Impact of ozonation process on the level of selected oxidative stress markers in raspberries stored at room temperature

The Utilisation of Fucus vesiculosus Algae Extracts in the Production of Microgreens Hordeum vulgare L. with an Increased Content of Selected Bioactive Compounds

Algae extracts may be a promising alternative to harmful chemicals and pesticides used commercially in the cultivation of plants with higher nutritional and health-promoting values. The cultivation of barley microgreens (Hordeum vulgare L.) was facilitated by the use of aqueous extracts from Fucus vesiculosus algae, which served as a biostimulant. Seeds for experiments were produced in accordance with EU standards, certified as organic and used to grow plants in a controlled pot experiment. A qualitative analysis of the extract, which was used to irrigate the plants, was also performed in this study, as well as stimulating properties by activating the system protecting against oxidative stress. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFV) and enzymes involved in their formation such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as enzymes involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in the obtained microgreen samples. Antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was also evaluated. A noticeable increase in SOD content and antioxidant activity against DPPH was observed in barley microgreen samples after extract treatment. These results suggest that the use of extracts of this beneficial alga can enhance the antioxidant activity of the barley microgreens.

Exploring the synergistic potential of pomegranate fermented juice compounds against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity through computational docking and experimental analysis in human neuroblastoma cells

This study explored the neuroprotective potential of fermented pomegranate (PG-F) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. The fermentation process, involving probiotics, transforms the hydrolyzable tannins in pomegranate juice into ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA), which are believed to contribute to its health benefits. Molecular docking simulations confirmed the stable interactions between EA, GA, and proteins associated with the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. PG-F significantly enhanced the viability of H2O2-treated cells, as evidenced by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, cell morphology observations, and Hoechst 33342 staining. PG-F mitigated the H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated antioxidant gene expression. The PG-F treatment also attenuated the H2O2-induced imbalance in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and reduced the cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 levels, suppressing the apoptotic pathways. Further insights showed that PG-F inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and facilitated the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), highlighting its role in modulating the key signaling pathways. A combined treatment with equivalent concentrations of EA and GA, as found in PG-F, induced remarkable cellular protection. Drug combination analysis using the Chou-Talalay method revealed a synergistic effect between EA and GA, emphasizing their combined efficacy. In conclusion, PG-F has significant neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by modulating the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. The synergistic action of EA and GA suggests the therapeutic potential of PG-F in alleviating oxidative stress-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Effect of Combined Chitosan and Hyperbranched Poly-L-Lysine Based Coating on Prolonging the Shelf Life of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

To extend the shelf life of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), the effects of chitosan (CS) and hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPL) combined treatment on quality characteristics, nutritional quality, storage characteristics, and enzyme activity of oyster mushroom during postharvest storage at 4 °C were investigated. The results showed that CS-HBPL combined treatment could significantly reduce rot degree and weight loss and significantly inhibit the browning of oyster mushroom. At the same time, the loss of reducing sugar, vitamin C, soluble protein, and total phenolic was significantly reduced. Compared with the control, CS-HBPL combined treatment could also significantly inhibit an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly decrease the relative electrolyte leakage of oyster mushroom. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) were significantly improved, and the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was significantly inhibited in oyster mushroom. In conclusion, CS-HBPL combined treatment had a good protective effect on the membrane permeability damage of oyster mushroom and could effectively delay the oxidation of phenolic substances and browning of oyster mushroom. Therefore, CS-HBPL combined treatment can be used as a potential strategy to extend the storage time of oyster mushroom.

Ozone treatment modulates reactive oxygen species levels in kiwifruit through the antioxidant system: Insights from transcriptomic analysis

Owing to its easy decomposition and residue-free properties, ozone has been used as an effective and environmentally friendly physical preservation method for maintaining the post-harvest quality of fruits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ozone treatment on the levels of oxidative stress markers and the status of the antioxidant defense system in refrigerated kiwifruit. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the differences in gene expression levels and potential regulatory effects from the transcriptional level. The results showed that ozone treatment reduced the respiration rate, maintained the fruit hardness and storage quality, and inhibited the ripening and senescence of kiwifruit. Ozone treatment activated antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle to prevent the increase of reactive oxygen species levels (H2O2, O2-•) and malonaldehyde content, maintaining lower membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation than the control treatment. Further analysis showed that the regulatory ability of ROS in kiwifruit treated with ozone was not only related to the synergistic effect of enzyme activity and gene expression related to the antioxidant oxidase system and the ascorbate-glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle but also related to downstream hormone signaling. This study provides a foundation for understanding the potential effects of ozone treatment on the antioxidant cycle of kiwifruit and provides valuable insights into the molecular basis and related key genes involved in regulating ROS to delay aging in kiwifruit.

