1
|
Kim JH, Kang CE, Lee NK, Paik HD. Heat-Killed Lactilactobacillus sakei WB2305 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WB2324 Inhibited LPS-Induced Inflammation in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10251-1. [PMID: 38592556 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways, including the inflammatory and airway structural cells. Probiotics, which have diverse effects, even within the same species, are being studied to prevent and mitigate the severity of asthma. Lactilactobacillus sakei WB2305 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WB2324 were isolated from kimchi. These strains have acceptable probiotic properties and are safe. In addition, the anti-inflammatory potential of the heat-killed isolates against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the human pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549) was investigated. The heat-killed Lact. sakei WB2305 and Lact. plantarum WB2324 reduced the chemokine and cytokines mRNA expression levels, as shown by the results of using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting results showed that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways were suppressed by treatment with the heat-killed strains. The production amounts of eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were lower than those in LPS-only treated cells. Additionally, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining confirmed decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in A549 cells. Therefore, the results of present study demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activities of heat-killed Lact. sakei WB2305 and Lact. plantarum WB2324 in human airway epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Eun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thome CD, Tausche P, Hohenberger K, Yang Z, Krammer S, Trufa DI, Sirbu H, Schmidt J, Finotto S. Short-chain fatty acids induced lung tumor cell death and increased peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in NSCLC and control patients ex vivo. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328263. [PMID: 38650948 PMCID: PMC11033355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite therapy advances, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths still remains lung cancer. To improve current treatments or prevent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the role of the nutrition in cancer onset and progression needs to be understood in more detail. While in colorectal cancer, the influence of local microbiota derived SCFAs have been well investigated, the influence of SCFA on lung cancer cells via peripheral blood immune system should be investigated more deeply. In this respect, nutrients absorbed via the gut might affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) and thus play an important role in tumor cell growth. Objective This study focuses on the impact of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) Sodium Butyrate (SB), on lung cancer cell survival. We previously described a pro-tumoral role of glucose on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. In this study, we wanted to know if SB would counteract the effect of glucose and thus cultured A549 and H520 in vitro with and without SB in the presence or absence of glucose and investigated how the treatment with SB affects the survival of lung cancer cells and its influence on immune cells fighting against lung cancer. Methods In this study, we performed cell culture experiments with A549, H520 and NSCLC-patient-derived epithelial cells under different SB levels. To investigate the influence on the immune system, we performed in vitro culture of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) from control, smoker and lung cancer patients with increasing SB concentrations. Results To investigate the effect of SB on lung tumor cells, we first analyzed the effect of 6 different concentrations of SB on A549 cells at 48 and 72 hours cell culture. Here we found that, SB treatment reduced lung cancer cell survival in a concentration dependent manner. We next focused our deeper analysis on the two concentrations, which caused the maximal reduction in cell survival. Here, we observed that SB led to cell cycle arrest and induced early apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and A549 lung cancer stem cell markers (CD90) was induced. Additionally, this study explored the role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and its receptor (IFN-γ-R1) in combination with SB treatment, revealing that, although IFN-γ-R1 expression was increased, IFN-γ did not affect the efficacy of SB in reducing tumor cell viability. Furthermore, we examined the effects of SB on immune cells, specifically CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy individuals, smokers, and NSCLC patients. SB treatment resulted in a decreased production of IFN-γ and granzyme B in CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Moreover, SB induced IFN-γ-R1 in NK cells and CD4+ T cells in the absence of glucose both in PBMCs from controls and NSCLC subjects. Conclusion Overall, this study highlights the potential of SB in inhibiting lung cancer cell growth, triggering apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, and modulating immune responses by activating peripheral blood CD4+ T cells while selectively inducing IFN-γ-R1 in NK cells in peripheral blood and inhibiting peripheral blood CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of action of SB in the TME and its influence on the immune system provide valuable insights of potentially considering SB as a candidate for adjunctive therapies in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin D. Thome
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Tausche
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Katja Hohenberger
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krammer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Denis I. Trufa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Horia Sirbu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University Medical School Hospital Erlangen (UKER) Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thakkar AB, Subramanian RB, Thakkar SS, Thakkar VR, Thakor P. Biochanin A - A G6PD inhibitor: In silico and in vitro studies in non-small cell lung cancer cells ( A549). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105785. [PMID: 38266663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from medicinal plants have a well-established therapeutic potential, with many of these chemicals having specialized medical uses. Isoflavonoids, a type of secondary metabolite, have little cytotoxicity against healthy human cells, making them interesting candidates for cancer treatment. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the chemo-preventive benefits of flavonoids in treating various cancers. Biochanin A (BA), an isoflavonoid abundant in plants such as red clover, soy, peanuts, and chickpeas, was the subject of our present study. This study aimed to determine how BA affected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in human lung cancer cells. The study provides meaningful insight and a significant impact of BA on the association between metastasis, inflammation, and G6PD inhibition in A549 cells. Comprehensive in vitro tests revealed that BA has anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking experiments shed light on BA's high binding affinity for the G6PD receptor. BA substantially decreased the expression of G6PD and other inflammatory and metastasis-related markers. In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential of BA as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment, specifically by targeting G6PD and related pathways. BA's varied effects, which range from anti-inflammatory capabilities to metastasis reduction, make it an appealing option for future investigation in the development of new cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India; P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramalingam B Subramanian
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sampark S Thakkar
- AKASHGANGA, Shree Kamdhenu Electronics Pvt. Ltd., Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudev R Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Parth Thakor
- Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Y, Liu Y, Jiang P, Wang SY, Pan J, Guan W, Wang YX, Kuang HX, Wang YH, Yang BY. Polyacetylenes from Saposhnikovia divaricata and their anticancer activity. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105876. [PMID: 38431027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Nine polyacetylenes, including five new compounds named sadivaethynes E-I (1-5), were isolated from the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata. Structural elucidation of compounds 1-5 was established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations and DP4+ probability analysis. Among them, the absolute configuration of compound 1-2, 4-5 was unambiguous determined by ECD. Also, all compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines (A549, HEPG2) in vitro, compound 9 showed moderate inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 11.66 μM against HEPG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muehlberg F, Mohnike K, Grosser OS, Pech M, Goldschmidt J, Smalla KH, Seidensticker R, Ümütlü MR, Deniz S, Ricke J, Steffen IG, Öcal O, Seidensticker M. In vivo evaluation of tumor uptake and bio-distribution of 99mTc-labeled 1-thio-β-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose in mice model. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:26. [PMID: 38551764 PMCID: PMC10980667 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the capacity of 99mTc-labeled 1-thio-β-D-glucose (1-TG) and 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) to act as a marker for glucose consumption in tumor cells in vivo as well as to evaluate the biodistribution of 1-TG and 5-TG. We investigated the biodistribution, including tumor uptake, of 1-TG and 5-TG at various time points after injection (0.5, 2 and 4 h) in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) xenograft bearing nude mice (N = 4 per tracer and time point). RESULTS Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed a moderate uptake with a maximum tumor-to-muscle ratio of 4.22 ± 2.7 and 2.2 ± 1.3 (HCT-116) and of 3.2 ± 1.1 and 4.1 ± 1.3 (A549) for 1-TG and 5-TG, respectively, with a peak at 4 h for 1-TG and 5-TG. Biodistribution revealed a significantly higher uptake compared to blood in kidneys (12.18 ± 8.77 and 12.69 ± 8.93%ID/g at 30 min) and liver (2.6 ± 2.8%ID/g) for 1-TG and in the lung (7.24 ± 4.1%ID/g), liver (6.38 ± 2.94%ID/g), and kidneys (4.71 ± 1.97 and 4.81 ± 1.91%ID/g) for 5-TG. CONCLUSIONS 1-TG and 5-TG showed an insufficient tumor uptake with a moderate tumor-to-muscle ratio, not reaching the levels of commonly used tracer, for diagnostic use in human colorectal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Muehlberg
- Department of Cardiology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Hochschule für Gesundheit und Medizin & HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Mohnike
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- MVZ DTZ Diagnostisch Therapeutisches Zentrum Am Frankfurter Tor Und MVZ DTZ Diagnostisch Therapeutisches Zentrum Am Onkozentrum Berlin OZB, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver S Grosser
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Pech
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Goldschmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Research Group Neuroplasticity, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences - CBBS, Otto-Von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sinan Deniz
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo G Steffen
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osman Öcal
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- LMU Klinikum München, Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Radiologie, Marchioninistr 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Semaan D, O'Connor L, Scobie L. Evaluation of Food Homogenates on Cell Survival In Vitro. Food Environ Virol 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09586-3. [PMID: 38499912 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in food recommended that a cell culture-based method should be developed. Due to the observations that viral loads in food may be low, it is important to maximise the potential for detection of HEV in a food source in order to fully assess infectivity. To do so, would require minimal processing of any target material. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method that is simple, robust and reproducible, there are a number of points to address; one being to assess if food homogenates are cytotoxic to HEV susceptible target cells. Food matrices previously shown to have detectable HEV nucleic acid were selected for analysis and assessed for their effect on the percentage survival of three cell lines commonly used for infectivity assays. Target cells used were A549, PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 cells. The results showed that, as expected, various food homogenates have differing effects on cells in vitro. In this study, the most robust cell line over a time period was the A549 cell line in comparison to HepG2, with PLC/PRF/5 cells being the most sensitive. Overall, this data would suggest that FH can be left in contact with A549 cells for a period of up to 72 h to maximise the potential for testing infection. Using food homogenates directly would negate any concerns over losing virus as a result of any additional processing steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dima Semaan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam O'Connor
