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Benedetto N, Carlucci V, Faraone I, Lela L, Ponticelli M, Russo D, Mangieri C, Tzvetkov NT, Milella L. An Insight into Citrus medica Linn.: A Systematic Review on Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2267. [PMID: 37375892 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant species are a reservoir of natural compounds that can potentially be used to treat different diseases. Citrus medica Linn. belonging to the Rutaceae family, has been used for centuries in medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antihyperglycemic properties. These activities are ascribable not only to the presence of health-promoting macronutrients and micronutrients, such as carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins, but also to specialized metabolites, such as flavonoids (apigenin, hesperetin, hesperidin, naringin, naringenin, rutin, quercetin, and diosmin), coumarins (citropten, scoparone, and bergapten), terpenes (limonene, γ-terpinene, limonin, and nomilin), and phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid). In recent years, particular attention has been focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective activity of C. medica. However, although many studies have reported this species' chemical and biological properties, the literature has never been analyzed via a systematic approach. For this reason, using PubMed and Scopus as databases, we performed a systematic review of C. medica's chemical composition and biological properties to inspire new research approaches and increase its curative application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benedetto
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Carlucci
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Immacolata Faraone
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Innovative Startup Farmis s.r.l., Via Nicola Vaccaro 40, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ludovica Lela
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Ponticelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff Bioactiplant, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Claudia Mangieri
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Department of Biochemical Pharmacology & Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, V.le Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Eco-friendly preparation of Bi2O3, Ag-Bi2O3 and Ag-Bi2O3-rGO nanomaterials and their photocatalytic H2 evolution, dye degradation, nitrite sensing and biological applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Imran K, Lateef SS. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Metabolite Profiling of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Juice Extract Evaluated for its Antimicrobial Activity Against Streptococcus mutans. Cureus 2023; 15:e33585. [PMID: 36779149 PMCID: PMC9909753 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial nature of Citrus limon juice extract against Streptococcus mutans and to identify its metabolic profile by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Materials and methods The cariogenic bacteria S. mutans were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India, and revived on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar. The C. limon (L.) Osbeck fruits were authenticated from the University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India. The antibacterial property of lyophilized lemon juice extract (LJE) dissolved in methanol was evaluated against S. mutans (MTCC 497) by the agar well diffusion assay. GC-MS technique was employed to identify the volatile metabolite profile of the methanolic LJE sample. The metabolite masses of the respective compounds were identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results The methanolic LJE sample concentration from 5 to 25 mg/ml did not demonstrate antimicrobial activity, while 30 to 100 mg/ml displayed antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Chlorohexidine (100 µg/ml) was used as the positive control, while methanol was used as the negative control. Significant antimicrobial metabolites were detected in the methanolic LJE sample by GC-MS analysis. Maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0] hexan-3-one, and 3-methyl-2,5-Furandione were the key metabolites identified in the methanolic LJE sample. Conclusion The present study reports that C. limon is a potential candidate for the pharmaceutical industry as it possesses bioactive compounds demonstrating therapeutic properties. Further investigations are warranted to determine the individual and synergetic effects of identified metabolites in the methanolic LJE sample for its antimicrobial property. Special attention needs to be focussed on translational research for the development of anti-caries products from C. limon.
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Compositional Analysis of Four Kinds of Citrus Fruits with an NMR-Based Method for Understanding Nutritional Value and Rational Utilization: From Pericarp to Juice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082579. [PMID: 35458777 PMCID: PMC9031779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the most important economic crops and is widely distributed across the monsoon region. Citrus fruits are deeply loved by consumers because of their special color, fragrance and high nutritional value. However, their health benefits have not been fully understood, especially the pericarps of citrus fruits which have barely been utilized due to their unknown chemical composition. In the present study, the pericarp and juices of four typical varieties of citrus fruits (lemon, dekopon, sweet orange and pomelo) were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition. A total of 62 components from the citrus juices and 87 components from the citrus pericarps were identified and quantified, respectively. The different varieties of the citrus fruits could be distinguished from the others, and the chemical markers in each citrus juice and pericarp were identified by a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The nutritional analysis of citrus juices offers favorable diet recommendations for human consumption and data guidance for their potential medical use, and the nutritional analysis of citrus pericarps provides a data reference for the subsequent comprehensive utilization of citrus fruits. Our results not only provide an important reference for the potential nutritional and medical values of citrus fruits but also provide a feasible platform for the traceability analysis, adulteration identification and chemical composition analysis of other fruits.
