Neuroimmune interactions and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases

Boosting Immunity Through Nutrition and Gut Health: A Narrative Review on Managing Allergies and Multimorbidity

The increasing global burden of allergic diseases and multimorbidity underscores the urgent need for innovative strategies to strengthen immune health. This review explores the complex relationships among nutrition, gut microbiota, immune regulation, allergic diseases, and multimorbidity. It highlights how targeted nutritional and microbial interventions may influence disease outcomes. Dietary components and microbial metabolites dynamically modulated immune function, highlighting the critical role of the gut-immune-metabolism axis in disease pathogenesis and management. Personalized nutrition, guided by advances in diagnostics such as component-resolved diagnostics, basophil activation tests, and epigenetic biomarkers, allows for precise dietary interventions tailored to individual allergy phenotypes and multimorbidity profiles. The Mediterranean diet, breastfeeding, and microbiota-targeted therapies have emerged as effective strategies to enhance immune resilience, reduce inflammation, and manage allergic reactions. Technological advancements, including artificial intelligence-driven dietary assessments, wearable devices, and mobile applications, have further revolutionized personalized dietary management, enabling real-time, precise nutritional monitoring and intervention. Despite these advances, challenges in implementing personalized nutrition persist, including variability in dietary patterns, cultural and socioeconomic factors, and accessibility concerns. Future research should focus on long-term interventional and longitudinal studies to validate precision nutrition strategies and enhance clinical applicability. This integrative approach, combining nutrition, microbiome science, technology, and personalized healthcare, holds substantial promises for sustainable disease prevention and enhanced immune resilience across diverse populations.

The progress of the microbe-gut-brain axis in sepsis-associated encephalopathy

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction that is caused by sepsis without direct brain injury or central nervous system infection and is manifested as anxiety-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction. The microbiota-gut-brain axis, on the other hand, is a bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain that modulates host behavior and cognitive function in many ways and is of central importance in the preservation of general health and homeostasis. Given the functional roles attributed to the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), contemporary research is progressively focused on elucidating relationships between SAE and alterations in compositional and quantitative intestinal microbiota profiles. This review consolidates interdisciplinary insights from immunology, microbiology, neuroendocrine signaling, and neural pathophysiology to evaluate the mechanistic contribution of the MGBA to the relief of cognitive impairments in SAE. By unifying these perspectives, with the aim of preventing or enhancing SAE-related neurological dysfunction for the formulation of MGBA-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Monoamine signaling and neuroinflammation: mechanistic connections and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders

Monoamines, including norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, orchestrate a broad spectrum of neurophysiological and homeostatic events. Recent research shows a pivotal role for monoaminergic signaling in modulating neuroinflammation by regulating proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines within the central nervous system. Importantly, this modulation is not unidirectional; released proinflammatory cytokines markedly "feedback" to influence the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, impacting their synthesis, release, and reuptake. This bidirectional interplay significantly links monoaminergic pathways and neuroinflammatory responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the dynamic interactions between monoamine signaling and neuroinflammation, as well as their critical implications for the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's Disease, Major Depressive Disorder, and Alzheimer's Disease. By integrating recent findings, we shed light on potential therapeutic targets within these interconnected pathways, providing insights into novel treatment strategies for these devastating disorders.

The Neuroimmune Axis in Gastrointestinal Disorders - An Underrecognized Problem

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

We present an introduction to the neuroimmune axis with a focus on the gastrointestinal system, its role in numerous chronic multisystem disorders, and emerging tools and therapies to diagnose and treat these conditions.

RECENT FINDINGS

There have recently been tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of how the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems, as well as the extracellular matrix and microbiota, interact within the gastrointestinal system to modulate health and disease.