Effect of postharvest nicotinamide treatment on NAD+ metabolism and redox status in strawberry fruit during storage

The increased activity of PARP enzymes is associated with a deficiency of NAD+, as well as with a loss of NADPH and ATP, and consequent deterioration of the redox state in fruits. In this study, we checked whether treatment with nicotinamide (NAM) would affect PARP-1 expression and NAD+ metabolism in strawberry fruit during storage. For this purpose, strawberry fruits were treated with 10 mM NAM and co-treated with NAM and UV-C, and then stored for 5 days at 4 °C. Research showed that nicotinamide contributes to reducing oxidative stress level by reducing PARP-1 mRNA gene expression and the protein level resulting in higher NAD+ availability, as well as improving energy metabolism and NADPH levels in fruits, regardless of whether they are exposed to UV-C. The above effects cause fruits treated with nicotinamide to be characterised by higher anti-radical activity, and a lower level of reactive oxygen species in the tissue.

Variability of Properties Modulating the Biosynthesis of Biologically Active Compounds in Young Barley Treated with Ozonated Water

This paper presents the effects of irrigating barley plants with different type of water solutions saturated with gaseous ozone generated from atmospheric air. The study investigated the effects of the applied types of water on the modulation of the biosynthesis of selected bioactive compounds (content of total polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants, vitamin C) in the produced plant material. A number of transformations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen compounds have also been postulated; these are observed during the saturation of water with gaseous O₃ and 30 min after the end of the process. It was shown that after the process of water saturation with gaseous O₃, the gas later is converted to compounds with high oxidative potential and good stability; these, in turn, lead to the oxidation of oxidates generated from atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which exhibit fertilising properties. Thirty minutes after the process of H₂O saturation with gaseous O₃ was completed, the tests showed the highest concentrations of nitrates and the relatively high oxidative potential of the solution originating from H₂O₂ with a low concentration of the dissolved O₃. This solution exhibited the highest activity modulating the biosynthesis of polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants and vitamin C in young barley plants. The resulting differences were significant, and they were reflected by 15% higher total polyphenol content, 35% higher antioxidative potential and 57% greater content of vitamin C compared to the control specimens (plants treated with fresh H₂O).

Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Diacetoxyscirpenol Biosynthesis Modulation in Potato Tuber Inoculated with Ozone-Treated Fusarium sulphureum

Potato dry rot, caused by Fusarium species, is a devastating fungal decay that seriously impacts the yield and quality of potato tubers worldwide. Fusarium sulphureum is a major causal agent causing potato tuber dry rot that leads to trichothecene accumulation in Gansu Province of China. Ozone (O3), a strong oxidant, is widely applied to prevent postharvest disease in fruits and vegetables. In this study, F. sulphureum was first treated with 2 mg L-1 ozone for 0, 30 s, 1 min, and 2 min, then inoculated with the potato tubers. The impact of ozone application on dry rot development and diacetoxyscirpenol (DIA) accumulation and the possible mechanisms involved were analyzed. The results showed that ozone treatment significantly inhibited the development of potato tuber dry rot by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) by 24.2%, 13.1%, 45.4%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with their corresponding control. The activities of key enzymes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH) of ascorbic peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) also increased by 26.6%, 41.5%, 56%, and 24.1%, respectively, compared with the control group, and their corresponding gene expressions. In addition, ozone treatment markedly suppressed DIA accumulation in potato tubers by downregulating the expression of genes associated with DIA biosynthesis pathway. These results suggest that ozone treatment inhibited the occurrence of potato dry rot and the accumulation of DIA in potato tubers inoculated with F. sulphureum by promoting ROS metabolism and modulating DIA biosynthesis pathway.

Edible coating enriched with cinnamon oil reduces the oxidative stress and improves the quality of strawberry fruit stored at room temperature

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to assess the impact of a starch/gelatine coating containing cinnamon oil on selected quality attributes and redox status in strawberry fruit stored at room temperature (72 h).

RESULTS

Research showed that the application of cinnamon oil to an edible coating allows an improvement of the quality of strawberry fruit stored at room temperature. The cinnamon oil coating inhibits the development of yeast and mould, and reduces loss of soluble solids and ascorbic acid during 72 h storage at room temperature. Moreover, the coating with cinnamon oil clearly reduced the level of oxidative stress, which was manifested by a lower level of reactive oxygen species, as well as a lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. The elimination of oxidative stress in the cinnamon oil-coated fruit also contributed to lower PARP1 mRNA expression, inhibiting the metabolism of NAD⁺ and reducing ATP losses.

