under greenhouse conditions, due to the difficulty of establishing pure culture. Recently, we developed a new technique for establishing a pure culture of a Japanese golden chanterelle (Cantharellus anzutake), and conducted in vitro ectomycorrhizal synthesis using established strains and Pinus densiflora. Acclimated pine mycorrhizal seedlings colonized with C. anzutake in a pot system under laboratory conditions produced small but distinct basidiomata with developed basidiospores. C. anzutake mycorrhizae were established on Quercus serrata seedlings by inoculation of mycorrhizal root tips of the fungus synthesized on P. densiflora. A scaled-up C. anzutake-host system in larger pots (4 L soil volume) exhibited repeated fruiting at 20-24 °C under continuous light illumination at 150 μmol m-2 s-1 during a 2-year incubation period. Therefore, a C. anzutake cultivation trial is practical under controlled environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Ogawa
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yumi Takeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Naoki Endo
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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20
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Carrasco J, Preston GM. Growing edible mushrooms: a conversation between bacteria and fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:858-872. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH) Autol Spain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
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21
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Yang RH, Bao DP, Guo T, Li Y, Ji GY, Ji KP, Tan Q. Bacterial Profiling and Dynamic Succession Analysis of Phlebopus portentosus Casing Soil Using MiSeq Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1927. [PMID: 31507552 PMCID: PMC6716355 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebopusportentosus (Berk. and Broome) Boedijin is a popular edible mushroom found in China and Thailand. To date, P. portentosus is the only species in the order Boletales that can be successfully cultivated worldwide. The use of a casing layer or casing soil overlaying the substrate is a crucial step in the production of this mushroom. In this study, bacterial profiling and dynamic succession analyses of casing soil during the cultivation of P. portentosus were performed. One hundred and fifty samples were collected, and MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted. After performing a decontamination procedure, only 38 samples were retained, including 6 casing soil-originated samples (OS), 6 casing soil samples (FHCS) and 5 upper substrate samples (FHCU) from the period of complete colonization by mycelia; 6 casing soil samples (PCS) and 5 upper substrate samples (PCU) from the primordium period; and 6 casing soil samples (FCS) and 4 upper substrate samples (FCU) from fruit body period. The results revealed that bacterial diversity increased sharply from the hyphal to the primordium stage and then decreased during harvesting. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) analysis suggested that the community composition during different stages was significantly different in casing soil. The most abundant phyla in all of the samples were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Saccharibacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Burkholderia was the most abundant genus in all the samples except the OS samples. The relative abundance of Burkholderia in the FHCS samples (55.79%) decreased to 35.14% in the PCS samples and then increased to 45.60% in the FCS samples. The abundances of Acidobacterium, Rhizobium, Acidisphaera, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus increased from the FHCS to PCS samples. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) suggested that Acidobacterium and Acidisphaera are micromarkers for PCS, whereas Bradyrhizobium, Roseiarcus, and Pseudolabrys were associated with fruit body stages. The network analyses resulted in 23 edges, including 4 negative and 19 positive edges. Extensive mutualistic interactions may occur among casing soil bacteria. Furthermore, these bacteria play important roles in mycelial elongation, primordium formations, and the production of increased yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yan Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Kai-Ping Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
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22
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Holighaus G, Rohlfs M. Volatile and non-volatile fungal oxylipins in fungus-invertebrate interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Wu T, Ye Z, Guo L, Yang X, Lin J. De novo transcriptome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes uncover candidate genes associated with cold-induced fruiting. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:698-703. [PMID: 29873407 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To understand molecular mechanism of cold-induced fruiting in Flammulina velutipes, which is one of most popular edible fungi in east Asia, de novo assembly of the F. velutipes transcriptome was carried out. There were 26,888,494 and 26,275,146 clean reads obtained from mycelium and primordia of F. velutipes, respectively. A total of 20,157 unigenes were de novo assembled and 15,058 of them were annotated. Moreover, 7935 unigenes were differentially expressed between mycelium and primordia, 4025 of them were up-regulated and 3910 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed unigenes indicated that functional groups associated with two-component signaling pathway, calcium signaling, mitogen-actived protein kinase pathway, molecular chaperones, cell wall and membrane system, play an important role in cold-induced fruiting of F. velutipes. In this work 643 EST-SSRs were identified in 20,157 unigenes and 1560 EST-SSRs primers pairs were designed. Moreover, 5548 and 5955 SNPs were detected in mycelium and primordia, respectively. Consequently, results of this work can serve as a valuable resource for functional genomics study of cold-induced fruiting in F. velutipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuheng Wu
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junfang Lin
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Rudolph S, Maciá-Vicente J, Lotz-Winter H, Schleuning M, Piepenbring M. Temporal variation of fungal diversity in a mosaic landscape in Germany. Stud Mycol 2018; 89:95-104. [PMID: 29910516 PMCID: PMC6002338 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at characterizing the diversity and temporal changes of species richness and composition of fungi in an ecotone of a forest border and a meadow in the Taunus mountain range in Germany. All macroscopically visible, epigeous fungi and vascular plants were sampled monthly over three years, together with climatic variables like humidity and temperature that influence fungal diversity and composition as shown by previous studies. In this mosaic landscape, a total of 855 fungal species were collected and identified based on morphological features, the majority of which belonged to Ascomycota (51 %) and Basidiomycota (45 %). Records of fungal species and plant species (218) for this area yielded a fungus to plant species ratio of 4:1, with a plant species accumulation curve that reached saturation. The three years of monitoring, however, were not sufficient to reveal the total fungal species richness and estimation factors showed that a fungus to plant species ratio of 6:1 may be reached by further sampling efforts. The effect of climatic conditions on fungal species richness differed depending on the taxonomic and ecological group, with temporal patterns of occurrence of Basidiomycota and mycorrhizal fungi being strongly associated with temperature and humidity, whereas the other fungal groups were only weakly related to abiotic conditions. In conclusion, long-term, monthly surveys over several years yield a higher diversity of macroscopically visible fungi than standard samplings of fungi in autumn. The association of environmental variables with the occurrence of specific fungal guilds may help to improve estimators of fungal richness in temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rudolph
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J.G. Maciá-Vicente
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H. Lotz-Winter
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M. Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M. Piepenbring
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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25
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Compost bacteria and fungi that influence growth and development of Agaricus bisporus and other commercial mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1639-1650. [PMID: 29362825 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms are an important food crop for many millions of people worldwide. The most important edible mushroom is the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), an excellent example of sustainable food production which is cultivated on a selective compost produced from recycled agricultural waste products. A diverse population of bacteria and fungi are involved throughout the production of Agaricus. A range of successional taxa convert the wheat straw into compost in the thermophilic composting process. These initially break down readily accessible compounds and release ammonia, and then assimilate cellulose and hemicellulose into compost microbial biomass that forms the primary source of nutrition for the Agaricus mycelium. This key process in composting is performed by a microbial consortium consisting of the thermophilic fungus Mycothermus thermophilus (Scytalidium thermophilum) and a range of thermophilic proteobacteria and actinobacteria, many of which have only recently been identified. Certain bacterial taxa have been shown to promote elongation of the Agaricus hyphae, and bacterial activity is required to induce production of the mushroom fruiting bodies during cropping. Attempts to isolate mushroom growth-promoting bacteria for commercial mushroom production have not yet been successful. Compost bacteria and fungi also cause economically important losses in the cropping process, causing a range of destructive diseases of mushroom hyphae and fruiting bodies. Recent advances in our understanding of the key bacteria and fungi in mushroom compost provide the potential to improve productivity of mushroom compost and to reduce the impact of crop disease.