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qin W, Fei G, Zhou Q, Li Z, Li W, Wei P. Nuclear protein NOP2 serves as a poor-prognosis predictor of LUAD and aggravates the malignancy of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:58. [PMID: 38489049 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that NOP2, a nucleolar protein, is up-regulated in various cancers, suggesting a potential link to tumor aggressiveness and unfavorable outcomes. This study examines NOP2's role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a context where its implications remain unclear. Utilizing bioinformatics, we assessed 513 LUAD and 59 normal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to explore NOP2's diagnostic and prognostic significance in LUAD. Additionally, in vitro experiments compared NOP2 expression between Beas-2b and A549 cells. Advanced databases and analytical tools, including LINKEDOMICS, STRING, and TISIDB, were employed to further elucidate NOP2's association with LUAD. Our findings indicate a significantly higher expression of NOP2 mRNA and protein in A549 cells compared to Beas-2b cells (P < 0.001). In LUAD, elevated NOP2 levels were linked to decreased Overall Survival (OS) and advanced clinical stages. Univariate Cox analysis revealed that high NOP2 expression correlated with poorer OS in LUAD (P < 0.01), a finding independently supported by multivariate Cox analysis (P < 0.05). The relationship between NOP2 expression and LUAD risk was presented via a Nomogram. Additionally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified seven NOP2-related signaling pathways. A focal point of our research was the interplay between NOP2 and tumor-immune interactions. Notably, a negative correlation was observed between NOP2 expression and the immune infiltration levels of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and CD8 + T cells in LUAD. Moreover, the expression of NOP2 was related to the sensitivity of various chemotherapeutic drugs. In vitro, we found that downregulating NOP2 can decrease the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells. Furthermore, NOP2 can regulate Caspase3-mediated apoptosis. Collectively, particularly regarding prognosis, immune infiltration and vitro experiments, these findings suggest NOP2's potential of serving as a poor-prognostic biomarker for LUAD and aggravating the malignancy of lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gaoqiang Fei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Quality Management, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 8 Jiangdong South Road, Jianye District, Nanjing City, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing City, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song HJ, Kim YH, Choi HN, Kim T, Kim SJ, Kang MW, Lee SD. TonEBP/NFAT5 expression is associated with cisplatin resistance and migration in macrophage-induced A549 cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:6. [PMID: 38438872 PMCID: PMC10913585 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-024-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in several cancers. Similarly, TonEBP/NFAT5 induces metastasis in renal carcinoma and colon cancer cells. However, the role of this transcription factor and that of macrophages in lung cancer cells remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of macrophages and TonEBP/NFAT5 expression on cisplatin resistance and migration in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. RESULTS A549 cells were cultured alone or indirectly co-cultured with THP-1-derived macrophages using a transwell culture chamber. Cisplatin-induced cell death was markedly decreased and migration increased in co-cultured A549 cells. Macrophage-conditioned media (CM) showed a similar effect on drug resistance and migration. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cleaved apoptotic proteins PARP and caspase-3 were markedly reduced in macrophage CM-induced A549 cells. Here, ERK, p38, JNK, and NF-κB activities were increased by macrophage CM. Furthermore, the proteins involved in cisplatin resistance and cancer cell migration were identified using specific inhibitors of each protein. ERK and NF-κB inhibition considerably reduced cisplatin resistance. The increase in macrophage CM-induced migration was partially reduced by treatment with ERK, JNK, and NF-κB inhibitors. TonEBP/NFAT5 expression was increased by macrophages, resulting in increased cisplatin resistance, cell migration, and invasion. Moreover, RNAi-mediated knockdown of TonEBP/NFAT5 reduced cisplatin resistance, migration, and invasion in macrophage CM-induced A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that paracrine factors secreted from macrophages can change A549 cells, resulting in the induction of drug resistance against cisplatin and migration. In addition, the TonEBP/NFAT5 ratio, increased by macrophages, is an important regulator of the malignant transformation of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Song
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Choi
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woong Kang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Do Lee
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee YG, Kim TH, Kwon JE, Kim H, Kang SC. Cytotoxic Effects of Ardisiacrispin A from Labisia pumila on A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:276. [PMID: 38398785 PMCID: PMC10890250 DOI: 10.3390/life14020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer-related fatalities. This prompted our exploration into the anti-lung cancer efficacy of Labisia pumila, a species meticulously selected from the preliminary screening of 600 plants. METHODS Through the strategic implementation of activity-guided fractionation, ardisiacrispin A (1) was isolated utilizing sequential column chromatography. Structural characterization was achieved employing various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). RESULTS L. pumila 70% EtOH extract showed significant toxicity in A549 lung cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 57.04 ± 10.28 µg/mL, as well as decreased expression of oncogenes and induced apoptosis. Compound 1, ardisiacrispin A, induced a 50% cell death response in A549 cells at a concentration of 11.94 ± 1.14 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The present study successfully investigated ardisiacrispin A extracted from L. pumila leaves, employing a comprehensive spectroscopic approach encompassing NMR, IR, and MS analyses. The anti-lung cancer efficacy of ardisiacrispin A and L. pumila extract was successfully demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Jeong Eun Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yeşildağ A, Kızıloğlu HT, Dirican E, Erbaş E, Gelen V, Kara A. Anticarcinogenic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles and Metformin Against MCF-7 and A549 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04090-y. [PMID: 38358644 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Metformin is commonly prescribed to people with diabetes. Metformin has been shown in previous studies to be able to prevent the growth of cancer cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of metformin and gold nanoparticles in MCF7 breast cancer and A549 lung cell lines. The effects of metformin and gold nanoparticles on MCF7 breast cancer and A549 lung cells were determined on cells grown in 24 h cell culture. MCF-7 and A549 cells were incubated for 24 h with the treatment of escalating molar concentrations of ifosfamide. The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of metformin toward MCF7 and A549 cell lines. The expression of Bax, BCL2, PI3K, Akt3, mTOR, Hsp60, Hsp70, and TNF-α was measured by RT-PCR. Metformin and gold nanoparticles inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and A549 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 5 µM and 10 µg/mL. RT-PCR assays showed ifosfamide + metformin + gold nanoparticles significantly reduced the expression of BCL2, PI3K, Akt3, mTOR, Hsp60 and Hsp70 and increased the expression of TNF-α and Bax. The findings obtained in this study suggest that further studies should be conducted, and metformin and gold nanoparticles can be used in breast cancer and lung cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yeşildağ
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey.
| | - Halime Topal Kızıloğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ebubekir Dirican
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edabali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Elif Erbaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Volkan Gelen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Adem Kara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koni E, Congur I, Tokcaer Keskin Z. Overexpression of CXCL17 increases migration and invasion of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1306273. [PMID: 38384293 PMCID: PMC10879421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1306273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and is a widespread disease that affects millions of individuals globally. CXCL17 is a member of the CXC chemokine family that attracts myeloid cells and is associated with the mucosa. CXCL17 can both support and suppress tumor growth in certain types of cancer. A549 LUAD cells were transfected with N-Terminal p3XFLAG-CMV or N-Terminal p3XFLAG-CMV-CXCL17 to establish stably transfected CXCL17-overexpressing cells. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were performed to verify the levels of CXCL17 mRNA and of CXCL17 protein concentration of stably transfected A549 cells respectively. Wound healing, CCK8, and matrigel invasion assays were performed to assess the effect of CXCL17 overexpression on migration, proliferation, and invasion of A549 cells. When compared to control groups, proliferative capacity of A549 cells were unaffected by CXCL17 overexpression; however, the wound area in the CXCL17 overexpression group had dramatically decreased after 48 h. Similarly, the number of invasion cells was significantly higher in the CXCL17-overexpressing group than in the control ones after 48 h. CXCL17 overexpression significantly increased the ability of A549 cells to migrate and invade, without affecting their proliferative abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Koni
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Irem Congur
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Tokcaer Keskin
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tunoğlu S, Tutar L, Gümüş M, Tunoğlu ENY, Koca İ, Tutar Y. Hsp Inhibitor is Affective Against Adenocarcinomic Human Alveolar Basal Epithelial Cells Through Modulating ERK/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301422. [PMID: 38156745 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) - mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) is required to activate proto-oncogenic protein kinases and promotes tumor growth through anti-apoptotic effects on A549-non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, deregulation of the ERK-MAPK pathway and abnormal expression of HSP90 are reasonably frequent events in NSCLC. In this study, novel perimidine-pyrazole compounds employed to block ERK-MAPK deregulation through inhibiting HSP dependent cancer cell survival mechanisms. A set of perimidine-pyrazole derivatives effects was monitored on NSCLC cell line. Array experiments performed to understand the effect of the compounds on signaling pathways and results were analyzed by gene enrichment analysis. Further, senescence and apoptosis experiments were performed to support the enrichment results along with in silico methods to determine perimidine-pyrazole/HSP interactions. Treatment of NSCLC cells with perimidine-pyrazole derivatives displayed cancer-inhibitory, pro-senescent and pro-apoptotic effects on NSCLC cells through ERK/MAPK pathway and these compounds are promising templates for designing anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Tunoğlu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lütfi Tutar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gümüş
- Akdağmadeni Health College, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoğlu
- Division of Medical Techniques and Services, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Demiroglu Science University, Turkey
| | - İrfan Koca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts Sciences, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hamidiye Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Validebağ Research Center, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thakkar AB, Subramanian R, Thakkar VR, Bhatt SV, Chaki S, Vaidya YH, Patel V, Thakor P. Apoptosis induction capability of silver nanoparticles capped with Acorus calamus L. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. against lung carcinoma cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24400. [PMID: 38304770 PMCID: PMC10831608 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using a one-step reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent. Plant extracts from D. sissoo (DS) and A. calamus L. (AC) leaves were incorporated during the synthesis process. The crystalline nature of the AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the face-centered cubic structure, with a lattice constant of 4.08 Å and a crystallite size of 18 nm. Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscopy (FEG-TEM) revealed spherical AgNPs (10-20 nm) with evident PVP adsorption, leading to size changes and agglomeration. UV-Vis spectra showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 417 nm for AgNPs and a redshift to 420 nm for PVP-coated AgNPs, indicating successful synthesis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups and drug-loaded samples exhibited characteristic peaks, confirming effective drug loading. The anti-cancer potential of synthesized NPs was assessed by MTT assay in human adenocarcinoma lung cancer (A549) and lung normal cells (WI-38) cells. IC50 values for all three NPs (AgPVP NPs, DS@AgPVP NPs, and AC@AgPVP NPs) were 41.60 ± 2.35, 14.25 ± 1.85, and 21.75 ± 0.498 μg/ml on A549 cells, and 420.69 ± 2.87, 408.20 ± 3.41, and 391.80 ± 1.55 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, the NPs generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Differential staining techniques were used to investigate the apoptosis-inducing properties of the three synthesized NPs. The colony formation assay indicated that nanoparticle therapy prevented cancer cell invasion. Finally, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis predicted the expression pattern of many apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, 9, and 8).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B. Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - R.B. Subramanian
