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Ribeiro LR, Dos Santos AMF, da Cruz Guedes E, Bezerra TLDS, de Souza TL, Filho JMB, de Almeida RN, Salvadori MGDSS. Effects of acute administration of 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol in mouse models of seizures. Epilepsy Res 2024; 205:107421. [PMID: 39068729 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, presents a substantial challenge in approximately one-third of cases exhibiting resistance to conventional pharmacological treatments. This study investigated the effect of 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, a phenolic compound derived from various natural sources, in different models of induced seizures and its impact on animal electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Adult male Swiss albino mice were pre-treated (i.p.) with a dose curve of 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg), its vehicle (Tween), or standard antiepileptic drug (Diazepam; or Phenytoin). Subsequently, the mice were subjected to different seizure-inducing models - pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA), pilocarpine (PILO), or maximal electroshock seizure (MES). EEG analysis was performed on other animals surgically implanted with electrodes to evaluate brain activity. Significant results revealed that animals treated with 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol exhibited increased latency to the first myoclonic jerk in the PTZ and PILO models; prolonged latency to the first tonic-clonic seizure in the PTZ, 3-MPA, and PILO models; reduced total duration of tonic-clonic seizures in the PTZ and PILO models; decreased intensity of convulsive seizures in the PTZ and 3-MPA models; and diminished mortality in the 3-MPA, PILO, and MES models. EEG analysis indicated an increase in the percentage of total power attributed to beta waves following 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol administration. Notably, the substance protected from behavioral and electrographic seizures in the PTZ model, preventing increases in the average amplitude of recording signals while also inducing an increase in the participation of theta and gamma waves. These findings suggest promising outcomes for the tested phenolic compound across diverse pre-clinical seizure models, highlighting the need for further comprehensive studies to elucidate its underlying mechanisms and validate its clinical relevance in epilepsy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodrigo Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Aline Matilde Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Erika da Cruz Guedes
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thamires Lucena da Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thaíze Lopes de Souza
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Mirian Graciela da Silva Stiebbe Salvadori
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Institute of Research in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Zheng L, Guo H, Zhu M, Xie L, Jin J, Korma SA, Jin Q, Wang X, Cacciotti I. Intrinsic properties and extrinsic factors of food matrix system affecting the effectiveness of essential oils in foods: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7363-7396. [PMID: 36861257 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2184767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been proved as natural food preservatives because of their effective and wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They have been extensively explored for potential applications in food industry, and substantial progresses have been achieved. However well EOs perform in antibacterial tests in vitro, it has generally been found that a higher level of EOs is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Nevertheless, this unsimilar effect has not been clearly quantified and elaborated, as well as the underlying mechanisms. This review highlights the influence of intrinsic properties (e.g., oils and fats, carbohydrates, proteins, pH, physical structure, water, and salt) and extrinsic factors (e.g., temperature, bacteria characteristics, and packaging in vacuum/gas/air) of food matrix systems on EOs action. Controversy findings and possible mechanism hypotheses are also systematically discussed. Furthermore, the organoleptic aspects of EOs in foods and promising strategies to address this hurdle are reviewed. Finally, some considerations about the EOs safety are presented, as well as the future trends and research prospects of EOs applications in foods. The present review aims to fill the evidenced gap, providing a comprehensive overview about the influence of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of food matrix systems to efficiently orientate EOs applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyou Zheng
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Xie
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, INSTM RU, University of Rome "Niccolò Cusano", Roma, Italy
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Wang Z, Pan F, Zhang M, Liang S, Tian W. Discovery of potential anti- Staphylococcus aureus natural products and their mechanistic studies using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30389. [PMID: 38737232 PMCID: PMC11088314 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure-activity analysis (SAR) and machine learning were used to investigate potential anti-S. aureus agents in a faster method. In this study, 24 oxygenated benzene ring components with S. aureus inhibition capacity were confirmed by literature exploring and in-house experiments, and the SAR analysis suggested that the hydroxyl group position may affect the anti-S. aureus activity. The 2D-MLR-QSAR model with 9 descriptors was further evaluated as the best model among the 21 models. After that, hesperetic acid and 2-HTPA were further explored and evaluated as the potential anti-S. aureus agents screening in the natural product clustering library through the best QSAR model calculation. The antibacterial capacities of hesperetic acid and 2-HTPA had been investigated and proved the similar predictive pMIC value resulting from the QSAR model. Besides, the two novel components were able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus by disrupting the cell membrane through the molecular dynamics simulation (MD), which further evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test and PI dye results. Overall, these results are highly suggested that QSAR can be used to predict the antibacterial agents targeting S. aureus, which provides a new paradigm to research the molecular structure-antibacterial capacity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
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Tavvabi-Kashani N, Hasanpour M, Baradaran Rahimi V, Vahdati-Mashhadian N, Askari VR. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review. Toxicon 2024; 238:107607. [PMID: 38191032 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Tavvabi-Kashani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maede Hasanpour
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Vahdati-Mashhadian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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de Menezes Dantas D, Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa C, Silva Macêdo N, de Sousa Silveira Z, Rodrigues Bezerra S, Henrique Bezerra A, Lira da Silva JB, Martins da Costa JG, Sarmento Silva TM, Douglas Melo Coutinho H, Assis Bezerra da Cunha F. Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Jandaíra Stingless Bee Products (Melipona subnitida, Ducke, 1911): A Brief Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301407. [PMID: 38116922 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1911), a species of stingless bee, popularly known as Jandaíra, has a wide distribution in the Brazilian Northeast region, being an important pollinator of the Caatinga biome. This bee produces products such as honey, geopropolis, pollen (saburá) and wax that are traditionally used for therapeutic purposes and some studies report the biological properties, as well as its chemical composition. This review aimed to select, analyze and gather data published in the literature focusing on the chemical profile and bioactivities described for M. subnitida products. Data collection was carried out through the Capes Journal Portal platform, using the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Original articles published in English and Portuguese were included, with no time limitation. The chemical composition of M. subnitida products has been investigated through chromatographic analysis, demonstrating the presence of a variety of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and phenylpropanoids, among other classes of secondary metabolites. These products also have several biological activities, including antioxidant, healing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antidyslipidemic, antiobesity, antifungal, antibacterial and prebiotic. Among the biological activities reported, the antioxidant activity was the most investigated. These data show that products derived from the stingless bee M. subnitida have promising bioactive compounds. This review provides useful information about the bioactivities and chemical profile of Melipona subnitida bee products, and a direction for future research, which should focus on understanding the mechanisms of action associated with the already elucidated pharmacological activities, as well as the bioactive properties of the main isolate's constituents identified in the chemical composition of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora de Menezes Dantas
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cristina Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nair Silva Macêdo