CONCLUSION

The coating of strawberry fruit with a starch/gelatine biofilm containing cinnamon oil is an effective method for delaying postharvest senescence of fruit and the storage degradation of tissue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Modification of Substrate in the Soilless Cultivation of Raspberries (Rubus Idaeus L.) as a Factor Stimulating the Biosynthesis of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Fruits

Raspberry fruits are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The study used the modification of the substrate (coconut fibre), consisting of the use of various organic and mineral additives, in the soilless cultivation of raspberries. The additives influenced the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in the raspberry fruits by modifying the sorption properties and the abundance of the substrate. The influence of the additives on the content of polyphenols was determined as well as their profile (UPLC-MS), antioxidant potential (ABTS), vitamin C content, and the activity of selected enzymes that are markers of stress and resistance to abiotic factors. In the study, a significant effect of these additives was observed on the biosynthesis of polyphenols in raspberry fruit. The highest increase in the content of these compounds in relation to the control sample (substrate-100% coconut fibre), namely 37.7%, was recorded in the case of fruit produced on coconut substrate enriched with sheep wool. These fruits were also characterised by a significantly different profile of these compounds. These changes were caused by readily available ammonium nitrogen and free amino acids in the decomposition of proteins contained in the sheep wool. This was confirmed by the recorded content of chlorophyll SPAD in the plant leaves and the activity of selected enzymes, which proves a low level of stress and good condition of the plants.

One-time ozone treatment improves the postharvest quality and antioxidant activity of Actinidia arguta fruit

The major aim of this study was to check the effect of one-time ozonation on selected quality parameters and antioxidant status of Actinidia arguta fruit. For this purpose, A. arguta fruit was ozonated with gas at a concentration of 10 and 100 ppm, which was carried out successively for 5, 15 and 30 min. Next, the selected quality attributes, antioxidants level as well as NADPH and mitochondrial energy metabolism in mini-kiwi fruit after ozonation were analysed. Our research has shown that ozonation reduced the level of yeast and mould without affecting the content of soluble solids or acidity. In turn, ozonation clearly influenced the antioxidant activity and the redox status of the fruit. The ozonated fruit was characterised by a lower level of ROS due to the higher level of low molecular weight antioxidants, as well as the higher activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, improved quality and antioxidant activity of the fruit were indirectly due to improved energy metabolism and NADPH level. The ozonated fruit showed a higher level of ATP, due to both higher activity of succinate dehydrogenase and higher availability of NADH. Moreover, the increased level of NAD⁺ and the activity of NAD⁺ kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase contributed to higher levels of NADPH in the fruit.

Induction of Biosynthesis Antioxidant Molecules in Young Barley Plants by Trioxygen

Young barley plants are a good source of bioactive compounds. This paper presents the effects of gaseous O3 (trioxygen or ozone) on the biosynthesis of compounds, determining the antioxidant potential of young barley plants. The total content of polyphenols was determined along with their profile, as well as total antioxidant potential and vitamin C content. The highest contents of these compounds were identified in young barley plants exposed to gaseous O3. The main bioactive compound, representing polyphenols, determined in the examined raw materials was saponarin (isovitexin 7-O-glucoside). The induction of increased biosynthesis of these molecules was directly linked to the modification of the activity of selected enzymes. The increased polyphenol content resulted from the modified activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). On the other hand, the oxidative effect of ozone on barley plants was reduced, owing to the modified activities of catalases (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX). Analysis of the results showed that by applying gaseous O3 at a dose of 50 ppm for 10 min, the contents of bioactive compounds can be maximised in a residue-free way by activating oxidative stress defence mechanisms.

Ozone treatment promotes physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut red pitaya based on phenolic metabolism

Pitaya is an important fresh-cut product in the global fruit market. The health benefits of fresh-cut red pitaya fruit are attributed to its unique phenolic content and other antioxidants, but the fruit is highly susceptible to spoilage which causes a decline in nutritional quality. In this study, we monitored changes in quality and phenolic compounds of pitaya fruit treated with gaseous ozone during storage at 8 ± 2^°C for 4 days. Compared with the control group, ozone treatment was an effective strategy for preserving quality by controlling the growth of microorganisms, preventing weight loss and softening, and improving the content of soluble solids and titratable acids. The results showed that ozone induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds while maintaining the quality. The content of phenolic compounds in fresh-cut pitaya was positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was used to fingerprint the phenolic metabolites and metabolomic analysis identified 26 phenolic compounds. The majority of these were phenylpropanoids, and the key metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism and flavonoid synthesis. This study illustrated the mechanism by which of ozone prolongs the shelf life of fresh-cut pitaya fruit and validated ozone as a valuable phenolic inducer and regulator of antioxidant activity, positively influencing the potential health benefits of fresh-cut products.