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudev R. Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip V. Bhatt
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Sunil Chaki
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
- Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Yati H. Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Vikas Patel
- Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing (SICART), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Parth Thakor
- Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prodan-Bărbulescu C, Watz CG, Moacă EA, Faur AC, Dehelean CA, Faur FI, Grigoriţă LO, Maghiari AL, Tuţac P, Duţă C, Bolintineanu S, Ghenciu LA. A Preliminary Report Regarding the Morphological Changes of Nano-Enabled Pharmaceutical Formulation on Human Lung Carcinoma Monolayer and 3D Bronchial Microtissue. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024; 60:208. [PMID: 38399496 PMCID: PMC10890658 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the development of enabled pharmaceutical nanoparticles of solid lipid type is continuously growing, because they have the potential to be used for targeted drug release leading to an increased effect of chemotherapy, being used in lung cancer nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy. The current study reports the preliminary results obtained regarding the biological effect of a new nano-enabled pharmaceutical formulation in terms of its cytotoxic and biosafety profile. Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical formulations consist of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) obtained via the emulsification-diffusion method by loading green iron oxide nanoparticles (green-IONPs) with a pentacyclic triterpene (oleanolic acid-OA). Further, a complex biological assessment was performed, employing three-dimensional (3D) bronchial microtissues (EpiAirwayTM) to determine the biosafety profile of the SLN samples. The cytotoxic potential of the samples was evaluated on human lung carcinoma, using an in vitro model (A549 human lung carcinoma monolayer). Results: The data revealed that the A549 cell line was strongly affected after treatment with SLN samples, especially those that contained OA-loaded green-IONPs obtained with Ocimum basilicum extract (under 30% viability rates). The biosafety profile investigation of the 3D normal in vitro bronchial model showed that all the SLN samples negatively affected the viability of the bronchial microtissues (below 50%). As regards the morphological changes, all the samples induce major changes such as loss of the surface epithelium integrity, loss of epithelial junctions, loss of cilia, hyperkeratosis, and cell death caused by apoptosis. Conclusions: In summary, the culprit for the negative impact on viability and morphology of 3D normal bronchial microtissues could be the too-high dose (500 µg/mL) of the SLN sample used. Nevertheless, further adjustments in the SLN synthesis process and another complex in vitro evaluation will be considered for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Prodan-Bărbulescu
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
| | - Claudia-Geanina Watz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-G.W.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-G.W.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Corina Faur
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
| | - Cristina-Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-G.W.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Flaviu Ionut Faur
- Department X—Discipline of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.I.F.); (C.D.)
- 2nd Surgery Clinic, “Pius Brinzeu” Clinical Emergency County Hospital, RO-300723 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laura Octavia Grigoriţă
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
| | - Anca Laura Maghiari
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
| | - Paul Tuţac
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Department, “Pius Brinzeu” Clinical Emergency County Hospital, RO-300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Duţă
- Department X—Discipline of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.I.F.); (C.D.)
- 2nd Surgery Clinic, “Pius Brinzeu” Clinical Emergency County Hospital, RO-300723 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Bolintineanu
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
| | - Laura Andreea Ghenciu
- Department I—Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.-B.); (A.-C.F.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.M.); (S.B.); (L.A.G.)
- Department III—Discipline of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baz J, Khoury A, Elias MG, Mansour N, Mehanna S, Hammoud O, Gordon CP, Taleb RI, Aldrich-Wright JR, Daher CF. Enhanced potency of a chloro-substituted polyaromatic platinum(II) complex and its platinum(IV) prodrug against lung cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110834. [PMID: 38103879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the anti-neoplastic activity of a platinum (II) complex, Pt(II)5ClSS, and its platinum (IV) di-hydroxido analogue, Pt(IV)5ClSS, against mesenchymal cells (MCs), lung (A549), melanoma (A375) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells. Both complexes exhibited up to 14-fold improved cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin. NMR was used to determine that ∼25 % of Pt(IV)5ClSS was reduced to Pt(II)5ClSS in the presence of GSH (Glutathione) after 72 h. The complex 1H NMR spectra acquired for Pt(II)5ClSS with GSH shows evidence of degradation and environmental effects (∼30 %). The prominence of the 195Pt peak at ∼ -2800 ppm suggests that a significant amount of Pt(II)5ClSS remained in the mixture. Pt(II)5ClSS and Pt(IV)5ClSS have shown exceptional selectivity to cancer cells in comparison to MCs (IC50 > 150 μM). Western blot analysis of Pt(II)5ClSS and Pt(IV)5ClSS on A549 cells revealed significant upregulation of cleaved PARP-1, BAX/Bcl2 ratio, cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome thus suggesting apoptosis was induced through the intrinsic pathway. Flow cytometry also revealed significant cell death by apoptosis. Treatment with Pt(II)5ClSS and Pt(IV)5ClSS also showed significant amounts of free radical production while the COMET assay showed that both complexes cause minimal DNA damage. Cellular uptake results via ICP-MS suggest a time-dependent active mode of transport for both complexes with Pt(II)5ClSS being transported at a higher rate compared to Pt(IV)5ClSS. A Dose Escalation Study carried out on BALB/c mice showed that Pt(II)5ClSS and Pt(IV)5ClSS were approximately 8- folds and 12.5-folds, respectively, more tolerated than cisplatin. The present study provides evidence that both complexes may have the characteristics of an efficient and potentially safe anti-tumor drug that could support NSCLC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Baz
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Aleen Khoury
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria George Elias
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Najwa Mansour
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Stephanie Mehanna
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Omar Hammoud
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Christopher P Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Robin I Taleb
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Janice R Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, 2751, NSW, Australia.
| | - Costantine F Daher
- School of Arts and Sciences, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brown S, Evans SJ, Burgum MJ, Meldrum K, Herridge J, Akinbola B, Harris LG, Jenkins R, Doak SH, Clift MJD, Wilkinson TS. An In Vitro Model to Assess Early Immune Markers Following Co-Exposure of Epithelial Cells to Carbon Black (Nano)Particles in the Presence of S. aureus: A Role for Stressed Cells in Toxicological Testing. Biomedicines 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 38255233 PMCID: PMC10813740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The exposure of human lung and skin to carbon black (CB) is continuous due to its widespread applications. Current toxicological testing uses 'healthy' cellular systems; however, questions remain whether this mimics the everyday stresses that human cells are exposed to, including infection. Staphylococcus aureus lung and skin infections remain prevalent in society, and include pneumonia and atopic dermatitis, respectively, but current in vitro toxicological testing does not consider infection stress. Therefore, investigating the effects of CB co-exposure in 'stressed' infected epithelial cells in vitro may better approximate true toxicity. This work aims to study the impact of CB exposure during Staphylococcus aureus infection stress in A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin) epithelial cells. Physicochemical characterisation of CB confirmed its dramatic polydispersity and potential to aggregate. CB significantly inhibited S. aureus growth in cell culture media. CB did not induce cytokines or antimicrobial peptides from lung and skin epithelial cells, when given alone, but did reduce HaCaT and A549 cell viability to 55% and 77%, respectively. In contrast, S. aureus induced a robust interleukin (IL)-8 response in both lung and skin epithelial cells. IL-6 and human beta defensin (hβD)-2 could only be detected when cells were stimulated with S. aureus with no decreases in cell viability. However, co-exposure to CB (100 µg/mL) and S. aureus resulted in significant inhibition of IL-8 (compared to S. aureus alone) without further reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, the same co-exposure induced significantly more hβD-2 (compared to S. aureus alone). This work confirms that toxicological testing in healthy versus stressed cells gives significantly different responses. This has significant implications for toxicological testing and suggests that cell stresses (including infection) should be included in current models to better represent the diversity of cell viabilities found in lung and skin within a general population. This model will have significant application when estimating CB exposure in at-risk groups, such as factory workers, the elderly, and the immunocompromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Brown
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen J. Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Michael J. Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Jack Herridge
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Blessing Akinbola
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Llinos G. Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Rowena Jenkins
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Martin J. D. Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Thomas S. Wilkinson
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barati H, Fekrirad Z, Jalali Nadoushan M, Rasooli I. Anti-OmpA antibodies as potential inhibitors of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation, adherence to, and proliferation in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106473. [PMID: 38048840 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a critical virulence factor in Acinetobacter baumannii, influencing adhesion, biofilm formation, host immune response, and host cell apoptosis. We investigated the invasion of A549 alveolar epithelial cells by A. baumannii and examined how anti-OmpA antibodies impact these interactions. OmpA was expressed and purified, inducing anti-OmpA antibodies in BALB/c mice. The potential toxicity of OmpA was evaluated in mice by analyzing histology from six organs. A549 cells were exposed to A. baumannii strains 19606 and a clinical isolate. Using cell culture and light microscopy, we scrutinized the effects of anti-OmpA sera on serum resistance, adherence, internalization, and proliferation of A. baumannii in A549 cells. The viability of A549 cells was assessed upon exposure to live A. baumannii and anti-OmpA sera. OmpA-induced antibody demonstrated potent bactericidal effects on both strains of A. baumannii. Both strains formed biofilms, which were reduced by anti-OmpA serum, along with decreased bacterial adherence, internalization, and proliferation in A549 cells. Anti-OmpA serum improved the survival of A549 cells post-infection. Pre-treatment with cytochalasin D hindered bacterial internalization, highlighting the role of actin polymerization in invasion. Microscopic examination revealed varied interactions encompassing adherence, apoptosis, membrane alterations, vacuolization, and damage. A549 cells treated with anti-OmpA serum exhibited improved structures and reduced damage. The findings indicate that A. baumannii can adhere to and proliferate within epithelial cells with OmpA playing a pivotal role in these interactions, and the complex nature of these interactions shapes the intricate course of A. baumannii infection in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammadreza Jalali Nadoushan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Microbiology Research Center and Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Iraj Rasooli