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Zildene de Sousa Silveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences- PPGCB, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Suieny Rodrigues Bezerra
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Henrique Bezerra
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Bruno Lira da Silva
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Maria Sarmento Silva
- Phytochemical Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Biological Chemistry Department, Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Pimenta Campus, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
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Tran TK, Ha PTT, Henry RJ, Nguyen DNT, Tuyen PT, Liem NT. Polyphenol Contents, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract and Fractions of Sonneratia Caseolaris Fruits from Ben Tre Province in Vietnam. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:94-102. [PMID: 38282409 PMCID: PMC10840467 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2304.04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Plants contain a large number of phytochemical components, many of which are known as bioactive compounds and responsible for the expression of various pharmacological activities. The extract of Sonneratia caseolaris fruit collected in Vietnam was investigated for its total phenolic and total flavonoid contents using methanol solvent and different fractions of S. caseolaris fruits (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous). GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the bioactive chemical constituents occurring in the active extract. Further, the antibacterial activity was tested in vitro on bacterial isolates, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, using the disc diffusion method on tryptic soya agar (TSA) medium. The methanol extract showed high total flavonoid (82.3 ± 0.41 mg QE/g extract) and phenolic (41.0 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) content. GC-MS of the methanol extract and different fractions of S. caseolaris fruits detected 20 compounds, principally fatty alcohols, fatty acids, phenols, lipids, terpenes derivatives, and carboxylic acids derivatives. A 50 mg/ml concentration of methanol extract had the strongest antibacterial activity on E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Furthermore, ethyl acetate, aqueous, and n-butanol fractions inhibited S. aureus and B. subtilis the most. The results of the present study suggested that the fruits of S. caseolaris are rich sources of phenolic compounds that can contribute to safe and cost-effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien khanh Tran
- Chemical Engineering in Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy Research Group, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thu Ha
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- High Agricultural Technology Research Institute for Mekong Delta, 94955, Vietnam (HATRI)
| | - Robert. J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Phung Thi Tuyen
- Department of Forest Plant, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hanoi, 13417, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Liem
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quynhon University, Quynhon, Binhdinh 590000, Vietnam
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Zlotnikov ID, Krylov SS, Semenova MN, Semenov VV, Kudryashova EV. Triphenylphosphine Derivatives of Allylbenzenes Express Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity When Solubilized with Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1651. [PMID: 38139778 PMCID: PMC10747112 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Allylbenzenes (apiol, dillapiol, myristicin and allyltetramethoxybenzene) are individual components of plant essential oils that demonstrate antitumor activity and can enhance the antitumor activity of cytotoxic drugs, such as paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) derivatives of allylbenzenes are two to three orders of magnitude more potent than original allylbenzenes in terms of IC50. The inhibition of efflux pumps has been reported for allylbenzenes, and the PPh3 moiety is deemed to be responsible for preferential mitochondrial accumulation and the depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. However, due to poor solubility, the practical use of these substances has never been an option. Here, we show that this problem can be solved by using a complex formation with cyclodextrin (CD-based molecular containers) and polyanionic heparin, stabilizing the positive charge of the PPh3 cation. Such containers can solubilize both allylbenzenes and their PPh3 derivatives up to 0.4 mM concentration. Furthermore, we have observed that solubilized PPh3 derivatives indeed work as adjuvants, increasing the antitumor activity of paclitaxel against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) by an order of magnitude (in terms of IC50) in addition to being quite powerful cytostatics themselves (IC50 in the range 1-10 µM). Even more importantly, CD-solubilized PPh3 derivatives show pronounced selectivity, being highly toxic for the A549 tumor cell line and minimally toxic for HEK293T non-tumor cells, red blood cells and sea urchin embryos. Indeed, in many cancers, the mitochondrial membrane is more prone to depolarization compared to normal cells, which probably explains the observed selectivity of our compounds, since PPh3 derivatives are known to act as mitochondria-targeting agents. According to the MTT test, 100 µM solution of PPh3 derivatives of allylbenzenes causes the death of up to 85% of A549 cancer cells, while for HEK293T non-cancer cells, only 15-20% of the cells died. The hemolytic index of the studied substances did not exceed 1%, and the thrombogenicity index was < 1.5%. Thus, this study outlines the experimental foundation for developing combined cytostatic medications, where effectiveness and selectivity are achieved through decreased concentration of the primary ingredient and the inclusion of adjuvants, which are safe or practically harmless substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D. Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey S. Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina N. Semenova
- N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Semenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa C, Macêdo NS, de Sousa Silveira Z, Rocha JE, Freitas TS, Muniz DF, Araújo IM, Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino C, Marinho ES, Nunes da Rocha M, Marinho MM, Bezerra AH, Ribeiro de Sousa G, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Souza-Ferrari J, Melo Coutinho HD, Silva Dos Santos H, Bezerra da Cunha FA. Evaluation of the antibacterial and inhibitory activity of the MepA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus by riparins I, II, III, and IV. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 748:109782. [PMID: 37839789 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The efflux pump mechanism contributes to the antibiotic resistance of widely distributed strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, in the present work, the ability of the riparins N-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzamide (I), 2-hydroxy-N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]benzamide (II), 2, 6-dihydroxy-N-[ 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]benzamide (III), and 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-[2-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzamide (IV) as potential inhibitors of the MepA efflux pump in S. aureus K2068 (fluoroquinolone-resistant). In addition, we performed checkerboard assays to obtain more information about the activity of riparins as potential inhibitors of MepA efflux and also analyzed the ability of riparins to act on the permeability of the bacterial membrane of S. aureus by the fluorescence method with SYTOX Green. A molecular coupling assay was performed to characterize the interaction between riparins and MepA, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties were analyzed. We observed that I-IV riparins did not show direct antibacterial activity against S. aureus. However, combination assays with substrates of MepA, ciprofloxacin, and ethidium bromide (EtBr) revealed a potentiation of the efficacy of these substrates by reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Furthermore, increased EtBr fluorescence emission was observed for all riparins. The checkerboard assay showed synergism between riparins I, II, and III, ciprofloxacin, and EtBr. Furthermore, riparins III and IV exhibited permeability in the S. aureus membrane at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Molecular docking showed that riparins I, II, and III bound in a different region from the binding site of chlorpromazine (standard pump inhibitor), indicating a possible synergistic effect with the reference inhibitor. In contrast, riparin IV binds in the same region as the chlorpromazine binding site. From the in silico ADMET prediction based on MPO, it could be concluded that the molecules of riparin I-IV present their physicochemical properties within the ideal pharmacological spectrum allowing their preparation as an oral drug. Furthermore, the prediction of cytotoxicity in liver cell lines showed a low cytotoxic effect for riparins I-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nair Silva Macêdo
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Zildene de Sousa Silveira
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Sampaio Freitas
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- State University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Machado Marinho
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Ribeiro de Sousa
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO-Nucleadora UECE), Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Sobral, CE, Brazil.