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26
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Zhang C, Kakishima M, Xu J, Wang Q, Li Y. The effect of Hypomyces perniciosus on the mycelia and basidiomes of Agaricus bisporus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1273-1282. [PMID: 28857033 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypomyces perniciosus has been reported as a destructive pathogen of Agaricus bisporus. Previous research suggested that the pathogenesis may not only be perpetuated by H. perniciosus, but also by bacteria. Clarification of the interaction between A. bisporus and H. perniciosus is a prerequisite for the development of effective control measures against wet bubble disease. Here, the effects of H. perniciosus on A. bisporus mycelia are examined in dual culture on agar media and in open-ended test tubes. During disease development, the putative causal agents and cytology of wet bubble-diseased mushrooms were followed microscopically. The interaction between H. perniciosus and the basidiome of A. bisporus was also studied using dual-cultured H. perniciosus and basidiome tissues. Dual-cultured mycelia from both fungi showed that growth continued even after contact was made, without any observable antagonistic lines or cytoplasmic changes of A. bisporus mycelia. Hypomyces perniciosus could be isolated from diseased basidiomes any time after inoculation, but bacteria were only recovered after the basidiomes of A. bisporus had been killed by H. perniciosus. Dual culture of the basidiome tissue of A. bisporus and H. perniciosus on agar media established that H. perniciosus can independently and rapidly degrade the basidiomes of A. bisporus. We conclude that H. perniciosus has no pathogenic activity on the mycelial stage of A. bisporus, but it can destroy A. bisporus basidiomes in the absence of bacteria. Wet bubble disease is evidently not caused by bacteria, but by the fungus, although bacteria likely participate in the disease after invasion by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Makoto Kakishima
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jize Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Changchun, 130200 Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, PR China
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27
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Nearing MM, Koch I, Reimer KJ. Uptake and transformation of arsenic during the reproductive life stage of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:140-149. [PMID: 28007169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies from the Agaricus genus have been found to contain non-toxic arsenobetaine (AB) as a major compound. It is unknown whether AB is formed during the vegetative or reproductive life stages of the fungus, or by the surrounding microbial community, but AB's structural similarity to glycine betaine has led to the hypothesis that AB may be adventitiously accumulated as an osmolyte. To investigate the potential formation of AB during the reproductive life stage of Agaricus species, growth substrate and fungi were collected during the commercial growth of Agaricus bisporus and analyzed for arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS. AB was found to be the major arsenic compound in the fungus at the earliest growth stage of fruiting (the primordium). The growth substrate mainly contained arsenate (As(V)). The distribution of arsenic in an A. bisporus primordium grown on As(V) treated substrate, and in a mature Agaricus campestris fruiting body collected from arsenic contaminated mine tailings, was mapped using two dimensional XAS imaging. The primordium and stalk of the mature fruiting body were both found to be growing around pockets of substrate material containing higher As concentrations, and AB was found exclusively in the fungal tissues. In the mature A. campestris the highest proportion of AB was found in the cap, supporting the AB as an osmolyte hypothesis. The results have allowed us to pinpoint the fungus life stage at which AB formation takes place, namely reproduction, which provides a direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Nearing
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
| | - Iris Koch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Kenneth J Reimer
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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28
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Freihorst D, Brunsch M, Wirth S, Krause K, Kniemeyer O, Linde J, Kunert M, Boland W, Kothe E. Smelling the difference: Transcriptome, proteome and volatilome changes after mating. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 112:2-11. [PMID: 27593501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms, such as Schizophyllum commune, have a specific odor. Whether this is linked to mating, prerequisite for mushroom formation, or also found in monokaryotic, unmated strains, was investigated with a comprehensive study on the transcriptome and proteome of this model organism. Mating interactions were investigated using a complete, cytosolic proteome map for unmated, monokaryotic, as well as for mated, dikaryotic mycelia. The regulations of the proteome were compared to transcriptional changes upon mating and to changes in smell by volatilome studies. We could show a good overlap between proteome and transcriptome data, but extensive posttranslational regulation was identified for more than 80% of transcripts. This suggests down-stream regulation upon interaction of mating partners and formation of the dikaryon that is competent to form fruiting bodies. The volatilome was shown to respond to mating by a broader spectrum of volatiles and increased emission of the mushroom smell molecules 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol, as well as ethanol and β-bisabolol in the dikaryon. Putatively involved biosynthetic proteins like alcohol dehydrogenases, Ppo-like oxygenases, or sesquiterpene synthases showed correlating transcriptional regulation depending on either mono- or dikaryotic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Freihorst
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Brunsch
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sophia Wirth
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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29
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The transcriptional regulator c2h2 accelerates mushroom formation in Agaricus bisporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7151-9. [PMID: 27207144 PMCID: PMC4947489 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Cys2His2 zinc finger protein gene c2h2 of Schizophyllum commune is involved in mushroom formation. Its inactivation results in a strain that is arrested at the stage of aggregate formation. In this study, the c2h2 orthologue of Agaricus bisporus was over-expressed in this white button mushroom forming basidiomycete using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Morphology, cap expansion rate, and total number and biomass of mushrooms were not affected by over-expression of c2h2. However, yield per day of the c2h2 over-expression strains peaked 1 day earlier. These data and expression analysis indicate that C2H2 impacts timing of mushroom formation at an early stage of development, making its encoding gene a target for breeding of commercial mushroom strains.