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Microbiology Research Center and Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee S, Kim SY, Kwon E, Choi S, Jung DM, Kim KK, Kim EM. A novel G3BP1-GFP reporter human lung cell system enabling real-time monitoring of stress granule dynamics for in vitro lung toxicity assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115755. [PMID: 38039847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Under various cellular stress conditions, including exposure to toxic chemicals, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), including Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), aggregate and form stress granule complexes, which serve as hallmarks of cellular stress. The existing methods for analyzing stress granule assembly have limitations in the rapid detection of dynamic cellular stress and ignore the effects of constitutively overexpressed RBP on cellular stress and stress-related processes. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, we established a G3BP1-GFP reporter in a human lung epithelial cell line using CRISPR/Cas9-based knock-in as an alternative system for stress granule analysis. We showed that the G3BP1-GFP reporter system responds to stress conditions and forms a stress granule complex similar to that of native G3BP1. Furthermore, we validated the stress granule response of an established cell line under exposure to various household chemicals. Overall, this novel G3BP1-GFP reporter human lung cell system is capable of monitoring stress granule dynamics in real time and can be used for assessing the lung toxicity of various substances in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangsoo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Sunkyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Da-Min Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hoyer A, Chakraborty S, Lilienthal I, Konradsen JR, Katayama S, Söderhäll C. The functional role of CST1 and CCL26 in asthma development. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1162. [PMID: 38270326 PMCID: PMC10797655 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children with an increasing prevalence. Its development is caused by genetic and environmental factors and allergic sensitization is a known trigger. Dog allergens affect up to 30% of all children and dog dander-sensitized children show increased expression of cystatin-1 (CST1) and eotaxin-3 (CCL26) in nasal epithelium. The aim of our study was to investigate the functional mechanism of CST1 and CCL26 in the alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549. METHODS A549 cells were transfected with individual overexpression vectors for CST1 and CCL26 and RNA sequencing was performed to examine the transcriptomics. edgeR was used to identify differentially expressed genes (= DEG, |log2 FC | ≥ 2, FDR < 0.01). The protein expression levels of A549 cells overexpressing CST1 and CCL26 were analyzed using the Target 96 inflammation panel from OLINK (antibody-mediated proximity extension-based assay; OLINK Proteomics). Differentially expressed proteins were considered with a |log2 FC| ≥ 1, p < .05. RESULTS The overexpression of CST1 resulted in a total of 27 DEG (1 upregulated and 26 downregulated) and the overexpression of CCL26 in a total of 137 DEG (0 upregulated and 137 downregulated). The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed a significant downregulation of type I and III interferon signaling pathway genes as well as interferon-stimulated genes. At the protein level, overexpression of CST1 induced a significantly increased expression of CCL3, whereas CCL26 overexpression led to increased expression of HGF, and a decrease of CXCL11, CCL20, CCL3 and CXCL10. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that an overexpression of CST1 and CCL26 cause a downregulation of interferon related genes and inflammatory proteins. It might cause a higher disease susceptibility, mainly for allergic asthma, as CCL26 is an agonist for CCR-3-carrying cells, such as eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes, mostly active in allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hoyer
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Ingrid Lilienthal
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Jon R. Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Folkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oncu S, Becit-Kizilkaya M, Sen S, Ugur-Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Celik S. Daidzein nanosuspension in combination with cisplatin to enhance therapeutic efficacy against A549 non-small lung cancer cells: an in vitro evaluation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02924-5. [PMID: 38159158 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, chemo-resistance, and toxicity limit treatment. The focus is on innovative combined phytotherapy to improve treatment outcomes. Our aim was to investigate the potential effects of daidzein nanosuspension (DZ-NS) and its combination with cisplatin (CIS) on A549 non-small lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was investigated using MTT and Chou-Talalay methods. Oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory markers were analyzed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. The IC50 value for DZ-NS was 25.23 µM for 24 h and was lower than pure DZ (IC50 = 835 µM for pure DZ). DZ-NS (at IC50x2 and IC50 values) showed synergistic cytotoxicity with CIS. The cells treated with DZ-NS had low TOS and OSI levels. However, DZ-NS failed to regulate Cas3 and TGF-β1 activation in A549 cells. MMP-9 gene expression was significantly suppressed in DZ-NS-treated cells, especially in combination therapy. DZ represents a potential combination option for the treatment of lung cancer, and its poor toxicokinetic properties limit its clinical use. To overcome these limitations, the effects of the nanosuspension formulation were tested. DZ-NS showed a cytotoxic effect on A549 cells and optimized the therapeutic effect of CIS. This in vitro synergistic effect was mediated by suppression of MMP-9 and not by oxidative stress or Cas3-activated apoptosis. This study provides the basis for an in vivo and clinical trial of DZ-NS with concurrent chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Oncu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Merve Becit-Kizilkaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, 03030, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Sen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Ataturk Vocational School of Health Services, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Afife Busra Ugur-Kaplan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meltem Cetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Celik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mansour N, Mehanna S, Bodman-Smith K, Daher CF, Khnayzer RS. A Ru(II)-Strained Complex with 2,9-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Ligand Induces Selective Photoactivatable Chemotherapeutic Activity on Human Alveolar Carcinoma Cells via Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:50. [PMID: 38256884 PMCID: PMC10819265 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
[Ru(bipy)2(dpphen)]Cl2 (where bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dpphen = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (complex 1) is a sterically strained compound that exhibits promising in vitro photocytotoxicity on an array of cell lines. Since lung adenocarcinoma cancer remains the most common lung cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths, the current study aims to evaluate the plausible effect and uptake of complex 1 on human alveolar carcinoma cells (A549) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and assess its cytotoxicity in vitro while considering its effect on cell morphology, membrane integrity and DNA damage. MSC and A549 cells showed similar rates of complex 1 uptake with a plateau at 12 h. Upon photoactivation, complex 1 exhibited selective, potent anticancer activity against A549 cells with phototoxicity index (PI) values of 16, 25 and 39 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in A549-cell rounding and detachment, loss of membrane integrity and DNA damage. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that A549 cells undergo apoptosis when treated with complex 1 followed by photoactivation. In conclusion, this present study suggests that complex 1 might be a promising candidate for photochemotherapy with photoproducts that possess selective anticancer effects in vitro. These results are encouraging to probe the potential activity of this complex in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najwa Mansour
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Stephanie Mehanna
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Kikki Bodman-Smith
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Costantine F. Daher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Rony S. Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu T, Liu B, Wei Y, Li Z. TGF-β Regulates m 6A RNA Methylation after PM 2.5 Exposure. Toxics 2023; 11:1026. [PMID: 38133427 PMCID: PMC10747615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure leads to a variety of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, metastatic lung cancer, etc. Exposure to PM2.5 results in the alteration of epigenetic modification. M6A RNA methylation is an essential epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our previous study found that PM2.5 exposure up-regulated m6A RNA methylation and TGF-β expression level in the lung, but the mechanisms and pathways of PM2.5 regulation of m6A RNA methylation are still unclear. Moreover, a previous study reported that the TGF-β signal pathway could regulate m6A RNA methylation. Based on this evidence, we investigate the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway in PM2.5-induced m6A RNA methylation with the A549 cell line. Our results showed that PM2.5 could induce upregulation of m6A RNA methylation, accompanied by increased expression of TGF-β, Smad3, methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14). Furthermore, these alterations induced by PM2.5 exposure could be reversed by treatment with TGF-β inhibitor. Therefore, we speculated that the TGF-β signal pathway plays an indispensable role in regulating m6A RNA methylation after PM2.5 exposure. Our study demonstrates that PM2.5 exposure influences m6A RNA methylation by inducing the alteration of the TGF-β signal pathway, which could be an essential mechanism for lung-related diseases induced by PM2.5 exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (T.W.); (B.L.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Z, Yamano Y, Kawakami S, Al-Hamoud GA, Sugimoto S, Otsuka H, Matsunami K. New ψ-Santonin Derivatives from Crossostephium chinense and Their Anti-Proliferative Activities against Leishmania major and Human Cancer Cells A549. Molecules 2023; 28:8108. [PMID: 38138604 PMCID: PMC10746127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported two cytotoxic ψ-santonin-amino acid conjugates isolated from the EtOAc layer of Crossostephium chinense. However, a further phytochemical investigation seems to be required because of the few reports of similar derivatives. In this study, we targeted the 1-BuOH layer, which resulted in the isolation of seven new ψ-santonin derivatives (1-7) together with ten known compounds (8-17). The structures of 1-7 were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), IR spectrum, and high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The stereochemistry of new compounds was confirmed by NOESY and ECD calculations. All isolated compounds were evaluated by in vitro experiments for their anti-proliferative activities against Leishmania major, human lung cancer cell line A549, and Vero cells. As a result, most of the ψ-santonin derivatives, especially 1-5, showed significant cytotoxicity against L. major with a lower IC50 than the positive control we used (miltefosine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Yoshi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Susumu Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | | | - Sachiko Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Hideaki Otsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sengul F, Vatansev H, Ozturk B. Investigation the effects of bee venom and H-dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells on non-small cell lung cancer cells ( A549). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:2. [PMID: 38057592 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer, one of the most common oncological diseases worldwide, continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The development of new approaches for lung cancer, which still has a low survival rate despite medical advances, is of great importance. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, bee venom (BV), conditioned medium of MSCs isolated from dental follicles (MSC-CM) and cisplatin were applied at different doses and their effects on A549 cell line were evaluated. Dental follicles were used as a source of MSCs source and differentiation kits, and characterization studies (flow cytometry) were performed. Cell viability was measured by the MTT method and apoptosis was measured by an Annexin V-FITC/PI kit on flow cytometer. IC50 dose values were determined according to the 24th hour and were determined as 15.8 µg/mL for BV, 10.78% for MSC-CM and 5.77 µg/mL for cisplatin. IC50 values found for BV and MSC-CM were also given in combination and the effects were observed. It was found that the applied substances caused BV to decrease in cell viability and induced apoptosis in cells. In addition to the induction of apoptosis in BV, MSC-CM, and combined use, all three applications led to an increase in Bax protein expression and a decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression. The molecular mechanism of anticancer activity through inhibition of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins and the NF-κB signaling pathway may be suggested. CONCLUSION Isolated MSCs in our study showed anticancer activity and BV and MSC-CM showed synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sengul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Adiyaman, Central Classroom C Block Floor:3, 02040, Adiyaman, Turkey.