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9
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Habib Adam M, Tandon N, Singh I, Tandon R. The Phytochemical Tactics for Battling Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: Secondary Metabolites and Nano Antibiotics Methods. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300453. [PMID: 37535351 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious threats to human health is antibiotic resistance, which has left the world without effective antibiotics. While continuous research and inventions for new antibiotics are going on, especially those with new modes of action, it is unlikely that this alone would be sufficient to win the battle. Furthermore, it is also important to investigate additional approaches. One such strategy for improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics is the discovery of adjuvants. This review has collected data from various studies on the current crisis and approaches for combating multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens using phytochemicals. In addition, the nano antibiotic approaches, are discussed, highlighting the high potentials of essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and nano antibiotics in combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Habib Adam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
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10
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Ashtiani EE, Gholizadeh Siahmazgi Z, Mirpour M, Soltani BM. RND pump inhibition: in-silico and in-vitro study by Eugenol on clinical strain of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 11:22. [PMID: 37587975 PMCID: PMC10425304 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria pose significant challenges to the public health. Various factors are involved in the development and spread of MDR strains, including the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, the lack of new antibiotics being developed, and etc. Efflux pump is one of the most important factors in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Aiming at the introduction of novel plant antibiotic, we investigated the effect of eugenol on the MexA and AcrA efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Molecular docking was performed using PachDock Server 1.3. The effect of eugenol on bacteria was determined by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). A cartwheel test was also performed to evaluate efflux pump inhibition. Finally, the expression of the MexA and AcrA genes was examined by real-time PCR. The results of molecular docking showed that eugenol interacted with MexA and AcrA pumps at - 29.28 and - 28.59 Kcal.mol-1, respectively. The results of the antibiogram test indicated that the antibiotic resistance of the treated bacteria decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The results of the cartwheel test suggested the inhibition of efflux pump activity in P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Analysis of the genes by real-time PCR demonstrated that the expression of MexA and AcrA genes was significantly reduced, compared to untreated bacteria (p < 0.001). The findings suggest, among other things, that eugenol may make P. aeruginosa and E. coli more sensitive to antibiotics and that it could be used as an inhibitor to prevent bacteria from becoming resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Etesami Ashtiani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mirsasan Mirpour
- Department of Microbiology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Santos M, Santos R, Soeiro P, Silvestre S, Ferreira S. Resveratrol as an Inhibitor of the NorA Efflux Pump and Resistance Modulator in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1168. [PMID: 37508264 PMCID: PMC10376492 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can exhibit resistance to various antibiotics. Among its resistance mechanisms, the active efflux of antibiotics can be seen as relevant. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of resveratrol to modulate norfloxacin resistance in S. aureus. The antimicrobial activity of resveratrol was assessed using the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Then, the modulatory effect of resveratrol was evaluated using the MIC determination for the antibiotic or ethidium bromide in the presence and absence of resveratrol at a sub-MIC level. The MIC of norfloxacin against S. aureus SA1199B (NorA-overexpressing strain) decreased 16-fold when in the presence of resveratrol, with a similar behavior being observed for ethidium bromide. An evaluation of the ethidium bromide accumulation was also performed, showing that in the presence of resveratrol, the SA1199B strain had augmented fluorescence due to the accumulation of ethidium bromide. Altogether, the results suggested that resveratrol may act by inhibiting NorA. These in vitro data were supported by docking results, with interactions between resveratrol and the NorA efflux pump predicted to be favorable. Our findings demonstrated that resveratrol may modulate norfloxacin resistance through the inhibition of NorA, increasing the effectiveness of this antibiotic against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soeiro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Susana Ferreira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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12
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Umam K, Feng CS, Yang G, Tu PC, Lin CY, Yang MT, Kuo TF, Yang WC, Tran Nguyen Minh H. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Mode of Action of the Anti-Bacterial Artemisia Plants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:633. [PMID: 37370564 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 70,000 people die of bacterial infections worldwide annually. Antibiotics have been liberally used to treat these diseases and, consequently, antibiotic resistance and drug ineffectiveness has been generated. In this environment, new anti-bacterial compounds are being urgently sought. Around 500 Artemisia species have been identified worldwide. Most species of this genus are aromatic and have multiple functions. Research into the Artemisia plants has expanded rapidly in recent years. Herein, we aim to update and summarize recent information about the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the Artemisia plants. A literature search of articles published between 2003 to 2022 in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science databases, and KNApSAcK metabolomics databases revealed that 20 Artemisia species and 75 compounds have been documented to possess anti-bacterial functions and multiple modes of action. We focus and discuss the progress in understanding the chemistry (structure and plant species source), anti-bacterial activities, and possible mechanisms of these phytochemicals. Mechanistic studies show that terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins and others (miscellaneous group) were able to destroy cell walls and membranes in bacteria and interfere with DNA, proteins, enzymes and so on in bacteria. An overview of new anti-bacterial strategies using plant compounds and extracts is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khotibul Umam
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, and National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Biotechnology Department, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa Besar 84371, NTB, Indonesia
| | - Ching-Shan Feng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Greta Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chen Tu
- Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ting Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, and National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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13