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Rapiejko P, Talik P, Jurkiewicz D. New treatment options for acute rhinosinusitis according to EPOS 2020. Otolaryngol Pol 2021; 76:29-39. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a very common condition and mostly of viral origin. About 0.5–2% of the viral ARS are complicated by a bacterial infection. Due to viral etiology and inflammatory mechanisms of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, symptomatic treatment including phytotherapy have been used for their treatment for decades. Scientific societies and expert groups recommend the use of herbal medicines in acute viral and acute post-viral rhinosinusitis. In 2021, Polish patients gained access to a new therapeutic option for acute sinusitis in the form of a drug containing a distillate of a mixture of rectified essential oils of eucalyptus, sweet orange, myrtle and lemon common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rapiejko
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Talik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jurkiewicz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Lemon Juice Assisted Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application for Adsorption of Methylene Blue. TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies9040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is of crucial significance within the development of carbon nanomaterials. In this study, a green and eco-friendly strategy for the synthesis of rGO using lemon juice as the reducing agent for graphene oxide (GO) without using toxic and harmful chemicals was demonstrated. The reduction with lemon juice effectively eliminated the oxygen-containing functionalities of GO and regenerated the conjugated systems as confirmed by the UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses. Microscopic evaluation showed the successful manufacturing of exfoliated and separated few layers of nano-sheets of rGO. The application of the resultant rGO as an adsorbent for organic pollutants was investigated using methylene blue (MB) as a model. The adsorption kinetics of MB on rGO is best matched with the pseudo-second-ordered kinetic model and the Langmuir model with a high adsorption capacity of 132.2 mg/g. The rGO exhibited good reusability with a removal efficiency of 80.4% in the fourth cycle. This green method provides a new prospect for the large-scale production of rGO in a cost-effective and safe manner.
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NMR-based quantitative component analysis and geographical origin identification of China's sweet orange. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Augustijn D, de Groot HJM, Alia A. HR-MAS NMR Applications in Plant Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040931. [PMID: 33578691 PMCID: PMC7916392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is used to reduce the complexity of plants and to understand the underlying pathways of the plant phenotype. The metabolic profile of plants can be obtained by mass spectrometry or liquid-state NMR. The extraction of metabolites from the sample is necessary for both techniques to obtain the metabolic profile. This extraction step can be eliminated by making use of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. In this review, an HR-MAS NMR-based workflow is described in more detail, including used pulse sequences in metabolomics. The pre-processing steps of one-dimensional HR-MAS NMR spectra are presented, including spectral alignment, baseline correction, bucketing, normalisation and scaling procedures. We also highlight some of the models which can be used to perform multivariate analysis on the HR-MAS NMR spectra. Finally, applications of HR-MAS NMR in plant metabolomics are described and show that HR-MAS NMR is a powerful tool for plant metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje Augustijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - A. Alia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–17, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
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Muccilli V, Vitale A, Sheng L, Gentile A, Cardullo N, Tringali C, Oliveri C, La Rosa R, Di Guardo M, La Malfa S, Deng Z, Distefano G. Substantial Equivalence of a Transgenic Lemon Fruit Showing Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3806-3816. [PMID: 32096635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically modified (GM) crops speeds up the obtainment of novel varieties with improved agronomic characteristics. However, the risk evaluation of the use of GMs is mandatory before their release in the market. In this paper, an untargeted and comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study was carried out on the peel and flesh of a transgenic lemon clone (E23) expressing the chit42 gene and exhibiting an increased tolerance to some pathogenic fungi and on its wild type. Results highlighted a substantial equivalence of the metabolomics profile of the transgenic clone compared to the wild type. In addition, an enhanced response of the E23 clone toward fungal pathogens affecting the postharvest management in lemon was evidenced. These results confirm the potential of genetic engineering for the punctual modification of specific agronomic traits without altering the whole pattern of metabolites and open new perspectives for a more sustainable and effective management of specific postharvest diseases in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ling Sheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Oliveri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa La Rosa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Di Guardo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ziniu Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H. Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon-A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010119. [PMID: 31963590 PMCID: PMC7020168 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.
