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Alsharairi NA. Quercetin Derivatives as Potential Therapeutic Agents: An Updated Perspective on the Treatment of Nicotine-Induced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15208. [PMID: 37894889 PMCID: PMC10607898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, represented by many compounds that exhibit high anticancer properties. Quercetin (Q) and its main derivatives (rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, rhamnetin, and hyperoside) in the class of flavonols have been documented to exert anticancer activity. Q has been shown to be useful in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as demonstrated by in vitro/in vivo studies, due to its antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and apoptotic properties. Some flavonoids (flavone, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins) have been demonstrated to be effective in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms of quercetin derivatives (QDs) in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment remain unclear. Thus, this review aims to summarize the available literature on the therapeutic effects of QDs in nicotine-induced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Alsharairi
- Heart, Mind and Body Research Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Luo S, Chen Y, Zhao R, Ma D, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Yu W. Application of omics technology to investigate the mechanism underlying the role of San Hua Tang in regulating microglia polarization and blood-brain barrier protection following ischemic stroke. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116640. [PMID: 37196812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE San Hua Tang (SHT) was first mentioned in the book "The Collection of Plain Questions about Pathogenesis, Qi, and Life." SHT has the effect of dispelling wind and dredging collaterals, dredging viscera, and guiding stagnation, and is used in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). SHT is composed of Rheum palmatum L., Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson, Citrus assamensis S.Dutta & S.C.Bhattacharya, and Notopterygium tenuifolium M.L.Sheh & F.T.Pu, which is the traditional prescription of the Tongxia method for the treatment of stroke. Tongxia is one of the "eight methods" used in traditional Chinese medicine, which plays a role in treating diseases by promoting gastrointestinal peristalsis and defecation. Studies have demonstrated a close relationship between gut microbiota metabolism and cerebral stroke; however, the role of SHT in IS treatment through gut microbiota or intestinal metabolites is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the connotation of the Xuanfu theory and clarify the mechanism underlying SHT-mediated opening Xuanfu methods. Through metabolomics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and molecular biology techniques, research on the changes in the gut microbiota and blood-brain barrier (BBB) will highlight greater strategies for the treatment of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used pseudo-germ-free (PGF) rats combined with an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model for the follow-up experimental research. PGF rats were prepared by the intragastric administration of an antibiotic cocktail for 6 days, following which SHT was administered for 5 consecutive days. The I/R model was performed 1 day following the concluding administration of SHT. We detected the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarct volume, serum inflammatory factor levels (interleukin IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), tight junction-related proteins (Zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5), and small glue plasma cell-associated proteins (Cluster of Differentiation 16/Cluster of Differentiation 206, Matrix metalloproteinase, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, and C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1) 24 h following I/R. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics analysis, we explored the relationship between fecal microecology and serum metabolites. Eventually, we analyzed the correlation between the gut microbiota and plasma metabolic profile as well as the mechanism underlying the SHT-mediated regulation of gut microbiota to protect the BBB following stroke. RESULTS In IS treatment, SHT is principally involved in reducing neurological injury and the volume of cerebral infarction; protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier; increasing the levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid; promoting the transformation of microglia to the M2 state; reducing inflammatory reactions; and enhancing tight junctions. These therapeutic effects were not observed in the group treated with antibiotics alone or that treated with SHT in combination with antibiotics, thereby indicating SHT plays a therapeutic role through the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION SHT regulates the gut microbiota, inhibits pro-inflammatory factors in rats with IS, alleviates an inflammatory injury of the BBB, and plays a protective role in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China; Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Yuanchun Chen
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Ruoxi Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Donglai Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 050200, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Yanmeng Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China; The Basic Medicine College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 050200, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Jianming Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 050200, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Wentao Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China; College of Acupuncture and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China; Hebei International Joint Research Centre for Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050020, China.