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Zlotnikov ID, Dobryakova NV, Ezhov AA, Kudryashova EV. Achievement of the Selectivity of Cytotoxic Agents against Cancer Cells by Creation of Combined Formulation with Terpenoid Adjuvants as Prospects to Overcome Multidrug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098023. [PMID: 37175727 PMCID: PMC10178335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncological diseases are difficult to treat even with strong drugs due to development the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. A strategy is proposed to increase the efficiency and selectivity of cytotoxic agents against cancer cells to engage the differences in the morphology and microenvironment of tumor and healthy cells, including the pH, membrane permeability, and ion channels. Using this approach, we managed to develop enhanced formulations of cytotoxic agents with adjuvants (which are known as efflux inhibitors and as ion channel inhibitors in tumors)-with increased permeability in A549 and a protective effect on healthy HEK293T cells. The composition of the formulation is as follows: cytotoxic agents (doxorubicin (Dox), paclitaxel (Pac), cisplatin) + adjuvants (allylbenzenes and terpenoids) in the form of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. Modified cyclodextrins make it possible to obtain soluble forms of pure substances of the allylbenzene and terpenoid series and increase the solubility of cytotoxic agents. A comprehensive approach based on three methods for studying the interaction of drugs with cells is proposed: MTT test-quantitative identification of surviving cells; FTIR spectroscopy-providing information on the molecular mechanisms inaccessible to study by any other methods (including binding to DNA, surface proteins, or lipid membrane); confocal microscopy for the visualization of observed effects of Dox accumulation in cancer or healthy cells depending on the drug formulation as a direct control of the correctness of interpretation of the results obtained by the two other methods. We found that eugenol (EG) and apiol increase the intracellular concentration of cytostatic in A549 cells by 2-4 times and maintain it for a long time. However, an important aspect is the selectivity of the enhancing effect of adjuvants on tumor cells in relation to healthy ones. Therefore, the authors focused on adjuvant's effect on the control healthy cells (HEK293T): EG and apiol demonstrate "protective" properties from cytostatic penetration by reducing intracellular concentrations by about 2-3 times. Thus, a combined formulation of cytostatic drugs has been found, showing promise in the aspects of improving the efficiency and selectivity of antitumor drugs; thereby, one of the perspective directions for overcoming MDR is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Dobryakova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ezhov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Nguyen THT, Nguyen HD, Le MH, Nguyen TTH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen DL, Nguyen QH, Nguyen TKO, Michalet S, Dijoux-Franca MG, Pham HN. Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Controlling Antibiotic Resistance: Outlook under a Heavy Metal Contamination Context. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072912. [PMID: 37049674 PMCID: PMC10095785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance to antibiotics represents a growing challenge in treating infectious diseases. Outside the hospital, bacteria with the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype have an increased prevalence in anthropized environments, thus implying that chemical stresses, such as metals, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, etc., are the source of such resistance. There is a developing hypothesis regarding the role of metal contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments as a selective agent in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance caused by the co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance genes carried by transmissible plasmids and/or associated with transposons. Efflux pumps are also known to be involved in either antibiotic or metal resistance. In order to deal with these situations, microorganisms use an effective strategy that includes a range of expressions based on biochemical and genetic mechanisms. The data from numerous studies suggest that heavy metal contamination could affect the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes. Environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic activities could lead to mutagenesis based on the synergy between antibiotic efficacy and the acquired resistance mechanism under stressors. Moreover, the acquired resistance includes plasmid-encoded specific efflux pumps. Soil microbiomes have been reported as reservoirs of resistance genes that are available for exchange with pathogenic bacteria. Importantly, metal-contaminated soil is a selective agent that proliferates antibiotic resistance through efflux pumps. Thus, the use of multi-drug efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) originating from natural plants or synthetic compounds is a promising approach for restoring the efficacy of existing antibiotics, even though they face a lot of challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huyen Thu Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Saint Paul Hospital, 12 Chu Van An, Hanoi 11114, Vietnam
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Department of Academic Affairs, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Mai Huong Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1H Building, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Hien Nguyen
- Institute of Biological and Food Technology, Hanoi Open University, 101B Nguyen Hien, Hanoi 11615, Vietnam
| | - Thi Dua Nguyen
- Saint Paul Hospital, 12 Chu Van An, Hanoi 11114, Vietnam
| | | | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Serge Michalet
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAe, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Geneviève Dijoux-Franca
- UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAe, VetagroSup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hoang Nam Pham
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
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15
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Chetri S. The culmination of multidrug-resistant efflux pumps vs. meager antibiotic arsenal era: Urgent need for an improved new generation of EPIs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149418. [PMID: 37138605 PMCID: PMC10149990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps function as an advanced defense system against antimicrobials by reducing the concentration of drugs inside the bacteria and extruding the substances outside. Various extraneous substances, including antimicrobials, toxic heavy metals, dyes, and detergents, have been removed by this protective barrier composed of diverse transporter proteins found in between the cell membrane and the periplasm within the bacterial cell. In this review, multiple efflux pump families have been analytically and widely outlined, and their potential applications have been discussed in detail. Additionally, this review also discusses a variety of biological functions of efflux pumps, including their role in the formation of biofilms, quorum sensing, their survivability, and the virulence in bacteria, and the genes/proteins associated with efflux pumps have also been explored for their potential relevance to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue detection. A final discussion centers around efflux pump inhibitors, particularly those derived from plants.