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Villa-Ruano N, Pérez-Hernández N, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Quiroz-Acosta T, Mendieta-Moctezuma A, Montoya-García C, García-Nava ML, Becerra-Martínez E. 1 H-NMR Based Metabolomics Profiling of Citrus Juices Produced in Veracruz, México. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800479. [PMID: 30807682 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics profiling of juices from citrus fruits harvested in the state of Veracruz, México. The hydrophilic profile of commercial lemons (Agrio and Persian), tangerines (Fremont and Mónica), oranges (Valencia and Washington Navel), and grapefruits (Red Ruby and Rio Red) was determined. According to our results, 35 metabolites were identified in the 1 H-NMR profiling. The statistical differences obtained by PCA and OPLS-DA revealed that specific amino acids, sugars, and organic acids were differential metabolites in the species and cultivars studied. High endogenous levels of sucrose (10-190 mM), α-glucose, β-glucose (α- and β-isomers, 40-205 mm), and fructose (36-170 mm) were detected in the juices of grapefruits, oranges, and tangerines, whereas citric acid (40-530 mm) was the principal organic acid in the juices of lemons. To calculate the specific amounts of metabolites from these species and their cultivars, the results were finely analyzed using the qNMR method. According to these calculations, Valencia oranges had the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (>2 mm). The described 1 H-NMR method is highly reproducible, inexpensive, and highly robust in comparison to other analytical methods used to determine the hydrophilic profile of citrus juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemesio Villa-Ruano
- CONACyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP 72570, Puebla, México
| | - Nury Pérez-Hernández
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, I, nstituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera, No. 239, Fracc. "La Escalera", Ticomàn, Ciudad de México, 07320, México
| | - L Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Tayde Quiroz-Acosta
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, I, nstituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera, No. 239, Fracc. "La Escalera", Ticomàn, Ciudad de México, 07320, México
| | - Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, 90700, Tlaxcala, México
| | - César Montoya-García
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, 56230, Estado de México, México
| | - Marco L García-Nava
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacateco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07738, México
| | - Elvia Becerra-Martínez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacateco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07738, México
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Jensen HM, Bertram HC. The magic angle view to food: magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy in food science. Metabolomics 2019; 15:44. [PMID: 30868337 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used in food science and nutritional studies for decades and is one of the major analytical platforms in metabolomics. Many foods are solid or at least semi-solid, which denotes that the molecular motions are restricted as opposed to in pure liquids. While the majority of NMR spectroscopy is performed on liquid samples and a solid material gives rise to constraints in terms of many chemical analyses, the magic angle thrillingly enables the application of NMR spectroscopy also on semi-solid and solid materials. This paper attempts to review how magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR is used from 'farm-to-fork' in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Max Jensen
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrsvej 38, 8220, Brabrand, Denmark
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Lucas-Torres C, Wong A. Current Developments in µMAS NMR Analysis for Metabolomics. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9020029. [PMID: 30736341 PMCID: PMC6410107 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of microscopic specimens has emerged as a useful analytical application in metabolomics because of its capacity for characterizing a highly homogenous sample with a specific interest. The undeviating analysis helps to unfold the hidden activities in a bulk specimen and contributes to the understanding of the fundamental metabolisms in life. In NMR spectroscopy, micro(µ)-probe technology is well-established and -adopted to the microscopic level of biofluids. However, this is quite the contrary with specimens such as tissue, cell and organism. This is due to the substantial difficulty of developing a sufficient µ-size magic-angle spinning (MAS) probe for sub-milligram specimens with the capability of high-quality data acquisition. It was not until 2012; a µMAS probe had emerged and shown promises to µg analysis; since, a continuous advancement has been made striving for the possibility of µMAS to be an effective NMR spectroscopic analysis. Herein, the mini-review highlights the progress of µMAS development—from an impossible scenario to an attainable solution—and describes a few demonstrative metabolic profiling studies. The review will also discuss the current challenges in µMAS NMR analysis and its potential to metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Wong
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Lucas-Torres C, Huber G, Ichikawa A, Nishiyama Y, Wong A. HR-μMAS NMR-Based Metabolomics: Localized Metabolic Profiling of a Garlic Clove with μg Tissues. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13736-13743. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaspard Huber
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alan Wong