Effects of Post-Harvest Ozone Treatment on Some Molecular Stability Markers of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Fruit during Cold Storage

Fruits of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ex M. Roem. (Nutt.) are a good source of bioactive compounds and vitamins. Due to the fact that the berries are a soft fruit, they require special procedures to increase their molecular and mechanical stability during cold storage. The study investigated the effects of ozone treatment applied cyclically (every 24 h) on selected chemical and mechanical parameters of saskatoon berries kept in storage. For this purpose, measurements were performed to assess changes in some molecular markers such as antioxidant potential, content of vitamin C, and total polyphenols, as well as microbial stress and maximum destructive force under uniaxial compression of samples. The effectiveness of the storage process was also assessed in relation to the conditions used by determining the proportion of fruit affected by diseases occurring in storage. The findings show that ozone treatment led to increased content of bioactive compounds at the initial stages of storage and resulted in decreased loss of water and bioactive compounds at the later stages. Ultimately, irrespective of the conditions applied during ozone treatment, it was observed that the growth of micro-organisms on the fruit surface was inhibited, and as a result, storage losses during the relevant period were significantly reduced.

Ozonation process causes changes in PARP-1 expression and the metabolism of NADPH in strawberry fruit during storage

In this study, the effect of ozonation process on the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 gene expression (PARP-1) and related the NADPH metabolism in strawberry fruit during storage was determined. Our results showed that ozonation with gas at both 10 and 100 ppm concentrations increased the expression of PARP-1 in the fruit during storage. Furthermore, the ozonation process initially increased the level of NAD⁺ and NADH in the fruit, which corresponds to a higher ATP level. The storage of the fruit in an ozone atmosphere also contributed to increased activity of the NAD⁺ kinase, leading to increased levels of NADP⁺ . In turn, the higher activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase caused the ozonated fruit to show a higher level of NADPH. However, as the storage period extended and thus with increasing expression of PARP-1 in the ozonated fruit, the level of NAD⁺ decreased. In general, the ozonated fruit, which had a higher level of NADPH, showed a higher content of reduced glutathione, which in turn contributed to an increase in the antioxidant activity of the fruit and, ultimately, to a lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

Ozone Treatment Improves the Texture of Strawberry Fruit during Storage

The major aim of this study was to check whether a cyclic ozonation process will affect the preservation of the texture of strawberries stored at room temperature. Strawberry fruit was stored for 3 days at room temperature and ozonated with gaseous ozone at a concentration of 10 and 100 ppm for 30 min, every 12 h of storage. Research showed that the ozonation process inhibited the texture deterioration of the fruit during storage. The positive effect of ozone was directly related to the inhibition of the activity of enzymes involved in the degradation of the fruit cell walls, as well as indirectly from the improved energy metabolism of the fruit. The higher level of energy charge corresponded to the higher resistance of ozonated fruit to abiotic stress, leading to the maintenance of the integrity of cell membranes and, consequently, to maintaining good hardness of the fruit throughout the storage period.

Assessment of the Impact of the Application of a Quercetin-Copper Complex on the Course of Physiological and Biochemical Processes in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.) Growing under Saline Conditions

Salt stress is one of the main stressors limiting plant growth and yield. As a result of salt stress, unfavorable changes in the photosynthesis process take place, leading to a decrease in plant productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to use biologically active substances that reduce the effects of this stress. An example of such a substance is quercetin, classified as a flavonoid, which plays an important role in alleviating the effects of salt stress, mainly by the inactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by improvement of the photosynthesis process. A study was made of the effect of the quercetin–copper complex (Q-Cu (II)), which has a stronger antioxidant effect than pure quercetin. By means of a pot experiment, the influence of solutions of the Q-Cu (II) complex (100 mg∙L⁻¹ [Q1], 500 mg∙L⁻¹ [Q2] and 1000 mg∙L⁻¹ [Q3]) on the physiological and biochemical processes occurring in wheat plants subjected to salt stress was investigated. The plants were given two sprays of Q-Cu (II) solution, and their physiological parameters were examined both 1 and 7 days after each application of this solution. The level of ROS and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD] and guaiacol peroxidase [GPOX]) were also determined. It has been shown that spraying with Q2 and Q3 solutions improves the chlorophyll content, the values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (the photochemical efficiency of PS II [F_v/F_m], the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry [F_v/F₀], and the performance index of PS II [PI]), and gas exchange (net photosynthetic rate [P_n], stomatal conductance [g_s], transpiration rate [E] and intercellular CO₂ concentration [C_i]). As a result of the application of Q2 and Q3 solutions, the level of ROS and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes tested decreased, which means that these concentrations are most effective in counteracting the effects of salt stress.

Changes in the activity of flavanone 3β-hydroxylase in blueberry fruit during storage in ozone-enriched atmosphere

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to determine whether the ozonation process affects the flavonoid biosynthesis in highbush blueberry (Vaccinum corymbosum L.) fruit. Flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H) was used as a marker of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The activity of F3H, the expression of gene encoding F3H and the antioxidant status in blueberries treated with ozone at a concentration of 15 ppm for 30 min, every 12 h of storage, and maintained at 4 °C for 4 weeks were investigated.