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30
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Fleming-Archibald C, Ruggiero A, Grogan HM. Brown mushroom symptom expression following infection of an Agaricus bisporus crop with MVX associated dsRNAs. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1237-1245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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A reliable in vitro fruiting system for Armillaria mellea for evaluation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation vectors. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:859-869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Viral Agents Causing Brown Cap Mushroom Disease of Agaricus bisporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7125-34. [PMID: 26253676 PMCID: PMC4579443 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01093-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of viral infections of fungi range from cryptic to severe, but there is little knowledge of the factors involved in this transition of fungal/viral interactions. Brown cap mushroom disease of the cultivated Agaricus bisporus is economically important and represents a model system to describe this transition. Differentially expressed transcript fragments between mushrooms showing the symptoms of brown cap mushroom disease and control white noninfected mushrooms have been identified and sequenced. Ten of these RNA fragments have been found to be upregulated over 1,000-fold between diseased and nondiseased tissue but are absent from the Agaricus bisporus genome sequence and hybridize to double-stranded RNAs extracted from diseased tissue. We hypothesize that these transcript fragments are viral and represent components of the disease-causing agent, a bipartite virus with similarities to the family Partitiviridae. The virus fragments were found at two distinct levels within infected mushrooms, at raised levels in infected, nonsymptomatic, white mushrooms and at much greater levels (3,500 to 87,000 times greater) in infected mushrooms exhibiting brown coloration. In addition, differential screening revealed 9 upregulated and 32 downregulated host Agaricus bisporus transcripts. Chromametric analysis was able to distinguish color differences between noninfected white mushrooms and white infected mushrooms at an early stage of mushroom growth. This method may be the basis for an "on-farm" disease detection assay.
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33
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Kües U, Navarro-González M. How do Agaricomycetes shape their fruiting bodies? 1. Morphological aspects of development. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Zhang J, Ren A, Chen H, Zhao M, Shi L, Chen M, Wang H, Feng Z. Transcriptome analysis and its application in identifying genes associated with fruiting body development in basidiomycete Hypsizygus marmoreus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123025. [PMID: 25837428 PMCID: PMC4383556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of fruit body development in H. marmoreus, a total of 43609521 high-quality RNA-seq reads were obtained from four developmental stages, including the mycelial knot (H-M), mycelial pigmentation (H-V), primordium (H-P) and fruiting body (H-F) stages. These reads were assembled to obtain 40568 unigenes with an average length of 1074 bp. A total of 26800 (66.06%) unigenes were annotated and analyzed with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Eukaryotic Orthologous Group (KOG) databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the four transcriptomes were analyzed. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the mycelium pigmentation stage was associated with the MAPK, cAMP, and blue light signal transduction pathways. In addition, expression of the two-component system members changed with the transition from H-M to H-V, suggesting that light affected the expression of genes related to fruit body initiation in H. marmoreus. During the transition from H-V to H-P, stress signals associated with MAPK, cAMP and ROS signals might be the most important inducers. Our data suggested that nitrogen starvation might be one of the most important factors in promoting fruit body maturation, and nitrogen metabolism and mTOR signaling pathway were associated with this process. In addition, 30 genes of interest were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR to verify their expression profiles at the four developmental stages. This study advances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of fruiting body development in H. marmoreus by identifying a wealth of new genes that may play important roles in mushroom morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Ren
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Feng
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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35
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Deciphering the ability of Agaricus bisporus var. burnettii to produce mushrooms at high temperature (25°C). Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 73:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Patyshakuliyeva A, Jurak E, Kohler A, Baker A, Battaglia E, de Bruijn W, Burton KS, Challen MP, Coutinho PM, Eastwood DC, Gruben BS, Mäkelä MR, Martin F, Nadal M, van den Brink J, Wiebenga A, Zhou M, Henrissat B, Kabel M, Gruppen H, de Vries RP. Carbohydrate utilization and metabolism is highly differentiated in Agaricus bisporus. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:663. [PMID: 24074284 PMCID: PMC3852267 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agaricus bisporus is commercially grown on compost, in which the available carbon sources consist mainly of plant-derived polysaccharides that are built out of various different constituent monosaccharides. The major constituent monosaccharides of these polysaccharides are glucose, xylose, and arabinose, while smaller amounts of galactose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose and mannose are also present. RESULTS In this study, genes encoding putative enzymes from carbon metabolism were identified and their expression was studied in different growth stages of A. bisporus. We correlated the expression of genes encoding plant and fungal polysaccharide modifying enzymes identified in the A. bisporus genome to the soluble carbohydrates and the composition of mycelium grown compost, casing layer and fruiting bodies. CONCLUSIONS The compost grown vegetative mycelium of A. bisporus consumes a wide variety of monosaccharides. However, in fruiting bodies only hexose catabolism occurs, and no accumulation of other sugars was observed. This suggests that only hexoses or their conversion products are transported from the vegetative mycelium to the fruiting body, while the other sugars likely provide energy for growth and maintenance of the vegetative mycelium. Clear correlations were found between expression of the genes and composition of carbohydrates. Genes encoding plant cell wall polysaccharide degrading enzymes were mainly expressed in compost-grown mycelium, and largely absent in fruiting bodies. In contrast, genes encoding fungal cell wall polysaccharide modifying enzymes were expressed in both fruiting bodies and vegetative mycelium, but different gene sets were expressed in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edita Jurak
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA/UHP, Interactions Arbres/ Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Adam Baker
- University of Warwick, Warwick, CV35 9EF, Wellesbourne, UK
| | - Evy Battaglia
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Bruijn
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerry S Burton
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Michael P Challen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pedro M Coutinho
- UMR 6098 CNRS–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II, Marseille Cedex 9 13288, France
| | - Daniel C Eastwood
- College of Science, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Birgit S Gruben
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA/UHP, Interactions Arbres/ Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Marina Nadal
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Brink
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- UMR 6098 CNRS–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II, Marseille Cedex 9 13288, France
| | - Mirjam Kabel
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Straatsma G, Sonnenberg ASM, van Griensven LJLD. Development and growth of fruit bodies and crops of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:697-707. [PMID: 24119408 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the appearance of fruit body primordia, the growth of individual fruit bodies and the development of the consecutive flushes of the crop. Relative growth, measured as cap expansion, was not constant. It started extremely rapidly, and slowed down to an exponential rate with diameter doubling of 1.7 d until fruit bodies showed maturation by veil breaking. Initially many outgrowing primordia were arrested, indicating nutritional competition. After reaching 10 mm diameter, no growth arrest occurred; all growing individuals, whether relatively large or small, showed an exponential increase of both cap diameter and biomass, until veil breaking. Biomass doubled in 0.8 d. Exponential growth indicates the absence of competition. Apparently there exist differential nutritional requirements for early growth and for later, continuing growth. Flushing was studied applying different picking sizes. An ordinary flushing pattern occurred at an immature picking size of 8 mm diameter (picking mushrooms once a day with a diameter above 8 mm). The smallest picking size yielded the highest number of mushrooms picked, confirming the competition and arrested growth of outgrowing primordia: competition seems less if outgrowing primordia are removed early. The flush duration (i.e. between the first and last picking moments) was not affected by picking size. At small picking size, the subsequent flushes were not fully separated in time but overlapped. Within 2 d after picking the first individuals of the first flush, primordia for the second flush started outgrowth. Our work supports the view that the acquisition of nutrients by the mycelium is demand rather than supply driven. For formation and early outgrowth of primordia, indications were found for an alternation of local and global control, at least in the casing layer. All these data combined, we postulate that flushing is the consequence of the depletion of some unknown specific nutrition required by outgrowing primordia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Straatsma
- Mushroom Experimental Station, Applied Plant Research, Horst, The Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P. O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kerrigan RW, Challen MP, Burton KS. Agaricus bisporus genome sequence: a commentary. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 55:2-5. [PMID: 23558250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of two isolates of Agaricus bisporus have been sequenced recently. This soil-inhabiting fungus has a wide geographical distribution in nature and it is also cultivated in an industrialized indoor process ($4.7bn annual worldwide value) to produce edible mushrooms. Previously this lignocellulosic fungus has resisted precise econutritional classification, i.e. into white- or brown-rot decomposers. The generation of the genome sequence and transcriptomic analyses has revealed a new classification, 'humicolous', for species adapted to grow in humic-rich, partially decomposed leaf material. The Agaricus biporus genomes contain a collection of polysaccharide and lignin-degrading genes and more interestingly an expanded number of genes (relative to other lignocellulosic fungi) that enhance degradation of lignin derivatives, i.e. heme-thiolate peroxidases and β-etherases. A motif that is hypothesized to be a promoter element in the humicolous adaptation suite is present in a large number of genes specifically up-regulated when the mycelium is grown on humic-rich substrate. The genome sequence of A. bisporus offers a platform to explore fungal biology in carbon-rich soil environments and terrestrial cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
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