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16
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Zlotnikov ID, Vigovskiy MA, Davydova MP, Danilov MR, Dyachkova UD, Grigorieva OA, Kudryashova EV. Mannosylated Systems for Targeted Delivery of Antibacterial Drugs to Activated Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:16144. [PMID: 36555785 PMCID: PMC9787453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a promising target for drug delivery to influence macrophage-associated processes in the body, namely due to the presence of resistant microorganisms in macrophages. In this work, a series of mannosylated carriers based on mannan, polyethylenimine (PEI) and cyclodextrin (CD) was synthesized. The molecular architecture was studied using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The particle size, from small 10-50 nm to large 500 nm, depending on the type of carrier, is potentially applicable for the creation of various medicinal forms: intravenous, oral and inhalation. Non-specific capture by cells with a simultaneous increase in selectivity to CD206+ macrophages was achieved. ConA was used as a model mannose receptor, binding galactosylated (CD206 non-specific) carriers with constants of the order of 104 M-1 and mannosylated conjugates of 106-107 M-1. The results of such primary "ConA-screening" of ligands are in a good agreement in terms of the comparative effectiveness of the interaction of ligands with the CD206+ macrophages: non-specific (up to 10%) absorption of highly charged and small particles; weakly specific uptake of galactosylated polymers (up to 50%); and high affine capture (more than 70-80%) of the ligands with grafted trimannoside was demonstrated using the cytometry method. Double and multi-complexes of antibacterials (moxifloxacin with its adjuvants from the class of terpenoids) were proposed as enhanced forms against resistant pathogens. In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments have shown that polymeric carriers significantly improve the efficiency of the antibiotic: the half-life of moxifloxacin is increased by 2-3 times in conjugate-loaded forms, bio-distribution to the lungs in the first hours after administration of the drug is noticeably greater, and, after 4 h of observation, free moxifloxacin was practically removed from the lungs of rats. Although, in polymer systems, its content is significant-1.2 µg/g. Moreover, the importance of the covalent crosslinking carrier with mannose label was demonstrated. Thus, this paper describes experimental, scientifically based methods of targeted drug delivery to macrophages to create enhanced medicinal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D. Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim A. Vigovskiy
- Medical Research and Education Center, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Prosp., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria P. Davydova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Prosp., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Milan R. Danilov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Uliana D. Dyachkova
- Medical Research and Education Center, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Prosp., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Grigorieva
- Medical Research and Education Center, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Prosp., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Dias KJSDO, Miranda GM, Bessa JR, Araújo ACJD, Freitas PR, Almeida RSD, Paulo CLR, Neto JBDA, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro-Filho J. Terpenes as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953982. [PMID: 36313340 PMCID: PMC9606600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in modern pharmacotherapy. While molecular analyses have identified efflux pump expression as an essential mechanism underlying multidrug resistance, the targeted drug development has occurred slower. Thus, considering the verification that terpenes can enhance the activity of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, the present study gathered evidence pointing to these natural compounds as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. A systematic search for manuscripts published between January 2007 and January 2022 was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and the following search terms: “Terpene”; AND “Efflux pump”; and “Bacteria.” From a total of 101 articles found in the initial search, 41 were included in this review. Seventy-five different terpenes, 63 bacterial strains, and 22 different efflux pumps were reported, with carvacrol, Staphylococcus aureus SA-1199B, and NorA appearing most frequently mentioned terpene, bacterial strain, and efflux pump (EP), respectively. The Chi-Squared analysis indicated that terpenes are significantly effective EP inhibitors in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the inhibitory frequency significantly higher in Gram-positive strains. The results of the present review suggest that terpenes are significant efflux pump inhibitors and, as such, can be used in drug development targeting the combat of antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Marinho Miranda
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Reis Bessa
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Justino De Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ray Silva De Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cícera Laura Roque Paulo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Bezerra De Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Fiocruz Ceará, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Eusébio, Ceará, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jaime Ribeiro-Filho,
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18
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Zlotnikov ID, Ezhov AA, Petrov RA, Vigovskiy MA, Grigorieva OA, Belogurova NG, Kudryashova EV. Mannosylated Polymeric Ligands for Targeted Delivery of Antibacterials and Their Adjuvants to Macrophages for the Enhancement of the Drug Efficiency. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1172. [PMID: 36297284 PMCID: PMC9607288 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections and especially resistant strains of pathogens localized in macrophages and granulomas are intractable diseases that pose a threat to millions of people. In this paper, the theoretical and experimental foundations for solving this problem are proposed due to two key aspects. The first is the use of a three-component polymer system for delivering fluoroquinolones to macrophages due to high-affinity interaction with mannose receptors (CD206). Cytometry assay determined that 95.5% macrophage-like cells were FITC-positive after adding high-affine to CD206 trimannoside conjugate HPCD-PEI1.8-triMan, and 61.7% were FITC-positive after adding medium-affine ligand with linear mannose label HPCD-PEI1.8-Man. The second aspect is the use of adjuvants, which are synergists for antibiotics. Using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that molecular containers, namely mannosylated polyethyleneimines (PEIs) and cyclodextrins (CDs), load moxifloxacin (MF) with dissociation constants of the order of 10-4-10-6 M; moreover, due to prolonged release and adsorption on the cell membrane, they enhance the effect of MF. Using CLSM, it was shown that eugenol (EG) increases the penetration of doxorubicin (Dox) into cells by an order of magnitude due to the creation of defects in the bacterial wall and the inhibition of efflux proteins. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that 0.5% EG penetrates into bacteria and inhibits efflux proteins, which makes it possible to increase the maximum concentration of the antibiotic by 60% and maintain it for several hours until the pathogens are completely neutralized. Regulation of efflux is a possible way to overcome multiple drug resistance of both pathogens and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D. Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Ezhov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rostislav A. Petrov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim A. Vigovskiy
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Grigorieva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya G. Belogurova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Modulation of Drug Resistance by Furanochromones in NorA Overexpressing Staphylococcus Aureus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9244500. [PMID: 36164399 PMCID: PMC9509268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9244500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Khellin and visnagin are natural furanochromones that photoreact with DNA. Khellin has been used in the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis, as well as in the treatment of angina pectoris and asthma due to its potent action as a coronary vasodilator and antispasmodic agent. The present study aimed to investigate whether the compounds khellin and visnagin act as inhibitors of NorA protein, an efflux pump overproduced by the strain of Staphylococcus aureus SA-1199B that confers resistance to the fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. These substances alone did not show antibacterial activity against the strain tested. On the other hand, when these compounds were added to the culture medium at subinhibitory concentration, they were able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of norfloxacin, ethidium bromide, as well as berberine, suggesting that these compounds are modulating agents of norfloxacin resistance, possibly due to NorA inhibition. Molecular docking analysis showed that both khellin and visnagin form hydrogen bonds with Arg310, an important residue in the interaction between NorA and its substrates, supporting the hypothesis that these compounds are NorA inhibitors. These results suggest a possible application of khellin and visnagin as adjuvants to norfloxacin in the treatment of infections caused by strains of S. aureus that overproduce NorA.