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Kojima T, Karashima M, Yamamoto K, Ikeda Y. Combination of NMR Methods To Reveal the Interfacial Structure of a Pharmaceutical Nanocrystal and Nanococrystal in the Suspended State. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3901-3908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kojima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Karashima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yamamoto
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Costa R, Salvo A, Rotondo A, Bartolomeo G, Pellizzeri V, Saija E, Arrigo S, Interdonato M, Trozzi A, Dugo G. Combination of separation and spectroscopic analytical techniques: application to compositional analysis of a minor citrus species. Nat Prod Res 2018; 32:2596-2602. [PMID: 29355043 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The composition of juice and essential oil of Citrus limetta Risso was investigated. Multidimensional and enantio-gas chromatography were used for the elucidation of the volatile profile and the assessment of enantiomeric distribution. Predominant compounds were linalyl acetate (13.06 g/100 g), β-pinene (6.79 g/100 g), myrcene (1.40 g/100 g) and sabinene (1.05 g/100 g). Through a β-cyclodextrin column eight chiral pairs were separated, equally distributed between laevorotatory and dextrorotatory enantiomers. Liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole ESI-MS and PDA detection showed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds (791.34 ± 36.83 and 32.97 ± 1.92 mg L-1, respectively) in the juice. Sugars (i.e. glucose 202.23 ± 26.81 and fructose 146.73 ± 3.17 mM, respectively), aminoacids (i.e. proline 29.40 ± 3.78 and GABA 8.90 ± 0.95 mM) and organic acids (i.e. citrate 4.68 ± 0.81 mM) were determined in juice by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Costa
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Andrea Salvo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Science4Life , Spin Off Company, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Archimede Rotondo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Vito Pellizzeri
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Emanuele Saija
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Sara Arrigo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Monica Interdonato
- d Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra MIFT , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Alessandra Trozzi
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm) , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Science4Life , Spin Off Company, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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17
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Ramakrishnan V, Luthria DL. Recent applications of NMR in food and dietary studies. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:33-42. [PMID: 27435122 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a wide variety of new foods have been introduced into the global marketplace, many with health benefits that exceed those of traditional foods. Simultaneously, a wide range of analytical technologies has evolved that allow greater capability for the determination of food composition. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), traditionally a research tool used for structural elucidation, is now being used frequently for metabolomics and chemical fingerprinting. Its stability and inherent ease of quantification have been exploited extensively to identify and quantify bioactive components in foods and dietary supplements. In addition, NMR fingerprints have been used to differentiate cultivars, evaluate sensory properties of food and investigate the influence of growing conditions on food crops. Here we review the latest applications of NMR in food analysis. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Ramakrishnan
- Food Composition Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Devanand L Luthria
- Food Composition Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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18
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Corsaro C, Cicero N, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Naccari C, Salvo A, Giofrè SV, Dugo G. HR-MAS and NMR towards Foodomics. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Righi V, Parenti F, Schenetti L, Mucci A. Mycosporine-like Amino Acids and Other Phytochemicals Directly Detected by High-Resolution NMR on Klamath (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) Blue-Green Algae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6708-6715. [PMID: 27537083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes for the first time the use of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on Klamath (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, AFA) blue-green algae directly on powder suspension. These algae are considered to be a "superfood", due to their complete nutritional profile that has proved to have important therapeutic effects. The main advantage of NMR spectroscopy is that it permits the detection of a number of metabolites all at once. The Klamath alga metabolome was revealed to be quite complex, and the most peculiar phytochemicals that can be detected directly on algae by NMR are mycosporine-like amino acids (porphyra-334, P334; shinorine, Shi) and low molecular weight glycosides (glyceryl β-d-galactopyranoside, GalpG; glyceryl 6-amino-6-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside, ADG), all compounds with a high nutraceutical value. The presence of cis-3,4-DhLys was revealed for the first time. This molecule could be involved in the anticancer properties ascribed to AFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Università di Bologna , via Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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20