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3
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Liu J, Li JX, Wu R. Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Novel Target to Tackle Drug Addiction? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:275-290. [PMID: 35434747 PMCID: PMC9829382 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors despite the major negative consequences. Current well-established neuronal underpinnings of drug addiction have promoted the substantial progress in understanding this disorder. However, non-neuronal mechanisms of drug addiction have long been underestimated. Fortunately, increased evidence indicates that neuroimmune system, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, plays an important role in the different stages of drug addiction. Drugs like opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol activate TLR4 signaling and enhance the proinflammatory response, which is associated with drug reward-related behaviors. While extensive studies have shown that inhibition of TLR4 attenuated drug-related responses, there are conflicting findings implicating that TLR4 signaling may not be essential to drug addiction. In this chapter, preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to further evaluate whether TLR4-based neuroimmune pharmacotherapy can be used to treat drug addiction. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of TLR4 inhibition in modulating drug-related behaviors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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Megha KB, Joseph X, Akhil V, Mohanan PV. Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153712. [PMID: 34511264 PMCID: PMC8373857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses arise as an outcome of tissues or organs exposure towards harmful stimuli like injury, toxic chemicals or pathogenic microorganism. It is a complex cascade of immune mechanism to overcome from tissue injury and to initiate the healing process by recruiting various immune cells, chemical mediators such as the vasoactive peptides and amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids and acute-phase proteins to prevent tissue damage and ultimately complete restoration of the tissue function. The cytokines exhibits a central function in communication between the cells, inflammatory response initiation, amplification and their regulation. This review covers the importance of inflammatory responses; the significance of cytokines in inflammation and numerous inflammatory disorders/ailments due to the abrupt expression of cytokines and the hyper-inflammatory response or cytokine storm associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 pandemic. Also highlighting the importance of naturally derived anti-inflammatory metabolites to overcome the side-effects of currently prevailing anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Megha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - X Joseph
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - V Akhil
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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5
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Li H, Peng Y, Lin C, Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu S, Wang H, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Wang X. Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine target MD2 and inhibit TLR4 signaling. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100111. [PMID: 34557761 PMCID: PMC8454564 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the principal alkaloid of tobacco often manufactured into cigarettes and belongs to a highly addictive class of drugs. Nicotine attenuates the neuroinflammation induced by microglial activation. However, the molecular target(s) underlying anti-inflammatory action of nicotine has not been fully understood. Considering the psychoactive substances morphine, cocaine, and methamphetamine act as xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns and can be specifically sensed by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), here we sought to delineate whether nicotine and/or its metabolite cotinine may be recognized by the innate immune system via myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), an accessory protein of TLR4 that is responsible for ligand recognition. MD2-intrinsic fluorescence titrations, surface plasmon resonance, and competitive displacement binding assays with curcumin (MD2 probe) demonstrated that both nicotine and cotinine targeted the lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 agonist) binding pocket of MD2 with similar affinities. The cellular thermal shift assay indicated that nicotine binding increased, while cotinine binding decreased, MD2 stability. These biophysical binding results were further supported by in silico simulations. In keeping with targeting MD2, both nicotine and cotinine inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and blocked microglial activation. Neither a pan nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) inhibitor nor RNAi for nAChRs abolished the suppressive effect of nicotine- and cotinine-induced neuroinflammation. These data indicate that TLR4 inhibition by nicotine and cotinine at the concentrations tested in BV-2 cells is independent of classic neuronal nAChRs and validate that MD2 is a direct target of nicotine and cotinine in the inhibition of innate immunity. Nicotine and cotinine bind to MD2 in microglia cell Nicotine and cotinine inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors The activity of nicotine and cotinine in microglia is independent of nAChRs