RESULTS

The results showed that ozonation process increases the expression of the F3H gene after 1 week of storage, which translates into a higher catalytic capacity of protein, as well as a higher content of flavonoids and total antioxidant potential of ozonated blueberries compared to non-ozonated fruits.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides experimental evidence indicating that ozone treatment in proposed process conditions positively affects flavonoid metabolism in highbush blueberry fruit leading to the maintainance of the high quality of the fruit during storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of two types of ozone treatments on the quality of apple fruits

The aim of this research was to demonstrate the effect of the ozonation process (exposure to ozone in gaseous form and rinsing in water saturated with ozone) on selected apple parameters. The scope of the study included: conducting the ozonation process under controlled conditions at a concentration of 1 ppm and exposure times of 1, 5 and 10 min (ozone in gaseous form) and 10, 15 and 30 min (ozonated water), respectively; polyphenols research; determining antiradical activity using ABTS radicals; and determining the influence of the applied method on the volatiles that give rise to odor chemicals (fragrance and aroma). In both cases, measurements were taken 24 hours after the ozonation process. Both exposure to ozone in gaseous form and washing in ozonated water did not adversely affect the appearance of the fruit. The rinsing process in ozonated water did not significantly affect the composition of the compounds responsible for the fruit’s odor. The proposed washing conditions affected the biochemical balance of the fruit. Differences in polyphenol content and antioxidant potential were noted. The mean content of polyphenols expressed as gallic acid equivalent in the control sample was determined to be 15.22 mg/100 g. In comparing the content of polyphenols with the control sample, insignificant changes in their content were noted, except for the sample with the longest ozonation. In the case of fruit washed within 30 minutes, a significant increase by 53% in antioxidant potential was noted. α- Farnesene was identified as the main component established by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure. The proposed ozonation conditions made it possible to keep the volatile compounds influencing the sensory properties of apples unchanged.

Characterisation of Some Phytochemicals Extracted from Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Flowers Subjected to Ozone Treatment

Elderflowers are a well-known source of bioactive compounds. The amount of isolated bioactive compounds may be increased by applying various abiotic and biotic factors. Gaseous ozone (10 and 100 ppm) was used in the process of preparing flowers. Next, the flowers were treated with sugar syrup to extract bioactive compounds. It was shown that this treatment, including the influence of extraction temperature, significantly affects the contents of polyphenols (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods) and vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant potential (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC method)), the profile of volatile substances (head space-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME methods)) and the colour of the syrup (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* methods). The findings show that an increased dose of ozone and higher extraction temperature applied in the process of syrup production resulted in higher contents and different compositions of bioactive compounds. The highest contents of bioactive compounds were identified in syrup obtained from raw material treated with ozone for 15 min (concentration = 10 ppm) and extraction with sugar syrup at a temperature of 60 °C.

The Role of Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in Shaping the Quality of Highbush Blueberry Fruit During Storage in Ozone-Enriched Atmosphere

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozone treatment on the mitochondrial energy metabolism in blueberry fruit during storage as well as to determine the relationship between the activity of mitochondria and the antioxidative properties of ozonated fruit. Blueberry fruit was stored for 28 days at 4 °C and ozonated daily with gaseous ozone at the concentration of 15 mg L−1 for 30 min, every 12 h of storage. Research showed that ozonated fruit was characterized by higher activity of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (by 58.7% for SDH, 118.2% for CCO, and 78.16% for H+-ATPase after 7 days, respectively) than non-ozonated sample, which contributed to reduction of the loss of energy charge and ATP in the fruit during storage. Moreover, the increased activity of mitochondria led to the growth of mitochondrial ROS accumulation which, in turn, activated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress in the fruit. These metabolic responses might collectively contribute to increase the antioxidative properties of ozonated fruit and consequently to maintain a good quality of the fruit over a long period of storage.

Gaseous ozone to preserve quality and enhance microbial safety of fresh produce: Recent developments and research needs

Fresh fruits and vegetables are highly perishable and are subject to large postharvest losses due to physiological (senescence), pathologic (decay), and physical (mechanical damage) factors. In addition, contamination of fresh produce with foodborne human pathogens has become a concern. Gaseous ozone has multiple benefits including destruction of ethylene, inactivation of foodborne and spoilage microorganisms, and degradation of chemical residues. This article reviews the beneficial effects of gaseous ozone, its influence on quality and biochemical changes, foodborne human pathogens, and spoilage microorganisms, and discusses research needs with an emphasis on fruits. Ozone may induce synthesis of a number of antioxidants and bioactive compounds by activating secondary metabolisms involving a wide range of enzymes. Disparities exist in the literature regarding the impact of gaseous ozone on quality and physiological processes of fresh produce, such as weight loss, ascorbic acid, and fruit ripening. The disparities are complicated by incomplete reporting of the necessary information, such as relative humidity and temperatures at which ozone measurement and treatment were performed, which is needed for accurate comparison of results among studies. In order to fully realize the benefits of gaseous ozone, research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of gaseous ozone in inhibiting ripening, influence of relative humidity on the antimicrobial efficacy, interaction between ozone and the cuticle of fresh produce, ozone signaling pathways in the cells and tissues, and so forth. Possible adverse effects of gaseous ozone on quality of fresh produce also need to be carefully evaluated for the purpose of enhancing microbial and chemical safety of fresh produce.