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Sundekilde UK, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Bertram HC. High resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy reveals that pectoralis muscle dystrophy in chicken is associated with reduced muscle content of anserine and carnosine. Food Chem 2016; 217:151-154. [PMID: 27664620 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased incidences of pectoralis muscle dystrophy are observed in commercial chicken products, but the muscle physiological causes for the condition remain to be identified. In the present study a high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) proton ((1)H) NMR spectroscopic examination of intact pectoralis muscle samples (n=77) were conducted to explore metabolite perturbations associated with the muscle dystrophy condition for the very first time. Both in chicken with an age of 21 and 31days, respectively, pectoralis muscle dystrophy was associated with a significantly lower content of anserine (p=0.034), carnosine (p=0.019) and creatine (p=0.049). These findings must be considered intriguing as they corroborate that characteristic muscle di-peptides composed of β-alanine and histidine derivatives such as anserine are extremely important in homeostasis of contractile muscles as a results of their role as buffering, anti-oxidative, and anti-glycation capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik K Sundekilde
- Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Årslev and Blichers allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin K Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Årslev and Blichers allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jette F Young
- Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Årslev and Blichers allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Årslev and Blichers allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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21
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Changes in the NMR Metabolic Profile of Live Human Neuron-Like SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to Interferon-α2. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 11:142-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Santos A, Fonseca F, Lião L, Alcantara G, Barison A. High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance in foodstuff analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Ferrantelli V, Dugo G, Cicero N. (1)H HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy and the Metabolite Determination of Typical Foods in Mediterranean Diet. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:175696. [PMID: 26495154 PMCID: PMC4606108 DOI: 10.1155/2015/175696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has become an experimental technique widely used in food science. The experimental procedures that allow precise and quantitative analysis on different foods are relatively simple. For a better sensitivity and resolution, NMR spectroscopy is usually applied to liquid sample by means of extraction procedures that can be addressed to the observation of particular compounds. For the study of semisolid systems such as intact tissues, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) has received great attention within the biomedical area and beyond. Metabolic profiling and metabolism changes can be investigated both in animal organs and in foods. In this work we present a proton HR-MAS NMR study on the typical vegetable foods of Mediterranean diet such as the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) cherry tomato of Pachino, the PGI Interdonato lemon of Messina, several Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) extra virgin olive oils from Sicily, and the Traditional Italian Food Product (PAT) red garlic of Nubia. We were able to identify and quantify the main metabolites within the studied systems that can be used for their characterization and authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Science4life SRL Academic Spin-off, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Science4life SRL Academic Spin-off, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Food liking-disliking patterns may strongly influence food choices and health. Here we assess: (1) whether food preference patterns are genetic/environmentally driven; and (2) the relationship between metabolomics profiles and food preference patterns in a large population of twins. 2,107 individuals from TwinsUK completed an online food and lifestyle preference questionnaire. Principle components analysis was undertaken to identify patterns of food liking-disliking. Heritability estimates for each liking pattern were obtained by structural equation modeling. The correlation between blood metabolomics profiles (280 metabolites) and each food liking pattern was assessed in a subset of 1,491 individuals and replicated in an independent subset of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for the liking pattern (65 to 88 pairs). Results from both analyses were meta-analyzed. Four major food-liking patterns were identified (Fruit and Vegetable, Distinctive Tastes, Sweet and High Carbohydrate, and Meat) accounting for 26% of the total variance. All patterns were moderately heritable (Fruit and Vegetable,h2[95% CI]: 0.36 [0.28; 0.44]; Distinctive Tastes: 0.58 [0.52; 0.64]; Sweet and High Carbohydrate: 0.52 [0.45, 0.59] and Meat: 0.44 [0.35; 0.51]), indicating genetic factors influence food liking-disliking. Overall, we identified 14 significant metabolite associations (Bonferronip< 4.5 × 10−5) with Distinctive Tastes (8 metabolites), Sweet and High Carbohydrate (3 metabolites), and Meat (3 metabolites). Food preferences follow patterns based on similar taste and nutrient characteristics and these groupings are strongly determined by genetics. Food preferences that are strongly genetically determined (h2≥ 0.40), such as for meat and distinctive-tasting foods, may influence intakes more substantially, as demonstrated by the metabolomic associations identified here.