| | - Husamettin Vatansev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selçuk, Alaeddin Keykubat Campus, 42131, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selçuk, Alaeddin Keykubat Campus, 42131, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vahabi Shekarloo M, Panjali Z, Mehrifar Y, Ramezanifar S, Naziri SH, Ghasemi Koozekonan A, Moradpour Z, Zendehdel R. Application of a novel exposure limit approach for co-exposure of chemicals: a field study by in-vitro design. Int J Environ Health Res 2023; 33:1269-1277. [PMID: 35674128 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2084513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study has suggested an occupational exposure limit (OEL) based on the co-exposure approach in an iron-foundry industry. Respirable dust was collected in an iron casting industry using the NIOSH 0600 method. The DNA damage was obtained by comet assay. The lower confidence interval of the benchmark dose (BMDL) was employed for exposure limit evaluation. The estimated BMDL of the cell line was extrapolated to human subjects. Based on the Hill model, a BMDL 1.65 µg for chemical mixture has been estimated for the A549 cell line. According to uncertainty factors, permitted daily exposure (PDE) was predicted in humans. However, PDE of 3.9 μg/m3 was specified as the time-weighted average limit for toxic respirable dust in the casting industry. In this study, OEL for active respirable dust in the casting industry has been proposed. The industry-based standard for active respirable dust has been proposed for better management of co-exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Vahabi Shekarloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Panjali
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Engineering, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Younes Mehrifar
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soleiman Ramezanifar
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Husein Naziri
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysa Ghasemi Koozekonan
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moradpour
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Zendehdel
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mishra L, Bhowmik S, Singh R, Patel P, Gupta GD, Kurmi BD. Quality by design-assisted development of D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-incorporated gefitinib-loaded cationic liposome(s). Ther Deliv 2023; 14:745-761. [PMID: 38018431 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Gefitinib-loaded D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-coated cationic liposomes (GEF-TPGS-LIPO+) were developed and optimized by the quality by design (QbD) approach for its potential anticancer effect. Methods/materials: Box-Behnken design (BBD) a systematic design of experiments was added to screen and optimize the formulation variables. Results: GEF-TPGS-LIPO+ shows vesicle size (210 ± 4.82 nm), polydispersity index (0.271 ± 0.002), zeta potential (22.2 ± 0.84 mV) and entrapment efficiency (82.3 ± 1.95). MTT result shows the enhanced cytotoxicity and higher intracellular drug uptake with highest and lowest levels of the reactive oxygen species and NF-κB expressions on A549 lung cancer cells, determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry. Conclusion: Potential anticancer effect on A549 cells might be found due to cationic liposomal interaction with cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shuvadip Bhowmik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeitlmayr S, Cami D, Selmani B, Gudermann T, Breit A. A dual role for ERK-1/2 in the regulation of plasmin activity and cell migration in metastatic NSCLC-H1299 cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3113-3128. [PMID: 37712947 PMCID: PMC10567951 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure of various toxins or cigarette smoke causes non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); a devastating disease with a very low survival rate after metastasis. Increased activity of plasmin is a hallmark in NSCLC metastasis. It is accepted that metastatic cells exhibit higher plasmin activity than cells from primary tumors. Mechanisms behind this elevation, however, are barely understood. We compared plasmin activity and cell migration of A549 cells derived from a primary lung tumor with metastatic H1299 lung cells isolated from lymph nodes. Surprisingly, we found higher plasmin activity and migration for A549 cells. mRNA levels of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were higher in H1299 cells and activity of extracellular-regulated kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2) was increased. An inhibitor of ERK-1/2 decreased PAI-1 mRNA levels and increased plasmin activity or cell migration in H1299 cells. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) decreased plasmin activity and migration in A549 cells but enhanced both in H1299 cells. The cytokine massively increased PAI-1 and decreased urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) levels in A549 cells but strongly induced uPA and only weakly PAI- 1 expression in H1299 cells. Consequently, TGF-β enhanced plasmin activity and cell migration in H1299. Additionally, TGF-β activated ERK-1/2 stronger in H1299 than in A549 cells. Accordingly, an ERK-1/2 inhibitor completely reversed the effects of TGF-β on uPA expression, plasmin activity and migration in H1299 cells. Hence, we provide first data indicating TGF-β-promoted increased plasmin activity and suggest that blocking TGF-β-promoted ERK-1/2 activity might be a straightforward approach to inhibit NSCLC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ditila Cami
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Selmani
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nasr FA, Noman OM, Al-zharani M, Ahmed MZ, Qamar W, Rizwan Ahamad S, Al Mishari AA, Aleissa MS, Rudayni HA, Alqahtani AS. Chemical profile, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of essential oils of Pulicaria arabica against A549 lung cancer cell line. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101879. [PMID: 38192283 PMCID: PMC10772242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulicaria arabica has been traditionally utilized in folk medicine for various purposes such as ulcer treatments as well as antidiarrheal agent. Herein, the chemical profiles of Pulicaria arabica essential oils (PAEOs) and the in vitro antiproliferative effect of PAEOs were investigated. Hydrodistillation was employed to prepare PAEOs which were then characterized by GC/MS, while the antiproliferative effects were investigated by MTT assay as well as flow cytometric and RT-PCR analysis. Sixty-four (99.99 %) constituents were recognized from PAEOs. Carvotanacetone (36.97 %), (-)-carvomenthone (27.20 %) and benzene, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-dimethoxy- (6.92 %) were the main components. PAEOs displayed IC50 values ranging from 30 to 50 μg/mL. DNA content analysis revealed that A549 cells exposed to PAEOs exhibited an increase in G1 cells population. The flow cytometry analysis results also showed that the PAEOs antiproliferative effect was mediated via apoptosis induction. Furthermore, a modulation in the pro-apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) was also observed. In conclusion, PAEOs exhibited a moderate anti-proliferative effect on A549 cells through modulating the cell cycle progression and apoptosis initiation. These findings could offer a potential therapeutic use of PAEOs in lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahd A. Nasr
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-zharani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rizwan Ahamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Al Mishari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aleissa
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zlotnikov ID, Krylov SS, Semenova MN, Semenov VV, Kudryashova EV. Triphenylphosphine Derivatives of Allylbenzenes Express Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity When Solubilized with Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1651. [PMID: 38139778 PMCID: PMC10747112 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Allylbenzenes (apiol, dillapiol, myristicin and allyltetramethoxybenzene) are individual components of plant essential oils that demonstrate antitumor activity and can enhance the antitumor activity of cytotoxic drugs, such as paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) derivatives of allylbenzenes are two to three orders of magnitude more potent than original allylbenzenes in terms of IC50. The inhibition of efflux pumps has been reported for allylbenzenes, and the PPh3 moiety is deemed to be responsible for preferential mitochondrial accumulation and the depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. However, due to poor solubility, the practical use of these substances has never been an option. Here, we show that this problem can be solved by using a complex formation with cyclodextrin (CD-based molecular containers) and polyanionic heparin, stabilizing the positive charge of the PPh3 cation. Such containers can solubilize both allylbenzenes and their PPh3 derivatives up to 0.4 mM concentration. Furthermore, we have observed that solubilized PPh3 derivatives indeed work as adjuvants, increasing the antitumor activity of paclitaxel against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) by an order of magnitude (in terms of IC50) in addition to being quite powerful cytostatics themselves (IC50 in the range 1-10 µM). Even more importantly, CD-solubilized PPh3 derivatives show pronounced selectivity, being highly toxic for the A549 tumor cell line and minimally toxic for HEK293T non-tumor cells, red blood cells and sea urchin embryos. Indeed, in many cancers, the mitochondrial membrane is more prone to depolarization compared to normal cells, which probably explains the observed selectivity of our compounds, since PPh3 derivatives are known to act as mitochondria-targeting agents. According to the MTT test, 100 µM solution of PPh3 derivatives of allylbenzenes causes the death of up to 85% of A549 cancer cells, while for HEK293T non-cancer cells, only 15-20% of the cells died. The hemolytic index of the studied substances did not exceed 1%, and the thrombogenicity index was < 1.5%. Thus, this study outlines the experimental foundation for developing combined cytostatic medications, where effectiveness and selectivity are achieved through decreased concentration of the primary ingredient and the inclusion of adjuvants, which are safe or practically harmless substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor D. Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey S. Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina N. Semenova
- N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Semenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee SG, Park CH, Kang H. Effect of E. cava and C. indicum Complex Extract on Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA)-Stimulated Inflammatory Response in Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cells and Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2621. [PMID: 38004599 PMCID: PMC10674792 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of a natural composite formulation known as ED, consisting of Ecklonia cava (E. cava, family: Lessoniaceae) and Chrysanthemum indicum Linne (C. indicum, family: Asteraceae), in alleviating lung inflammation induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Initial assessments confirmed that neither ED nor one of its components, dieckol, exhibited cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. Subsequently, the impact of ED and dieckol on MUC5AC gene expression in A549 cells stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was investigated, revealing promising results that demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of MUC5AC gene expression. The study also delves into the underlying mechanisms, demonstrating that ED and dieckol effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK, ERK, and p38, which are known to be involved in the regulation of MUC5AC gene expression. In in vivo experiments using a PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation mouse model, the research findings showed that ED mitigated cellular accumulation in the airways, leading to a significant reduction in the total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, ED exhibited protective effects against PM2.5-induced pulmonary damage, characterized by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased mucus secretion in pulmonary tissues. Additionally, ED's anti-inflammatory properties were evident in its ability to decrease the levels of key inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, both in the serum and lung tissue of the PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation mouse model. These findings suggest the potential of ED as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.-G.L.); (C.