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yinghua Peng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Khan MA, Fugate M, Rogers DT, Sambi J, Littleton JM, Rankin SE, Knutson BL. Mechanism of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Interaction with Hairy Root Cultures during Nanoharvesting of Biomolecules. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000173. [PMID: 33729698 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake and expulsion mechanisms of engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are important in their design for novel biomolecule isolation and delivery applications such as nanoharvesting, defined as using nanocarriers to transport and isolate valuable therapeutics (secondary metabolites) out of living plant organ cultures (e.g., hairy roots). Here, temperature-dependent MSNP uptake and recovery processes in hairy roots are examined as a function of surface chemistry. MSNP uptake into hairy roots and time-dependent expulsion are quantified using Ti content (present for biomolecule binding) and fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescently tagged MSNPs, respectively. The results suggest that functionalization and surface charge (regulated by amine group attachment) play the biggest role in the effectiveness of uptake and recovery. Comparison of MSNP interactions with hairy roots at 4 and 23 °C shows that weakly charged MSNPs functionalized only with Ti are taken up and expelled by thermally activated mechanisms, while amine-modified positively charged particles are taken up and expelled mainly by direct penetration of cell walls. Amine-functionalized MSNPs move spontaneously in and out of plant cells by dynamic exchange with a residence time of 20 ± 5 min, suggesting promise as a biomolecule nanoharvesting platform for plant organ cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arif Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Madeleine Fugate
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen E Rankin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Barbara L Knutson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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7
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Xu ZQ, Zhang WJ, Su DF, Zhang GQ, Miao CY. Cellular responses and functions of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the brain: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:509. [PMID: 33850906 PMCID: PMC8039675 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been studied for many years since its discovery. Although many functions and characteristics of brain α7nAChR are widely understood, much remains to be elucidated. The α7nAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system, not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. α7nAChR can be activated by endogenous agonist like acetylcholine or exogenous agonists like nicotine and PNU282987. Its agonists can be divided into selective agonists and non-selective agonists. The activation of α7nAChR results in a series of physiological processes which have both short-term and long-term effects on cells, for example, calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and excitatory transmission. It also induces other downstream events, such as inflammation, autophagy, necrosis, transcription, and apoptosis. The cellular responses to α7nAChR activation vary according to cell types and conditions. For example, α7nAChR activation in pyramidal neurons leads to long-term potentiation, while α7nAChR activation in GABAergic interneurons leads to long-term depression. Studies have also shown some contradictory phenomena, which requires further study for clarification. Herein, the cellular responses of α7nAChR activation are summarized, and the functions of α7nAChR in neurons and non-neuronal cells are discussed. We also summarized contradictory conclusions to show where we stand and where to go for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Olajide OA, Sarker SD. Anti-inflammatory natural products. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020:153-177. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Khan MA, Wallace WT, Sambi J, Rogers DT, Littleton JM, Rankin SE, Knutson BL. Nanoharvesting of bioactive materials from living plant cultures using engineered silica nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110190. [PMID: 31753369 PMCID: PMC6935263 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites are valuable therapeutics not readily synthesized by traditional chemistry techniques. Although their enrichment in plant cell cultures is possible following advances in biotechnology, conventional methods of recovery are destructive to the tissues. Nanoharvesting, in which nanoparticles are designed to bind and carry biomolecules out of living cells, offers continuous production of metabolites from plant cultures. Here, nanoharvesting of polyphenolic flavonoids, model plant-derived therapeutics, enriched in Solidago nemoralis hairy root cultures, is performed using engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs, 165 nm diameter and 950 m2/g surface area) functionalized with both titanium dioxide (TiO2, 425 mg/g particles) for coordination binding sites, and amines (NH2, 145 mg/g particles) to promote cellular internalization. Intracellular uptake and localization of the nanoparticles (in Murashige and Skoog media) in hairy roots were confirmed by tagging the particles with rhodamine B isothiocyanate, incubating the particles with hairy roots, and quenching bulk fluorescence using trypan blue. Nanoharvesting of biologically active flavonoids was demonstrated by observing increased antiradical activity (using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay) by nanoparticles after exposure to hairy roots (indicating general antioxidant activity), and by the displacement of the radio-ligand [3H]-methyllycaconitine from rat hippocampal nicotinic receptors by solutes recovered from nanoharvested particles (indicating pharmacological activity specific to S. nemoralis flavonoids). Post-nanoharvesting growth suggests that the roots are viable after nanoharvesting, and capable of continued flavonoid synthesis. These observations demonstrate the potential for using engineered nanostructured particles to facilitate continuous isolation of a broad range of biomolecules from living and functioning plant cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arif Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - William T Wallace