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Chawla M, Verma J, Gupta R, Das B. Antibiotic Potentiators Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Discovery, Development, and Clinical Relevance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:887251. [PMID: 35847117 PMCID: PMC9284026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.887251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in clinically important microbes has emerged as an unmet challenge in global health. Extensively drug-resistant bacterial pathogens have cropped up lately defying the action of even the last resort of antibiotics. This has led to a huge burden in the health sectors and increased morbidity and mortality rate across the world. The dwindling antibiotic discovery pipeline and rampant usage of antibiotics has set the alarming bells necessitating immediate actions to combat this looming threat. Various alternatives to discovery of new antibiotics are gaining attention such as reversing the antibiotic resistance and hence reviving the arsenal of antibiotics in hand. Antibiotic resistance reversal is mainly targeted against the antibiotic resistance mechanisms, which potentiates the effective action of the antibiotic. Such compounds are referred to as resistance breakers or antibiotic adjuvants/potentiators that work in conjunction with antibiotics. Many studies have been conducted for the identification of compounds, which decrease the permeability barrier, expression of efflux pumps and the resistance encoding enzymes. Compounds targeting the stability, inheritance and dissemination of the mobile genetic elements linked with the resistance genes are also potential candidates to curb antibiotic resistance. In pursuit of such compounds various natural sources and synthetic compounds have been harnessed. The activities of a considerable number of compounds seem promising and are currently at various phases of clinical trials. This review recapitulates all the studies pertaining to the use of antibiotic potentiators for the reversal of antibiotic resistance and what the future beholds for their usage in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Chawla
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Efflux Pump by O-Eugenol and Its Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster Animal Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1440996. [PMID: 35909475 PMCID: PMC9325621 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1440996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Efflux pumps are transmembrane proteins that expel drugs out of a bacterial cell contributing to microorganism drug resistance. Several studies addressing the use of natural products with medicinal properties have intensified given the above. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity and the O-eugenol potential in Staphylococcus aureus resistance reversal by efflux pump inhibition, as well as to evaluate its toxicity in the Drosophila melanogaster arthropod model. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the O-eugenol efflux pump inhibition. For the D. melanogaster toxicity assays, mortality and locomotor system damage were performed using the fumigation method. Results O-eugenol presented a MIC of 1024 μg/mL against S. aureus. The association of this compound with the antibiotic tetracycline demonstrated a synergistic effect (p < 0.0001), this also being observed when the antibiotic was associated with ethidium bromide (p < 0.0001); thus, these results may be attributable to an efflux pump inhibition. The D. melanogaster mortality and geotaxis assays revealed the compound is toxic, with an EC50 of 18 μg/mL within 48 hours of exposure. Conclusions While we can conclude that the tested product has an efflux pump inhibitory effect, further studies are needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action, in addition to assays using other strains to verify whether the substance has the same inhibitory effect.
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Effect of New 2-Thioxoimidazolidin-4-one Compounds against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains and Immunological Markers’ Combinations. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:6720241. [PMID: 35873361 PMCID: PMC9300335 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6720241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although the structure-activity relationship indicates that the 4-thioxoimidazolidin ring is essential for antibacterial activities and pharmaceutical applications, there were no enough studies on the derivatives of this compound. Evaluating the new hydantoin compounds C5 (3-((2-bromobenzylidene) amino)-2- thioxoimidazolidin-4-one) and C6 (3-((4- methoxybenzylidene) amino)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one) that were prepared against clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antihemagglutination activities is the aim of this study. Therefore, the potential clinical resistance of the strains was evaluated by their ability to form biofilms, antibiotic resistance, and agglutinate erythrocytes macroscopically and microscopically; besides, the bacterial biofilm was screened for any association with the patient's serum immunoglobulin levels and complements. Despite the effective concentration for C5 and C6 compounds, which is ≤ 31.25 μg/ml, the reduction rate is not concentration-dependent; it depends on the molecular docking of the hydantoin compounds. Hence, the effect of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) is variable. In this study, the results for the compounds (with the concentration of 31.25–62.5 μg/mL for C5 and 62.5–125 μg/mL for C6) significantly manifest the antibacteria, antibiofilm, and antihemagglutination effects against the virulent strains of S. aureus due to the high percentage of biofilm inhibition that was caused by the new hydantoin compounds. Besides, time-kill kinetics studies showed that these compounds pose bactericidal action. Overall, this study revealed that the new hydantoin derivatives have an interesting potential as new antibacterial drugs through the inhibition of bacterial adhesion. The infections of these isolates activate the complement system through the lectin pathway. Nevertheless, these compounds can be improved in order to be used at even lower concentrations.