-H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Suvieri C, De Marchis F, Mandarano M, Ambrosino S, Rossini S, Mondanelli G, Gargaro M, Panfili E, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Belladonna ML, Volpi C. Membrane Localization and Phosphorylation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells: First Steps in Exploring Its Signaling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16236. [PMID: 38003426 PMCID: PMC10671178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is a paralog of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan-degrading enzyme producing immunomodulatory molecules. However, the two proteins are unlikely to carry out the same functions. IDO2 shows little or no tryptophan catabolic activity and exerts contrasting immunomodulatory roles in a context-dependent manner in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The recently described potential non-enzymatic activity of IDO2 has suggested its possible involvement in alternative pathways, resulting in either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in different models. In a previous study on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, we found that IDO2 expression revealed at the plasma membrane level of tumor cells was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In this study, the A549 human cell line, basally expressing IDO2, was used as an in vitro model of human lung adenocarcinoma to gain more insights into a possible alternative function of IDO2 different from the catalytic one. In these cells, immunocytochemistry and isopycnic sucrose gradient analyses confirmed the IDO2 protein localization in the cell membrane compartment, and the immunoprecipitation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins revealed that kinase activities can target IDO2. The different localization from the cytosolic one and the phosphorylation state are the first indications for the signaling function of IDO2, suggesting that the IDO2 non-enzymatic role in cancer cells is worthy of deeper understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suvieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kardorff M, Mahler HC, Huwyler J, Sorret L. Comparison of cell viability methods for human mesenchymal/stromal stem cells and human A549 lung carcinoma cells after freeze-thaw stress. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 124:107474. [PMID: 37866798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
For the safety and efficacy of frozen cell therapy products, determination of cellular viability is key. However, results of cell viability measurements do not only depend on the cell line or on the inflicted stress, but also on the assay used, making inter-experimental comparisons difficult. The aim of this study was thus to assess commonly used viability assays in clinically relevant human mesenchymal/stromal stem cells and human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Post freeze-thaw stress viability and proliferation were evaluated under different conditions using trypan blue, acridine orange/DAPI stain, alamarBlue, ATP, and neutral red assays. Significant differences in cell viability between metabolic assays were observed, likely due to their distinct intrinsic detection mechanisms. Membrane-integrity based assays generally overestimated cell viabilities in this study. Furthermore, noticeable differences in inter-assay sensitivities were observed. These differences highlight that cell viability methods should be meticulously selected and their associated results carefully interpreted in a relevant context to ensure reliable conclusions. Indeed, although cell membrane integrity based assays are a popular choice to determine cellular quality attributes after freezing and thawing, we demonstrate that metabolic assays may be more suitable in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kardorff
- Drug Product Services, Lonza AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Léa Sorret
- Drug Product Services, Lonza AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lie LK, Synowiec A, Mazur J, Rabalski L, Pyrć K. An engineered A549 cell line expressing CD13 and TMPRSS2 is permissive to clinical isolate of human coronavirus 229E. Virology 2023; 588:109889. [PMID: 37778059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of suitable in vitro culture model has hampered research on wild-type (WT) human coronaviruses. While 3D tissue or organ cultures have been instrumental for this purpose, such models are challenging, time-consuming, expensive and require extensive cell culture adaptation and directed evolution. Consequently, high-throughput applications are beyond reach in most cases. Here we developed a robust A549 cell line permissive to a human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) clinical isolate by transducing CD13 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), henceforth referred to as A549++ cells. This modification allowed for productive infection, and a more detailed analysis showed that the virus might use the TMPRSS2-dependent pathway but can still bypass this pathway using cathepsin-mediated endocytosis. Overall, our data showed that A549++ cells are permissive to HCoV-229E clinical isolate, and applicable for further studies on HCoV-229E infectiology. Moreover, this line constitutes a uniform platform for studies on multiple members of the Coronaviridae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurensius Kevin Lie
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Mazur
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chronopoulou S, Tsochantaridis I, Tokamani M, Kokkinopliti KD, Tsomakidis P, Giannakakis A, Galanis A, Pappa A, Sandaltzopoulos R. Expression and purification of human interferon alpha 2a (IFNα2a) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 211:106339. [PMID: 37467825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Human interferon alpha 2a (IFNα2a) is a secreted glycoprotein that exerts a wide spectrum of biological effects, such as triggering of antiviral, antitumor and immunosuppressive responses. IFNα2a is used as pharmaceutical polypeptide in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, chronic myelogenous leukemia, advanced renal cell carcinoma, and metastatic malignant melanoma. So far, the pharmaceutical polypeptide of this cytokine is produced in prokaryotic expression systems (E. coli). Here we report the expression and purification of recombinant human IFNα2a in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The cDNA encoding for human IFNα2a, modified to bear the P. pastoris codon bias, was cloned into the pPinkα-HC vector in order to be expressed as a secreted protein upon induction. Proper expression and secretion of recombinant human IFNα2a (approximately 19 kDa) was confirmed by PCR-sequencing, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis following methanol-induced expression in a number of individual transformed strains. Purification of the recombinant protein was performed by affinity chromatography, achieving a robust yield of purified active form. The purified recombinant protein showed an impressive stability to thermal denaturation as observed by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. The biological activity of the P. pastoris-produced IFNα2a was confirmed in A549 and HT29 cells by monitoring transcriptional up-regulation of a panel of known interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our results document that the P. pastoris expression system is a suitable system for producing biologically functional IFNα2a in a secreted form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Chronopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Ilias Tsochantaridis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Maria Tokamani
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | | - Petros Tsomakidis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Antonis Giannakakis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Raphael Sandaltzopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mishra P, Ali Ahmad MF, Al-Keridis LA, Saeed M, Alshammari N, Alabdallah NM, Tiwari RK, Ahmad A, Verma M, Fatima S, Ansari IA. Methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles exert a substantially improved cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1194578. [PMID: 37915418 PMCID: PMC10616591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1194578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we report the synthesis of methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles (MTX-ZnONPs) and their high efficacy against lung cancer cells. Conjugation of MTX with ZnONPs was authenticated by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This drug-nanoconjugate also showed high drug-loading efficiency. The therapeutic efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs was further tested in vitro against A549 cells, and the results of MTT and LDH release assays showed that MTX-ZnONPs, in addition to free MTX, were efficient in exerting cytotoxic effect on A549 cells; however, the effectiveness of MTX-ZnONPs was found to be considerably enhanced at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Moreover, ZnONPs alone significantly inhibited the cell viability of A549 cells at a much higher concentration compared to MTX-ZnONPs and MTX. Furthermore, the cytomorphology of A549 cells was characterized by cellular shrinkage and detachment from the surface in all the treatment groups. Similarly, A549 cells, in all the treatment groups, showed fragmented and condensed nuclei, indicating the initiation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm) in A549 cells showed a gradual loss in all the treatment groups. Results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses depicted increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells. The results of the caspase activity assay showed that MTX-ZnONPs andfree MTX caused significant activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 in A549 cells; however, the effect of MTX-ZnONPs was more profound at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Thus, our results showed high efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs, suggesting efficient intracellular delivery of the drug by ZnONPs as nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Mishra
- Department of Biosciences Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Lamya Ahmed Al-Keridis
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiyah M. Alabdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Centre, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
- Department of Clinical Research, School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Afza Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Mahima Verma
- Department of Biosciences Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Shireen Fatima
- Department of Biosciences Integral University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vaezi-Kakhki A, Asoodeh A. Comparison of different methods for synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and investigation of their cellular properties, and antioxidant potential. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123417. [PMID: 37714316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles could play a useful role in lung cancer therapy. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by plant mediated synthesis, chemical, and microbial mediated synthesis. iron oxide nanoparticle polyethylene glycol cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Fe2O3@PEG@CDDP(, iron oxide nanoparticle polyethylene glycol (Fe2O3@PEG), and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) were evaluated for their antioxidant,and in vitro cytotoxicity tests. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), mapping, and zeta potential were used to characterize the synthesized iron oxides NPs. Cell toxicity was determined using A549 and HFF cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidant scavenging activity of Fe2O3@PEG@CDDP, Fe2O3@PEG, and CDDP displayed IC50 values (11.96, 26.74, and 3.17 μg/ml) and (8.54, 11.4, and 1.14 μg/ml) in 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Nanoparticles obtained from plant mediated synthesis method showed the great antioxidant activity. Results showed that, green-method synthesized nanoparticles were the most effective at killing cancer cells. Thus, the characteristics of nanoparticles from green synthesis are more valuable than the other methods. Green synthesis is environmental friendly cost-effective, and easy approach for synthesize NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Vaezi-Kakhki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiong R, Shao D, Do S, Chan WK. Activation of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Inhibits the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Function by Degrading This Receptor in Human Lung Epithelial Carcinoma A549 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15116. [PMID: 37894798 PMCID: PMC10606571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a substrate protein of a Cullin 4B E3 ligase complex responsible for diverse cellular processes. In the lung, this receptor is responsible for the bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene during tumorigenesis. Realizing that the AHR function is affected by its expression level, we are interested in the degradation mechanism of AHR in the lung. Here, we have investigated the mechanism responsible for AHR degradation using human lung epithelial A549 cells. We have observed that the AHR protein levels increase in the presence of chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), a chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator, decreases AHR protein levels in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. This decrease suppresses the ligand-dependent activation of the AHR target gene transcription, and can be reversed by CQ but not MG132. Knockdown of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), but not autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), suppresses the chloroquine-mediated increase in the AHR protein. AHR is resistant to CMA when its CMA motif is mutated. Suppression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells is observed when the AHR gene is knocked out or the AHR protein level is reduced by 6-AN. Collectively, we have provided evidence supporting that AHR is continuously undergoing CMA and activation of CMA suppresses the AHR function in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William K. Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (R.X.); (D.S.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Manfredelli D, Pariano M, Costantini C, Graziani A, Bozza S, Romani L, Puccetti P, Talesa VN, Antognelli C. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein S1 Induces Methylglyoxal-Derived Hydroimidazolone/Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (MG-H1/RAGE) Activation to Promote Inflammation in Human Bronchial BEAS-2B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14868. [PMID: 37834316 PMCID: PMC10573269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a hyperinflammatory response. The mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation are scantly known. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a glycolysis-derived byproduct endowed with a potent glycating action, leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the main one being MG-H1. MG-H1 exerts strong pro-inflammatory effects, frequently mediated by the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Here, we investigated the involvement of the MG-H1/RAGE axis as a potential novel mechanism in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation by resorting to human bronchial BEAS-2B and alveolar A549 epithelial cells, expressing different levels of the ACE2 receptor (R), exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1). Interestingly, we found in BEAS-2B cells that do not express ACE2-R that S1 exerted a pro-inflammatory action through a novel MG-H1/RAGE-based pathway. MG-H1 levels, RAGE and IL-1β expression levels in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals, as well as glyoxalase 1 expression, the major scavenging enzyme of MG, seem to support the results obtained in vitro. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel mechanism involved in the inflammation triggered by S1, paving the way for the study of the MG-H1/RAGE inflammatory axis in SARS-CoV-2 infection as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate COVID-19-associated pathogenic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Manfredelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bioscience and Medical Embryology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bioscience and Medical Embryology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Alessandro Graziani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bozza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bioscience and Medical Embryology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bioscience and Medical Embryology Division, University of Perugia, L. Severi Square, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.P.); (V.N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang H, Zhan Y, Jin J, Zhang C, Li W. [Retracted] MicroRNA‑15b promotes proliferation and invasion of non‑small cell lung carcinoma cells by directly targeting TIMP2. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:174. [PMID: 37594085 PMCID: PMC10463006 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the Editor's attention by a concerned reader that certain of the cell migration and invasion images shown in Figs. 3B and D and 6C were strikingly similar to data that had already appeared in an article written by different authors at different research institutes [Liu C, Guan H, Wang Y, Chen M, Xu B, Zhang L, Lu K, Tao T and Zhang X: miR‑195 inhibits EMT by targeting FGF2 in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 9: e0144073, 2015]. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published prior to its submission to Oncology Reports, the Editor has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 37: 3305‑3312, 2017; DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5604].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Wang
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Niechoda A, Roslan J, Maciorowska K, Rosłan M, Ejsmont K, Holownia A. Oxidative stress and activation of H2A.X in lung alveolar epithelial cells ( A549) by nanoparticulate carbon black. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 316:104140. [PMID: 37586603 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Fine airborne particulate matter enter the respiratory system, induce oxidative stress and initiate DNA damage. The aim of our study was the estimation of cell viability, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle alterations and activation of histone H2A.X. Experiments were done on lung alveolar epithelial (A549) cells grown for 24 h with 200 µg mL-1 coarse carbon black (CB), or nanoparticulate CB (NPCB). Neither CB nor glutathione depletion altered cell viability, growth rates, and H2A.X expression while NPCB decreased cell viability, increased oxidative stress and DNA damage. The cell cycle was blocked at G0/G1. NPCB but not CB increased expression and activation of H2A.X at mRNA and protein levels. Co-expression data point to γH2A.X as a major NPCB target, and show the interdependence of γH2A.X and oxidative stress. We conclude, that NPCB increases γ-H2A.X expression in A549 cells at mRNA and protein levels and stimulates H2A.X (Ser139), phosphorylation, associated with oxidative stress, the DNA damage response and G1 cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Niechoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland
| | - J Roslan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland
| | - K Maciorowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland
| | - M Rosłan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland
| | - K Ejsmont
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland
| | - A Holownia
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Bialystok 15-222, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alhazzani K, Alsahli M, Alanazi AZ, Algahtani M, Alenezi AA, Alhoshani A, Alqinyah M, Alhamed AS, Alhosaini K. Augmented antitumor effects of erlotinib and cabozantinib on A549 non-small cell lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo studies. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101756. [PMID: 37705877 PMCID: PMC10495648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma is a challenging disease worldwide. This study aims to determine whether combining erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with cabozantinib, a mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) inhibitor, would have an augmented therapeutic benefit on A549 cells. The combination of erlotinib and cabozantinib (5 µM) inhibited A549 cell viability compared to each monotherapy at ≥ 10 µM as confirmed by the MTT assay. Combination therapy also has a more potent inhibition of cellular migration than monotherapy using the wound-healing assay. Furthermore, mRNA expression analyses for assessing apoptosis, metastasis, and cell cycle-related genes, the results showed that combination therapy significantly inhibits levels of BCL-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and TGF-β while inducing p53, p21, and BAX expression. In terms of oncogenic markers, western blotting analysis showed a significant reduction of BCl-2 expression and elevation in caspase3, p53, and p21 proteins as indicators of cell death via apoptosis. The antitumor in vivo effect of the combination therapy showed significant tumor inhibition compared to monotherapy. In conclusion, combination therapy could be a potential promising strategy to treat non-small cell lung carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alsahli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Z Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alenezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqinyah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Matysiak-Kucharek M, Sawicki K, Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Effect of silver nanoparticles on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory proteins profile in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Ann Agric Environ Med 2023; 30:566-569. [PMID: 37772536 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/169214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The general population is exposed to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) released into the environment, e.g. through the respiratory tract. Lung cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed and deadly malignancies, often diagnosed at late stage with existing distant metastases. The aim of the study was to determine the activity of AgNPs against A549 lung cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS A549 cells and AgNPs were used in the study. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT and NR assays. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring malonyldialdehyde and level of free -SH groups Proteins secretion was assessed using the Human Profiler Cytokine Array Kit assay. RESULTS AgNPs reduce A549 cells viability and induce oxidative stress. They also lead to increased secretion of several proinflammatory proteins, which stimulate metastasis. CONCLUSIONS AgNPs exhibit direct anti-cancer effect, however, their potentially promethastic effect encourages further work on the safety of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
- World Institute for Family Health, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abd Elrahman SF, Ahmed AAS, Abd Elsatar D, Elkady S, Elgendy A, Alnakeeb F, Elmongy EI, Henidi HA, El-Gendy SM, El Sayed IET, El-Gokha AA, Abd Eldaim MA. Cytotoxic Potential of Novel Quinoline Derivative: 11-(1,4-Bisaminopropylpiperazinyl)5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline against Different Cancer Cell Lines via Activation and Deactivation of the Expression of Some Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14336. [PMID: 37762637 PMCID: PMC10532317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 11-(1,4-bisaminopropylpiperazinyl)5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline (BAPPN), a novel derivative of 5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline, against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon carcinoma (HCT-116), breast (MCF-7), and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and the possible molecular mechanism through which it exerts its cytotoxic activity. BAPPN was synthesized and characterized with FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The binding affinity scores of BAPPN for caspase-3 PDB: 7JL7 was -7.836, with an RMSD of 1.483° A. In silico screening of ADME properties indicated that BAPPN showed promising oral bioavailability records in addition to their high gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier penetrability. BAPPN induced cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 3.3, 23, 3.1, and 9.96 μg/mL against cancer cells HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549, respectively. In addition, it induced cell injury and morphological changes in ultracellular structure, including cellular delayed activity, vanishing of membrane blebbing, microvilli, cytoplasmic condensation, and shrunken nucleus with more condensed chromatin autophagosomes. Furthermore, BAPPN significantly increased the protein expression of caspase-3 and tumor suppressor protein (P53). However, it significantly reduced the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein into the medium and decreased the protein expression of proliferation cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 in HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549 cells. This study indicates that BAPPN has cytotoxic action against liver, colon, breast, and lung cancer cell lines via the up-regulation of apoptotic proteins, caspase-3 and P53, and the downregulation of proliferative proteins, VEGF, PCNA, and Ki67.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fathy Abd Elrahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Abdullah A. S. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Doaa Abd Elsatar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Salma Elkady
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Amira Elgendy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Fatma Alnakeeb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Elshaymaa I. Elmongy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
| | - Hanan A. Henidi
- Research Department, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M. El-Gendy
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Ahmed A. El-Gokha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt; (S.F.A.E.); (A.A.S.A.); (D.A.E.); (S.E.); (A.E.); (F.A.); (A.A.E.-G.)