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25
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Gallo V, Intini N, Mastrorilli P, Latronico M, Scapicchio P, Triggiani M, Bevilacqua V, Fanizzi P, Acquotti D, Airoldi C, Arnesano F, Assfalg M, Benevelli F, Bertelli D, Cagliani LR, Casadei L, Cesare Marincola F, Colafemmina G, Consonni R, Cosentino C, Davalli S, De Pascali SA, D'Aiuto V, Faccini A, Gobetto R, Lamanna R, Liguori F, Longobardi F, Mallamace D, Mazzei P, Menegazzo I, Milone S, Mucci A, Napoli C, Pertinhez T, Rizzuti A, Rocchigiani L, Schievano E, Sciubba F, Sobolev A, Tenori L, Valerio M. Performance Assessment in Fingerprinting and Multi Component Quantitative NMR Analyses. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6709-17. [PMID: 26020452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison (ILC) was organized with the aim to set up quality control indicators suitable for multicomponent quantitative analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A total of 36 NMR data sets (corresponding to 1260 NMR spectra) were produced by 30 participants using 34 NMR spectrometers. The calibration line method was chosen for the quantification of a five-component model mixture. Results show that quantitative NMR is a robust quantification tool and that 26 out of 36 data sets resulted in statistically equivalent calibration lines for all considered NMR signals. The performance of each laboratory was assessed by means of a new performance index (named Qp-score) which is related to the difference between the experimental and the consensus values of the slope of the calibration lines. Laboratories endowed with a Qp-score falling within the suitable acceptability range are qualified to produce NMR spectra that can be considered statistically equivalent in terms of relative intensities of the signals. In addition, the specific response of nuclei to the experimental excitation/relaxation conditions was addressed by means of the parameter named NR. NR is related to the difference between the theoretical and the consensus slopes of the calibration lines and is specific for each signal produced by a well-defined set of acquisition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gallo
- 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4 CAMPUS, I-70125, Bari, Italy.,2SAMER (Special Agency of the Chamber of Commerce of Bari), Via E. Mola 19, I-70121, Bari, Italy.,3Innovative Solutions S.r.l., Spin Off del Politecnico di Bari, Zona H 150/B, I-70015, Noci, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Intini
- 3Innovative Solutions S.r.l., Spin Off del Politecnico di Bari, Zona H 150/B, I-70015, Noci, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4 CAMPUS, I-70125, Bari, Italy.,3Innovative Solutions S.r.l., Spin Off del Politecnico di Bari, Zona H 150/B, I-70015, Noci, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Latronico
- 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4 CAMPUS, I-70125, Bari, Italy.,3Innovative Solutions S.r.l., Spin Off del Politecnico di Bari, Zona H 150/B, I-70015, Noci, Bari, Italy
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- 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4 CAMPUS, I-70125, Bari, Italy
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26
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Cicero N, Corsaro C, Salvo A, Vasi S, Giofré SV, Ferrantelli V, Di Stefano V, Mallamace D, Dugo G. The metabolic profile of lemon juice by proton HR-MAS NMR: the case of the PGI Interdonato Lemon of Messina. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1894-902. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1012166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Taddeo VA, Epifano F, Fiorito S, Genovese S. A novel oxyprenylated metabolite in Citrus paradisi Macfad. seeds extract. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Pandey MK, Mroue KH, Moribe K, Yamamoto K, Ramamoorthy A. Insights into atomic-level interaction between mefenamic acid and eudragit EPO in a supersaturated solution by high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:351-7. [PMID: 24283196 DOI: 10.1021/mp4005723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interaction between mefenamic acid (MFA), a poorly water-soluble nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Eudragit EPO (EPO), a water-soluble polymer, is investigated in their supersaturated solution using high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The stable supersaturated solution with a high MFA concentration of 3.0 mg/mL is prepared by dispersing the amorphous solid dispersion into a d-acetate buffer at pH 5.5 and 37 °C. By virtue of MAS at 2.7 kHz, the extremely broad and unresolved (1)H resonances of MFA in one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectrum of the supersaturated solution are well-resolved, thus enabling the complete assignment of MFA (1)H resonances in the aqueous solution. Two-dimensional (2D) (1)H/(1)H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and radio frequency-driven recoupling (RFDR) under MAS conditions reveal the interaction of MFA with EPO in the supersaturated solution at an atomic level. The strong cross-correlations observed in the 2D (1)H/(1)H NMR spectra indicate a hydrophobic interaction between the aromatic group of MFA and the backbone of EPO. Furthermore, the aminoalkyl group in the side chain of EPO forms a hydrophilic interaction, which can be either electrostatic or hydrogen bonding, with the carboxyl group of MFA. We believe these hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between MFA and EPO molecules play a key role in the formation of this extremely stable supersaturated solution. In addition, 2D (1)H/(1)H RFDR demonstrates that the molecular MFA-EPO interaction is quite flexible and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjirou Higashi
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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