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen E Rankin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Barbara L Knutson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Ma Z, Zhang Z, Bai F, Jiang T, Yan C, Wang Q. Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Phenotypic Conversion of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:537. [PMID: 31866829 PMCID: PMC6908971 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). We attempted to investigate whether the phenotypic conversion of microglia was involved in the therapeutic effect of EA pretreatment in cerebral ischemia through α7nAChR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after EA or α7nAChR agonist N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide hydrochloride (PHA-543,613 hydrochloride) and antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT) pretreatment. Primary microglia were subjected to drug pretreatment and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expressions of the classical activated phenotype (M1) microglia markers induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86); the alternative activated phenotype (M2) microglia markers arginase-1 (Arg-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206); and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the ischemic penumbra or in the supernatant of primary microglia were analyzed. The infarction volume and neurological scores were assessed 72 h after reperfusion. The cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of neurons co-cultured with microglia were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and LDH release assays. EA pretreatment decreased the expressions of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-1β, and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), whereas it increased the expressions of M2 markers (Arg-1, TGF-β1, and CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) by activating α7nAChR. EA pretreatment also significantly reduced the infarction volume and improved the neurological deficit. The activation of α7nAChR in microglia relieved the inflammatory response of primary microglia subjected to OGD and attenuated the injury of neurons co-cultured with microglia. In conclusion, EA pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7nAChR-mediated phenotypic conversion of microglia, which may be a new mechanism for the EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuhai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoying Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Relat J, Come J, Perez B, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Badia A, Gimenez-Llort L, Clos MV. Neuroprotective Effects of the Multitarget Agent AVCRI104P3 in Brain of Middle-Aged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092615. [PMID: 30181440 PMCID: PMC6165152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular factors involved in neuroprotection are key in the design of novel multitarget drugs in aging and neurodegeneration. AVCRI104P3 is a huprine derivative that exhibits potent inhibitory effects on human AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 activities, as well as on AChE-induced and self-induced Aβ aggregation. More recently, cognitive protection and anxiolytic-like effects have also been reported in mice treated with this compound. Now, we have assessed the ability of AVCRI104P3 (0.43 mg/kg, 21 days) to modulate the levels of some proteins involved in the anti-apoptotic/apoptotic processes (pAkt1, Bcl2, pGSK3β, p25/p35), inflammation (GFAP and Iba1) and neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. The effects of AVCRI104P3 on AChE-R/AChE-S isoforms have been also determined. We have observed that chronic treatment of C57BL/6 male mice with AVCRI104P3 results in neuroprotective effects, increasing significantly the levels of pAkt1 and pGSK3β in the hippocampus and Bcl2 in both hippocampus and cortex, but slightly decreasing synaptophysin levels. Astrogliosis and neurogenic markers GFAP and DCX remained unchanged after AVCRI104P3 treatment, whereas microgliosis was found to be significantly decreased pointing out the involvement of this compound in inflammatory processes. These results suggest that the neuroprotective mechanisms that are behind the cognitive and anxiolytic effects of AVCRI104P3 could be partly related to the potentiation of some anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory proteins and support the potential of AVCRI104P3 for the treatment of brain dysfunction associated with aging and/or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Relat
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julio Come
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Belen Perez
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Badia
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lydia Gimenez-Llort
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Spagnuolo C, Moccia S, Russo GL. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 153:105-115. [PMID: 28923363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms involved in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others. The activation of microglia is the main feature of neuroinflammation, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting in the progressive neuronal cell death. Natural compounds, such as flavonoids, possess neuroprotective potential probably related to their ability to modulate the inflammatory responses involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, pure flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, genistein, hesperetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate) or enriched-extracts, can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2), down-regulate inflammatory markers and prevent neural damage. This anti-inflammatory activity is primarily related to the regulation of microglial cells, mediated by their effects on MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathways, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro data. The present work reviews the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic effects of flavonoids as a promising approach to develop innovative neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Moccia