| | - Mabrouk Attia Abd Eldaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shahzadi C, Di Serafino A, Aruffo E, Mascitelli A, Di Carlo P. A549 as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate the Impact of Microplastics in the Air. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1243. [PMID: 37759642 PMCID: PMC10525880 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microplastics raise significant concerns due to their potential health impacts. Having a small size, larger surface area, and penetrative ability into the biological system, makes them hazardous to health. This review article compiles various studies investigating the mechanism of action of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics affecting lung epithelial cells A549. These inhalable microplastics damage the respiratory system, by triggering a proinflammatory environment, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, morphological changes, and cytotoxic accumulation in A549 cells. PS-NP lung toxicity depends on various factors such as size, surface modifications, concentration, charge, and zeta potential. However, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity mechanisms depend on the cell type. For A549 cells, PS-NPs are responsible for energy imbalance by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, and apoptosis. Additionally, PS-NPs have the ability to traverse the placental barrier, posing a risk to offspring. Despite the advancements, the precise mechanisms underlying how prolonged exposure to PS-NPs leads to the development and progression of lung diseases have unclear points, necessitating further investigations to unravel the root cause. This review also sheds light on data gaps, inconsistencies in PS-Nos research, and provides recommendations for further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chman Shahzadi
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Serafino
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mascitelli
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Boopathi V, Nahar J, Murugesan M, Subramaniyam S, Kong BM, Choi SK, Lee CS, Ling L, Yang DU, Yang DC, Mathiyalagan R, Chan Kang S. In silico and in vitro inhibition of host-based viral entry targets and cytokine storm in COVID-19 by ginsenoside compound K. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19341. [PMID: 37809955 PMCID: PMC10558348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged as an epidemic, causing a respiratory disease with multiple severe symptoms and deadly consequences. ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 play crucial and synergistic roles in the membrane fusion and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE-2 receptor for viral entry, while TMPRSS2 proteolytically cleaves the S protein into S1 and S2 subunits, promoting membrane fusion. Therefore, ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 are potential drug targets for treating COVID-19, and their inhibition is a promising strategy for treatment and prevention. This study proposes that ginsenoside compound K (G-CK), a triterpenoid saponin abundant in Panax Ginseng, a dietary and medicinal herb highly consumed in Korea and China, effectively binds to and inhibits ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 expression. We initially conducted an in-silico evaluation where G-CK showed a high affinity for the binding sites of the two target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we evaluated the stability of G-CK using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns, followed by MM-PBSA calculations. The MD simulations and free energy calculations revealed that G-CK has stable and favorable energies, leading to strong binding with the targets. Furthermore, G-CK suppressed ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression in A549, Caco-2, and MCF7 cells at a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL and in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 6.5 μg/mL, without significant cytotoxicity.ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression were significantly lower in A549 and RAW 264.7 cells following G-CK treatment. These findings suggest that G-CK may evolve as a promising therapeutic against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinothini Boopathi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Jinnatun Nahar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Mohanapriya Murugesan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | | | - Byoung Man Kong
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Choi
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd, 86, Gunbuk-ro, Gunbuk-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32718 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soon Lee
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd, 86, Gunbuk-ro, Gunbuk-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32718 Republic of Korea
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Karakocak BB, Keshavan S, Gunasingam G, Angeloni S, Auderset A, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Rethinking of TEER measurement reporting for epithelial cells grown on permeable inserts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106511. [PMID: 37385303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measures electrical resistance across epithelial tissue barriers involving confluent layer(s) of cells. TEER values act as a prerequisite for determining the barrier integrity of cells, which play a key role in evaluating the transport of drugs, materials or chemicals of interest across an epithelial barrier. The measurements can be performed non-invasively by measuring ohmic resistance across a defined area. Thus, the TEER values are reported in Ω·cm2. In vitro epithelial models are typically assembled on semi-permeable inserts providing two-chamber compartments, and the majority of the studies use inserts with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes. Recently, new inserts with different membrane types and properties have been introduced. However, the TEER values presented so far did not allow a direct comparison. This study presents the characterization of selected epithelial tissues, i.e., lung, retina, and intestine, grown on an ultra-thin ceramic microporous permeable insert (SiMPLI) and PET membranes with different properties, i.e., thickness, material, and pore numbers. We verified the epithelial cell growth on both inserts via phase-contrast and confocal laser scanning microscope imaging. Barrier characteristics were assessed by TEER measurements and also by evaluating the permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate through cell layers. The findings indicated that background TEER value calculations and the available surface area for cell growth must be thoroughly assessed when new inserts are introduced, as the values cannot be directly compared without re-calculations. Finally, we proposed electrical circuit models highlighting the contributors to TEER recordings on PET and SiMPLI insert membranes. This study paves the way for making the ohmic-based evaluation of epithelial tissues' permeability independent of the material and geometry of the insert membrane used for cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Begum Karakocak
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gowsinth Gunasingam
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Angeloni
- SiMPLInext SA, Rue Fritz-Oppliger 18, 2504 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Auderset
- Switzerland Innovation Park Biel/Bienne, Aarbergstrasse 46, 2503 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Riebold D, Mahnkopf M, Wicht K, Zubiria-Barrera C, Heise J, Frank M, Misch D, Bauer T, Stocker H, Slevogt H. Axenic Long-Term Cultivation of Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:903. [PMID: 37755011 PMCID: PMC10533121 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, a fungus causing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, has long been described as non-culturable. Only isolated short-term experiments with P. jirovecii and a small number of experiments involving animal-derived Pneumocystis species have been published to date. However, P. jirovecii culture conditions may differ significantly from those of animal-derived Pneumocystis, as there are major genotypic and phenotypic differences between them. Establishing a well-performing P. jirovecii cultivation is crucial to understanding PCP and its pathophysiological processes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop an axenic culture for Pneumocystis jirovecii. To identify promising approaches for cultivation, a literature survey encompassing animal-derived Pneumocystis cultures was carried out. The variables identified, such as incubation time, pH value, vitamins, amino acids, and other components, were trialed and adjusted to find the optimum conditions for P. jirovecii culture. This allowed us to develop a medium that produced a 42.6-fold increase in P. jirovecii qPCR copy numbers after a 48-day culture. Growth was confirmed microscopically by the increasing number and size of actively growing Pneumocystis clusters in the final medium, DMEM-O3. P. jirovecii doubling time was 8.9 days (range 6.9 to 13.6 days). In conclusion, we successfully cultivated P. jirovecii under optimized cell-free conditions in a 70-day long-term culture for the first time. However, further optimization of the culture conditions for this slow grower is indispensable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marie Mahnkopf
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Cristina Zubiria-Barrera
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Heise
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre (EMZ), University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Daniel Misch
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Torsten Bauer
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Hartmut Stocker
- Clinic for Infectiology, St. Joseph’s Hospital Berlin, 12101 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jiang H, Qin H, Sun M, Lin S, Yang J, Liu M. Effect of blue light on the cell viability of A549 lung cancer cells and investigations into its possible mechanism. J Biophotonics 2023; 16:e202300047. [PMID: 37265005 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue light has attracted extensive attention as a new potential cancer therapy. Recent studies have indicated that blue light has a significant inhibition effect on A459 cells. However, the effect of light parameters on the treatment of A549 cells and the mechanism of how blue light made the effect was still unclear. This study aimed to investigate A549 cells responses to blue light with varying irradiance and dose-dense, and tried to find out the mechanism of the effects blue light made. The results suggested that the responses of A549 cells to blue light with different irradiance and dose-dense were different and the decrease of cell viability reached saturation when the irradiance reached 3 mW/cm2 and the dose-dense reached 3.6 J/cm2 . It was assumed that blue light suppressed PI3K/AKT pathway and promoted the expression of JNK and p53 to affect the proliferation of A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| | - Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangfei Lin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Levis DJ, Meckler JF, O’Donnell RT, Tuscano JM. A Fermented Wheat Germ Extract Contains Protein Components Active against NSCLC Xenografts In Vivo. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7087-7096. [PMID: 37754232 PMCID: PMC10530145 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although advances have been made in the past decade to treat such tumors, most options induce multiple side effects, and many patients discontinue therapy due to toxicity. Thus, the need remains for non-toxic, effective NSCLC therapies, especially in an elderly patient population. Our lab has previously identified a protein fraction from the nutraceutical Avemar®-dubbed fermented wheat germ protein (FWGP)-with demonstrated efficacy in lymphoma models both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that FWGP also has anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo against lung cancer. In vitro cytotoxicity against multiple lung cancer cell lines yielded IC50 values comparable to those previously established with the parent product, Avemar. Further, significant A549 xenograft growth inhibition occurred in athymic nu/nu mice receiving FWGP in both pre-radiated and non-radiated models when compared to the untreated control. Encouragingly, mice treated with FWGP experienced no toxicities as detected by weight reduction or blood chemistry analysis. These data support the further study of FWGP as a potential non-toxic therapy for lung cancer and other oncologic indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Levis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (D.J.L.)
| | - Joshua F. Meckler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (D.J.L.)
| | - Robert T. O’Donnell
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (D.J.L.)
| | - Joseph M. Tuscano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (D.J.L.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, CA 95652, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Niechoda A, Milewska K, Roslan J, Ejsmont K, Holownia A. Cell cycle-specific phosphorylation of p53 protein in A549 cells exposed to cisplatin and standardized air pollutants. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1238150. [PMID: 37645562 PMCID: PMC10460999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1238150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter is associated with DNA damage and the risk of lung cancer. Protein p53 is activated by multi-site phosphorylation in the early stages of DNA damage and affects cell outcome. Our study aimed to assess the effect of (100 µg/mL-1/24 h) standardized air pollutants: carbon black (CB), urban dust (UD), and nanoparticle carbon black (NPCB) on cell cycle, DNA damage and 53 phosphorylation at Ser 9, Ser 20, Ser 46, and Ser 392 in proliferating and quiescent A549 cells and in cells that survived cisplatin (CisPT) exposure. Phosphorylated p53 was quantified in cell subpopulations by flow cytometry using specific fluorochrome-tagged monoclonal antibodies and analysis of bivariate fluorescence distribution scatterplots. CisPT, UD and NPCB increased site-specific p53 phosphorylation producing unique patterns. NPCB activated all sites irrespectively on the cell cycle, while the UD was more selective. p53 Ser 9-P and p53 Ser 20-P positively correlated with the numbers of CisPT-treated cells at G0/G1, and NPCB and NPCB + CisPT produced a similar effect. A positive correlation and integrated response were also found between Ser 20-P and Ser 392-P in resting A549 cells treated with NPCB and CisPT but not UD. Interdependence between the expression of p53 phosphorylated at Ser 20, and Ser 392 and cell cycle arrest show that posttranslational alterations are related to functional activation. Our data suggest that p53 protein phosphorylation in response to specific DNA damage is driven by multiple independent and integrated pathways to produce functional activation critical in cancer prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Holownia
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|