Physiological Response of Maize Plants (Zea mays L.) to the Use of the Potassium Quercetin Derivative

Plant production technologies based solely on the improvement of plants themselves face obstacles resulting from the natural limitations of the biological potential of varieties. Therefore, new substances are sought that positively influence the growth and development of plants and increase resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which also translates into an increase in obtained yields. The exogenous application of various phytoprotectants shows great promise in terms of cost effectiveness compared to traditional breeding methods or transgenic approaches in relation to increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Quercetin is a strong antioxidant among phenolic compounds, and it plays a physiological and biochemical role in plants. As such, the aim of this research was to assess the effect of an aqueous solution of a quercetin derivative with potassium, applied in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%), on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and biochemical properties of maize. Among the tested variants, compared to the control, the most stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes (PN, gs, ci, CCI, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, PI) in maize leaves was found in 3.0 and 5.0% aqueous solutions of the quercetin derivative. The highest total antioxidant capacity and total content of polyphenolic compounds were found for plants sprayed with 5.0% quercetin derivative solution; therefore, in this study, the optimal concentration could not be clearly selected.

Entrapment of silver nanoparticles in L-α-phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol-based liposomes mitigates the oxidative stress in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells

Encapsulation procedures are used to decrease the contact of toxic nanoparticles with cells; however, this field is still not well explored. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of encapsulation of silver nanoparticles in L-α-phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol-based liposomes on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The homogenous (PdI = 0.171) spherical (~161 nm diameter) complexes were prepared by thin film hydration with the extrusion method. The UV-Vis scan and Dynamic Light Scattering measurement did not show any "free" silver nanoparticles in solutions, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope analysis. Moreover, the liposomes were tested on HaCaT cells, showing that the encapsulation process reduced the toxicity by 30%-10% at the 100 nM and 1 pM concentrations, respectively, in comparison to "free" nanoparticles, measured by resazurin reduction and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Moreover, the caspase-3 activity was lower after 48-h treatment with LipoAgNPs than with AgNPs. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 1, 6, 48, and 72 h of treatment of HaCaT cells was significantly lower in comparison to cells treated with "bare" silver nanoparticles analyzed with the H₂DCF-DA probe. The metabolic activity was strictly correlated with toxicity, indicating a lower negative impact of encapsulated nanoparticles than the "bare" ones.

Effect of Ozonation Process on the Energy Metabolism in Raspberry Fruit During Storage at Room Temperature

The major aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ozone treatment on the energy metabolism in raspberry fruit during storage at room temperature. Raspberries were ozonated with an ozone concentration of 8–10 mg L−1, for 30 min, every 12 h of storage at room temperature for 72 h. The results indicated that ozone treatment significantly enhanced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase, and H+-ATPase, which contributed to maintain the high level of ATP and energy charge in fruit during storage. Moreover, the energy metabolism in mitochondria was closely correlated with the antioxidant potential of raspberry fruit. This study has given an experimental evidence that ozonation procedure in proposed process conditions significantly affects the mitochondrial respiratory system leading to maintain the high quality of the fruit over a long period of storage at room temperature.

Impact of Ozonation Process on the Content of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Shoots as Well as Yield and Composition of Essential Oils

This study examined the impact of the ozonation procedure on the content of bioactive compounds in young shoots of Pinus sylvestris L. as well as on the yield and the composition of the essential oils and volatile fraction. The ozonation process consisted of exposure of the raw material during 5, 15 and 30 min to the ozone gas with the concentration of 10 and 100 ppm, and then it was stored for 24 hours. In the ozonated pine shoots, the content of vitamin C overall content of polyphenol content and antioxidant potential were determined. It was found that the investigated parameters increased as a result of the utilized procedure. The observed increase in the content of tested bioactive compounds was dependent on exposition time and was found to be highest for ozonated material for 15 min with ozone gas at a concentration of 10 ppm. As a result of the ozonation procedure the content of polyphenolic compounds and vitamin C content increased. Whereas it, did not have a significant effect on composition of the obtained essential oils. It was found that ozone is an effective elicitor, which allows increasing the content of bioactive compounds in pine shoots.