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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13
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Zhou J, Fang L, Liao J, Li L, Yao W, Xiong Z, Zhou X. Investigation of the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 cells in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172838. [PMID: 28264020 PMCID: PMC5338765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid compound, can inhibit the growth of several malignant cancers. However, the mechanism still remains unclear. Our previous findings have suggested that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in vitro. It can also affect cell cycle distribution and significantly decrease cyclin D1 expression. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice and its effect on cyclin D1 expression in the tumor tissue. First, the nude murine tumor model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 cells, then quercetin was administered intraperitoneally, and the mice injected with saline solution were used as controls. The daily behavior of the tumor-bearing mice was observed and differences in tumor growth and survival rate were monitored. The expression of cyclin D1 in isolated tumor sections was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that HepG2 tumor became palpable in the mice one-week post-inoculation. Tumors in the control group grew rapidly and the daily behavior of the mice changed significantly, including listlessness, poor feeding and ataxia. The mice in quercetin-treated group showed delayed tumor growth, no significant changes in daily behavior, and the survival rate was significantly improved. Finally, we observed increased tumor necrosis and a lighter cyclin D1 staining with reduced staining areas. Our findings thus suggest that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation, and this effect may be achieved through the regulation of cyclin D1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxu Liao
- Department of Radiology, the Sixth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Yao
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhujuan Xiong
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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14
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, Mahmoudi J, Golzari SEJ, Talebi M. Astrocytic and microglial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overlooked issue in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1359-1367. [PMID: 27262818 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that astrocytes and microglia-associated dysfunction contribute to AD pathology. In addition, glial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a role in AD-related phenomena, such as neuron survival, synaptic plasticity, and memory. From mechanistic point of view, the glial regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as common contributors in AD, is modulated by nAChRs. Astrocytic and microglial nAChRs contribute to Aβ metabolism, including Aβ phagocytosis and degradation as well as Aβ-related oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. These receptors are also involved in neurotransmission and gliotransmission through indirect interaction with N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and intracellular calcium regulation. In addition, glial nAChRs participate in trophic factors-induced neuroprotection. This review gathers the most recent advances along with the previous data on astrocytic and microglial nAChRs role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad E J Golzari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Brown DP, Rogers DT, Pomerleau F, Siripurapu KB, Kulshrestha M, Gerhardt GA, Littleton JM. Novel multifunctional pharmacology of lobinaline, the major alkaloid from Lobelia cardinalis. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:109-23. [PMID: 27105955 PMCID: PMC5299595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In screening a library of plant extracts from ~1000 species native to the Southeastern United States, Lobelia cardinalis was identified as containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nicAchR) binding activity which was relatively non-selective for the α4β2- and α7-nicAchR subtypes. This nicAchR binding profile is atypical for plant-derived nicAchR ligands, the majority of which are highly selective for α4β2-nicAchRs. Its potential therapeutic relevance is noteworthy since agonism of α4β2- and α7-nicAchRs is associated with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Bioassay-guided fractionation of L. cardinalis extracts led to the identification of lobinaline, a complex binitrogenous alkaloid, as the main source of the unique nicAchR binding profile. Purified lobinaline was a potent free radical scavenger, displayed similar binding affinity at α4β2- and α7-nicAchRs, exhibited agonist activity at nicAchRs in SH-SY5Y cells, and inhibited [(3)H]-dopamine (DA) uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Lobinaline significantly increased fractional [(3)H] release from superfused rat striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]-DA, an effect that was inhibited by the non-selective nicAchR antagonist mecamylamine. In vivo electrochemical studies in urethane-anesthetized rats demonstrated that lobinaline locally applied in the striatum significantly prolonged clearance of exogenous DA by the dopamine transporter (DAT). In contrast, lobeline, the most thoroughly investigated Lobelia alkaloid, is an α4β2-nicAchR antagonist, a poor free radical scavenger, and is a less potent DAT inhibitor. These previously unreported multifunctional effects of lobinaline make it of interest as a lead to develop therapeutics for neuropathological disorders that involve free radical generation, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. These include neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Brown
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - Dennis T Rogers
- Naprogenix™, UK-AsTeCC, 145 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506-0286, USA.