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Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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Singh K, Coopoosamy RM, Gumede NJ, Sabiu S. Computational Insights and In Vitro Validation of Antibacterial Potential of Shikimate Pathway-Derived Phenolic Acids as NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082601. [PMID: 35458799 PMCID: PMC9031328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the efflux pump systems is the most important mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, as it contributes to reduced concentration and the subsequent inactivity of administered antibiotics. NorA is one of the most studied antibacterial targets used as a model for efflux-mediated resistance. The present study evaluated shikimate pathway-derived phenolic acids against NorA (PDB ID: 1PW4) as a druggable target in antibacterial therapy using in silico modelling and in vitro methods. Of the 22 compounds evaluated, sinapic acid (−9.0 kcal/mol) and p-coumaric acid (−6.3 kcal/mol) had the best and most prominent affinity for NorA relative to ciprofloxacin, a reference standard (−4.9 kcal/mol). A further probe into the structural stability and flexibility of the resulting NorA-phenolic acids complexes through molecular dynamic simulations over a 100 ns period revealed p-coumaric acid as the best inhibitor of NorA relative to the reference standard. In addition, both phenolic acids formed H-bonds with TYR 76, a crucial residue implicated in NorA efflux pump inhibition. Furthermore, the phenolic acids demonstrated favourable drug likeliness and conformed to Lipinski’s rule of five for ADME properties. For the in vitro evaluation, the phenolic acids had MIC values in the range 31.2 to 62.5 μg/mL against S. aureus, and E. coli, and there was an overall reduction in MIC following their combination with ciprofloxacin. Taken together, the findings from both the in silico and in vitro evaluations in this study have demonstrated high affinity of p-coumaric acid towards NorA and could be suggestive of its exploration as a novel NorA efflux pump inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Roger M. Coopoosamy
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Durban 4026, South Africa;
| | - Njabulo J. Gumede
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Durban 4026, South Africa;
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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Huang L, Wu C, Gao H, Xu C, Dai M, Huang L, Hao H, Wang X, Cheng G. Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps at the Frontline of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040520. [PMID: 35453271 PMCID: PMC9032748 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps function at the frontline to protect bacteria against antimicrobials by decreasing the intracellular concentration of drugs. This protective barrier consists of a series of transporter proteins, which are located in the bacterial cell membrane and periplasm and remove diverse extraneous substrates, including antimicrobials, organic solvents, toxic heavy metals, etc., from bacterial cells. This review systematically and comprehensively summarizes the functions of multiple efflux pumps families and discusses their potential applications. The biological functions of efflux pumps including their promotion of multidrug resistance, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and survival and pathogenicity of bacteria are elucidated. The potential applications of efflux pump-related genes/proteins for the detection of antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistance are also analyzed. Last but not least, efflux pump inhibitors, especially those of plant origin, are discussed.
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Chalcone Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein and NorA: An In Silico and In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9982453. [PMID: 35378788 PMCID: PMC8976639 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9982453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the NorA transporter are the major culprits of multidrug resistance observed in various bacterial strains and cancer cell lines, by extruding drug molecules out of the targeted cells, leading to treatment failures in clinical settings. Inhibiting the activity of these efflux pumps has been a well-known strategy of drug design studies in this regard. In this manuscript, our earlier published machine learning models and homology structures of P-gp and NorA were utilized to screen a chemolibrary of 95 in-house chalcone derivatives, identifying two hit compounds, namely, F88 and F90, as potential modulators of both transporters, whose activity on Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing NorA and resistant to ciprofloxacin was subsequently confirmed. The findings of this study are expected to guide future research towards developing novel potent chalconic inhibitors of P-gp and/or NorA.
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Dantas DDM, Silva ADA, Pereira-de-Morais L, Bastos CMDS, Calixto GL, Kerntopf MR, Menezes IRAD, Weinreich D, Barbosa R. Characterization of the vasodilator effect of eugenol in isolated human umbilical cord arteries. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 359:109890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The protective effect and potential mechanisms of eugenol against Salmonella in vivo and in vitro. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101801. [PMID: 35338975 PMCID: PMC8957058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) continues to be a serious concern to the poultry industry as a bacterial foodborne zoonosis, which generally results in intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction or even death. Eugenol is a phenolic compound with various pharmacological activities involved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects, which is expected to be an effective nonantibiotic therapy. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effects of eugenol in the cellular and broiler models of S. Typhimurium infection and the possible underlying mechanisms. The results of animal infection showed that eugenol treatments enhanced the relative weight gains and survival rates of broilers with a reduction of the organ bacterial load and intestinal ultrastructural injury. Moreover, eugenol significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), then declined the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα of NF-κB pathway and the expressions of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-18) in duodenum tissues, while maintained the expressions of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin). Further experiments in vitro revealed that eugenol markedly inhibited the adhesion and invasion of S. Typhimurium to RAW264.7 or IEC-6 cells, then reduce bacterial multiplication in IEC-6 or DF-1 cells. In conclusion, eugenol could defend broilers from S. Typhimurium infection by stabilizing the intestinal mucosal barrier and relieving inflammatory response, as well as inhibiting bacterial adhesion and invasion to cells.
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Brown MH. Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121502. [PMID: 34943714 PMCID: PMC8698293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their associated hospital- or community-acquired infections. Dramatic decrease in the discovery of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical industry coupled with increased use of sanitisers and disinfectants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can further aggravate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococci utilise multiple mechanisms to circumvent the effects of antimicrobials. One of these resistance mechanisms is the export of antimicrobial agents through the activity of membrane-embedded multidrug efflux pump proteins. The use of efflux pump inhibitors in combination with currently approved antimicrobials is a promising strategy to potentiate their clinical efficacy against resistant strains of staphylococci, and simultaneously reduce the selection of resistant mutants. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal efflux pumps, discusses their clinical impact, and summarises compounds found in the last decade from plant and synthetic origin that have the potential to be used as adjuvants to antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant staphylococci. Critically, future high-resolution structures of staphylococcal efflux pumps could aid in design and development of safer, more target-specific and highly potent efflux pump inhibitors to progress into clinical use.