The Relationship between Fruit Size and Phenolic and Enzymatic Composition of Avocado Byproducts (Persea americana Mill.): The Importance for Biorefinery Applications

Avocado byproducts are a rich source of health-promoting biomolecules. The purpose of this work is to study three groups of statistically different avocado fruit sizes (Persea americana Mill.) (small (S), medium (M), and large (L)), and their relationship with total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging capacity and individual phenolics, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in avocado peel extract (APE). The results indicated that TPC, TFC, and antioxidant and enzymatic activities were higher in the APE of the S group (p < 0.05). The flavonoids (flavanols and flavonols) and phenolic acids were also significatively concentrated in S group’s APE. Overall, the phenolic content was significantly lower in the L group. Positive correlations (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05) were observed between TPC, TPF, DPPH, and enzymatic activity, and negative correlations resulted for avocado weight and volume. The outstanding phenolic content and enzymatic activity of avocado peels from low-cost avocado byproducts are ideal for biorefinery applications, thereby increasing the bioeconomy of the avocado industry.

Effects of Ozone Treatment on Microbial Status and the Contents of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Origanum majorana L. Plants

This study presents the effects of ozone treatment on microbial status and contents of selected bioactive compounds in marjoram plants. Origanum majorana L. is a widely used plant which in the course of production is affected by microbial infections. One of the ways to reduce microbial load involves application of a strong oxidant, such as ozone. In order to determine the effects of ozonation, a number of analyses were carried out including microbiological tests (aerobic colony count, yeast and mould count, and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria count) and chemical tests assessing total antioxidant potential, total polyphenols, and volatile fraction composition. Ultimately, the findings showed considerable (6-log) reduction in microbial load, with unchanged composition of headspace volatile compounds. Furthermore, the raw material obtained presented elevated the contents of the selected bioactive compounds. It was shown that the most beneficial effects are achieved when ozone treatment is applied at a rate of 1 ppm for a duration of 10 min.

Ozone Treatment as a Process of Quality Improvement Method of Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) Petioles during Storage

The aim of the study was to identify the effects of ozone treatment reflected by the microbial, mechanical properties and selected chemical parameters during the storage of rhubarb petioles. For this purpose, after they were harvested, rhubarb petioles were treated with gaseous ozone at concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm, for the duration of 5, 15 and 30 min. Subsequently, the plant material was stored at room temperature for 14 days. After this time, the raw material was subjected to a number of chemical and mechanical tests. It was shown that the rhubarb petioles treated with ozone at a rate of 100 ppm for 30 min were characterized by the lowest loss of water content. It was also found that, compared to the control, most samples subjected to ozone treatment presented better mechanical properties, as well as higher oxidative potential and contents of polyphenols and vitamin C. Based on these findings, it was determined that ozone treatment largely increases storage stability of rhubarb.

Effects of ozone treatment on the antioxidant capacity of postharvest strawberry

Strawberries are highly popular around the world because of their juicy flesh and unique taste. However, they are delicate and extremely susceptible to peroxidation of their membrane lipids during storage, which induces water loss and rotting of the fruit. This study investigated the effects of ozone treatment on the physiological traits, active oxygen metabolism, and the antioxidant properties of postharvest strawberry. The results revealed that the weight loss (WL) and respiration rate (RR) of strawberry were inhibited by ozone treatment (OT), while the decline of firmness (FIR) and total soluble solids (TSS) were delayed. Ozone also reduced the generation rate of superoxide radical anions , and the content of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) enhanced the activity of superoxidase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), as well as promoted the accumulation of ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, a total of 29 antioxidant-related proteins were changed between the OT group and control (CK) group as detected by label-free proteomics during the storage time, and the abundance associated with ASA–GSH cycle was higher in the OT group at the later stage of storage, and the qRT-PCR results were consistent with those of proteomics. The improvement of the antioxidant capacity of postharvest strawberry treated with ozone may be achieved by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and increasing the expression of the antioxidant proteins related to the ascorbic acid–glutathione (ASA–GSH) cycle.

Strawberries are highly popular around the world because of their juicy flesh and unique taste.

Influence of Drying Temperature on the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Shoots as Well as Yield and Composition of Essential Oils

The study concerns the effects of drying process conditions (40, 50, 60°C) on the contents of bioactive compounds in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots as well as the yield and composition of essential oils. The obtained dry material was examined for the total contents of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity as well as the content of vitamin C. The material was examined by using the HS-SPME method, and the composition of the essential oils was determined using gas chromatography method (GC-MS). The highest contents of bioactive compounds were found in the material subjected to drying at 40°C. The highest yield of essential oils (0.63 ml 100 g−1 d.m. of the material) was obtained from the pine shoots dried at 40°C.