| | - Francois Pomerleau
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center for Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - Kirin B Siripurapu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - Manish Kulshrestha
- College of Agriculture, Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center for Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA; College of Medicine, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 138 Leader Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-9983, USA
| | - John M Littleton
- Naprogenix™, UK-AsTeCC, 145 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506-0286, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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16
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Damar U, Gersner R, Johnstone JT, Schachter S, Rotenberg A. Huperzine A as a neuroprotective and antiepileptic drug: a review of preclinical research. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:671-80. [PMID: 27086593 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1175303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor extracted from Huperzia Serrata, a firmoss, which has been used for various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for fever and inflammation. More recently, it has been used in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia with a presumed mechanism of action via central nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. HupA is marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. This article reviews newly proposed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant HupA properties based on animal studies. HupA exerts its effects mainly via α7nAChRs and α4β2nAChRs, thereby producing a potent anti-inflammatory response by decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α protein expression, and suppressing transcriptional activation of NF-κB signaling. Thus, it provides protection from excitotoxicity and neuronal death as well as increase in GABAergic transmission associated with anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Damar
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - R Gersner
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - J T Johnstone
- b Research and Development - Neurology , Biscayne Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Miami , FL , USA
| | - S Schachter
- c Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - A Rotenberg
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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High-throughput transcriptome sequencing analysis provides preliminary insights into the biotransformation mechanism of Rhodopseudomonas palustris treated with alpha-rhamnetin-3-rhamnoside. Microbiol Res 2016; 185:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lutz JA, Carter M, Fields L, Barron S, Littleton JM. The Dietary Flavonoid Rhamnetin Inhibits Both Inflammation and Excitotoxicity During Ethanol Withdrawal in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2345-53. [PMID: 26577991 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) causes neurotoxicity via several mechanisms including neuroinflammation (during EtOH exposure), and excitotoxicity (during EtOH withdrawal [EWD]). Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) selective agonists have the potential to reduce both. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of rhamnetin, a dietary flavonoid with alpha7 nAChR selective activity, in an in vitro model of EtOH-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of rhamnetin were assessed in neonatal organotypic hippocampal slice cultures undergoing EWD (or not) and challenged with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neurotoxicity was determined using propidium iodide uptake, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (NO; quantified by ELISA) and nitric oxide (quantified by the Griess reaction) into culture media. RESULTS As predicted, rhamnetin reduced LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha and NO both under control conditions and during EWD. Additionally, rhamnetin had no effect on NMDA-induced neurotoxicity under control conditions, but significantly reduced NMDA toxicity during EWD. In contrast, rhamnetin had no effect on neurotoxicity induced by NMDA and LPS combined despite reducing TNF-alpha and NO levels under these conditions. CONCLUSIONS Rhamnetin is anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective during EWD and therefore has potential value in treating neurotoxicity caused by EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Megan Carter
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Logan Fields
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Susan Barron
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John M Littleton
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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CX3CR1 Mediates Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Hyperalgesia via Microglial P38 MAPK Signaling. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2252-61. [PMID: 26386845 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that nicotine withdrawal (NT) significantly increased pain sensitivity in rats. Recent reports suggest that fractalkine is involved in the spinal cord neuron-to-microglia activation via CX3CR1 signaling. However, its contribution to NT-induced hyperalgesia and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, a rat model of NT was used to test the changes in CX3CR1 expression in the spinal cord. We also evaluated the effect of the CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody on spinal microglial activity, the expression of phosphorylated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38-MAPK) and heat-induced pain responses. We established a NT model via subcutaneous injection of pure nicotine (3 mg/kg), three times daily for 7 days. The expression of CX3CR1 was studied by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Following NT, the rats received daily intrathecal injections of CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody for 3 days. The change in paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was observed. The activation of microglia and the expression of p-p38-MAPK were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The expression of CX3CR1 was significantly increased after NT and co-localized with IBA-1. NT rats treated with CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody showed significantly increased PWL on day 4 after NT. Furthermore, the activation of microglia and the expression of p-p38-MAPK in the spinal cord were suppressed. These results indicate that microglial CX3CR1/p38MAPK pathway is critical for the development of pain hypersensitivity after NT.
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Rhamnetin attenuates cognitive deficit and inhibits hippocampal inflammatory response and oxidative stress in rats with traumatic brain injury. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:35-41. [PMID: 26155182 PMCID: PMC4472538 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.50831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system in the central nervous system and oxidative stress play important roles in traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced cognitive impairment. Rhamnetin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. This study aimed to detect the possible effects of rhamnetin on cognitive deficit, hippocampal inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress in rats with TBI. In this study, we established the traumatic brain injury model in rats. Rats respectively received vehicle saline or rhamnetin for 21 days. Cognitive functions were evaluated by assessing the acquisition of spatial learning and memory retention in Morris Water Maze test from day 15 to 19 post TBI. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), IL-10, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in hippocampal homogenate were measured using ELISA. Oxidative stress was analysed by investigating the activities of MDA, H2O2, SOD, and GSH-Px. We found that rhamnetin significantly improved cognitive impairment in rats with TBI, and inhibited the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. The results suggested that rhamnetin could enhance the recovery of cognitive deficits induced by TBI, and that its mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
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