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Khare T, Anand U, Dey A, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Liu Z, Kumar V. Exploring Phytochemicals for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Pathogens. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720726. [PMID: 34366872 PMCID: PMC8334005 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance or microbial drug resistance is emerging as a serious threat to human healthcare globally, and the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are imposing major hurdles to the progression of drug discovery programs. Newer antibiotic-resistance mechanisms in microbes contribute to the inefficacy of the existing drugs along with the prolonged illness and escalating expenditures. The injudicious usage of the conventional and commonly available antibiotics in human health, hygiene, veterinary and agricultural practices is proving to be a major driver for evolution, persistence and spread of antibiotic-resistance at a frightening rate. The drying pipeline of new and potent antibiotics is adding to the severity. Therefore, novel and effective new drugs and innovative therapies to treat MDR infections are urgently needed. Apart from the different natural and synthetic drugs being tested, plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals are proving efficient in combating the drug-resistant strains. Various phytochemicals from classes including alkaloids, phenols, coumarins, terpenes have been successfully demonstrated their inhibitory potential against the drug-resistant pathogens. Several phytochemicals have proved effective against the molecular determinants responsible for attaining the drug resistance in pathogens like membrane proteins, biofilms, efflux pumps and bacterial cell communications. However, translational success rate needs to be improved, but the trends are encouraging. This review highlights current knowledge and developments associated challenges and future prospects for the successful application of phytochemicals in combating antibiotic resistance and the resistant microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India.,Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Ethnopharmacology and Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India.,Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Jhanji R, Singh A, Kumar A. Antibacterial potential of selected phytomolecules: An experimental study. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:325-332. [PMID: 33930208 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a snowballing international threat. Some of the antibiotics have lost their effectiveness due to overuse and underuse. Thus, there is an urgent need to tackle this global challenge, either by inhibiting the resistance mechanisms or by the development of new chemical entities. Thus, in the current study, the antibacterial activity of selected phytomolecules was investigated against bacterial strains, alone and in combination, with standard drugs. The antibacterial potential of these phytomolecules was explored using in vitro assays (microtiter assay, bacterial growth kinetics, percentage retardation of growth, and antimicrobial synergy study) and in vivo studies (zebrafish infection model). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising antibacterial effects against, both, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, a cell viability assay also indicated the cytoprotective effect of these phytomolecules in combination with standard antibiotics (SABX). Thus, these phytomolecules could be a promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in combination with standard antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jhanji
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Evaluation of antibacterial activity and reversal of the NorA and MepA efflux pump of estragole against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3551-3555. [PMID: 33942156 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of the monoterpene estragole was evaluated against two strains of bacteria with an efflux pump mechanism, which are Staphylococcus aureus 1199B and S. aureus K2068, which have a NorA and MepA pump, respectively. For that, the methodology proposed by CLSI with modifications was followed, and to evaluate the reversal of the efflux pump, subinhibitory concentrations (MIC/8) of estragole and standard pump inhibitors, CCCP and Chlorpromazine were used and it was verified whether they managed to modulate the action of Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Ethidium Bromide, an indicator of an efflux pump. It was observed that estragole positively modulated norfloxacin and ethidium bromide against the strain of S. aureus 1199B and that it also managed to reduce the MIC of ethidium bromide against the strain of S. aureus K2068. In the non-clinical acute toxicity tests with estragole, the animals treated with the dose of 625 mg/kg/v.o. showed no clinical signs of toxicity, according to the parameters evaluated. These results are promising, since it places estragole as a possible inhibitor of the efflux pump, thus managing to inhibit this mechanism of action in the strains tested.
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Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Components of the Essential Oils of Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030295. [PMID: 33809081 PMCID: PMC7999781 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley (Mexico), studies have been carried out on the essential oils of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and it was found that they present compounds in common such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, ocimene, cineole, methyl salicylate, farnesene, and thymol. The goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of essential oils’ compounds. The qualitative evaluation was carried out by the Kirby Baüer agar diffusion technique in Gram-positive bacteria (11 strains), Gram-negative bacteria (18 strains), and yeasts (8 strains). For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the agar dilution method was used. All the evaluated compounds presented antimicrobial activity. The compounds eugenol and carvacrol showed the largest inhibition zones. Regarding yeasts, the compounds ocimene, cineole, and farnesene did not show any activity. The compounds eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol presented the lowest MIC; bactericidal effect was observed at MIC level for S. aureus 75MR, E. coli 128 MR, and C albicans CUSI, for different compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Finally, this study shows that the essential oils of plants used by the population of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley share compounds and some of them have antibacterial and fungicidal activity.
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Combarros-Fuertes P, Fresno JM, Estevinho MM, Sousa-Pimenta M, Tornadijo ME, Estevinho LM. Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110774. [PMID: 33158063 PMCID: PMC7694208 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance has become a challenging situation worldwide. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens stresses the need for developing alternative or complementary antimicrobial strategies, which has led the scientific community to study substances, formulas or active ingredients used before the antibiotic era. Honey has been traditionally used not only as a food, but also with therapeutic purposes, especially for the topical treatment of chronic-infected wounds. The intrinsic characteristics and the complex composition of honey, in which different substances with antimicrobial properties are included, make it an antimicrobial agent with multiple and different target sites in the fight against bacteria. This, together with the difficulty to develop honey-resistance, indicates that it could become an effective alternative in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, against which honey has already shown to be effective. Despite all of these assets, honey possesses some limitations, and has to fulfill a number of requirements in order to be used for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Combarros-Fuertes
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - José M. Fresno
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Maria Manuela Estevinho
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Mário Sousa-Pimenta
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - M. Eugenia Tornadijo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Leticia M. Estevinho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-273303342
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