Effects of ozone treatment on SOD activity and genes in postharvest cantaloupe

Ozone has been shown to play a positive role in the storage and preservation of agricultural products. However, there is little research on the cantaloupe preservation mechanism of ozone treatment (OT), especially the effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the mechanism of scavenging superoxide anion In this study, xizhoumi 25 was used as a typical cantaloupe material to detect content, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and SOD enzyme activity in the pericarp and pulp, respectively, and transcriptomics and qRT-RCR were used for cantaloupe SOD family gene expression. The results showed that the rate of and H₂O₂ content were inhibited and SOD activity was higher in the treatment group compared with the control (CK) group in the pericarp and pulp; SOD was more active in the pericarp and was higher than that in the pulp. The transcription level of Cu/Zn-SOD, identified as the most abundant component of the cantaloupe SOD gene family, was promoted in the OT group, especially the key gene Cu/Zn-SOD-1. The expression level of the Fe-SOD gene was promoted in the pericarp but regulated in the pulp, while the expression of the Mn-SOD gene was down-regulated in the OT group in both pericarp and pulp. In addition, the results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome results. Correlation analysis showed that OT not only enhanced the positive correlation between and H₂O₂ in the whole cantaloupe and the negative correlation between and SOD activity in the pericarp but also altered the correlation between SOD genes and The mechanism of regulation in postharvest cantaloupe treated with ozone may be through stimulating the SOD activity and altering the expression of related genes in the pericarp and pulp.

Ozone has been shown to play a positive role in the storage and preservation of agricultural products.

Ozone Treatment Induces Changes in Antioxidative Defense System in Blueberry Fruit During Storage

The major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ozonation process on the level of oxidative stress markers in blueberry fruit during cold storage (4 °C). Blueberry (Vaccinum corymbosum L.) fruit was ozonated with an ozone concentration of 15 ppm for 30 min, every 12 h for 28 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that ozone treatment activated a defense mechanism against oxidative stress in blueberry fruit. Ozonated fruit was characterized by higher activity of antioxidant enzymes i.e. superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase than non-ozonated fruit, over the first 21 days of storage. In turn, the level of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in ozonated fruit was significantly lower compared with the untreated material. However, after 21 days of storage, ozone treatment contributed to the oxidative modification of protein which could be a reason of decreasing enzymes activity, involved in cell protection against oxidative stress.

Response of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Plants to Spraying by Hydrogen Peroxide

The biocidal properties of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be used in plant protection. However, the effects of H2O2 foliar spraying on the performance of the potato photosynthetic apparatus are still unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying, which was done twice, with various H2O2 concentrations (1, 3, 6, 12, and 18%) on the potato photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and antioxidant capacity. The measurements were taken four times: on the first and seventh day after each application. Foliar spraying with 1% H2O2 concentration was the most stimulating for the course of physiological processes in leaves. Further increased doses of H2O2 enhanced stress in plants which is manifested by a decrease in pigment levels, photosynthetic attributes, antioxidant capacity in leaves, and fresh mass above-ground parts of potato plants. The intensive effect of spraying was particularly observed on the first day after application, while later, the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant capacity increased. The study provides information that foliar spraying with 1% H2O2 can be taken into account in further research on the development of a potato plant protection methods.

Effects of ozone concentration on the postharvest quality and microbial diversity of Muscat Hamburg grapes

Grapevines are widely planted around the world. Although grapes have high nutritional value, they are highly perishable. To explore the effect of ozone concentration on the postharvest quality of Muscat Hamburg grapes, the ethylene production rate, respiratory intensity, soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness, threshing rate, total yeast and mold counts, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were determined, and the fungal metagenome on the grape surface was analyzed. Among the ozone treatment groups, 14.98 mg m-3 ozone showed a positive effect on grape preservation. After 80 days of storage, the contents of soluble solids and titratable acidity increased by 3.1% and 0.03%, respectively, compared with the control group. Over the same period, firmness increased by 4.22 N and the threshing rate decreased by 0.5%. During storage, the activity of polyphenol oxidase was inhibited and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were maintained, which delayed the senescence of grapes and maintained freshness. Ozone can reduce the number of fungi on the grape surface, change the colony structure, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. An ozone concentration of 14.98 mg m-3 can delay the senescence of Muscat Hamburg grapes and improve storage quality.

Overexpression of microRNA-216a-3p Accelerates the Inflammatory Response in Cardiomyocytes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Targeting IFN-α2

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, hyperglycemia-associated, metabolic disorder. Heart disease is a major complication of T2DM. The present study aimed to explore the effects of miR-216a-3p on cardiomyocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in T2DM through the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway involving interferon-α2 (IFN-α2) mediation. Methods: T2DM was induced in rats by a high-fat diet, in combination with an intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin. ELISAs were conducted to measure inflammatory-related factors in serum. Next, isolated cardiomyocytes were used in loss- and gain-of-function experiments, followed by MTT and flow cytometry assays, conducted to evaluate cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Results: Our results revealed an increase in the inflammatory response in T2DM rat models, accompanied by significantly increased expression of miR-216a-3p and TLR pathway-related genes. However, a decrease in the expression of IFN-α2 was observed. Moreover, the presence of an miR-216a-3p inhibitor and si-IFN-α2 increased the expression of TLR pathway-related genes and cell apoptosis, whereas cell proliferation was significantly decreased in the cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: We found that in T2DM, miR-216a-3p inhibited the proliferation and enhanced the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and generated an inflammatory response through activation of the TLR pathway and targeting of IFN-α2.