Anti-proliferative, Pro-apoptotic, and Chemosensitizing Potential of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic Acid (AKBA) Against Prostate Cancer Cells

Prostate cancer incidences are rising worldwide at an alarming rate. Drug resistance and relapse are two major challenges in the treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, new multimodal, safe, and effective therapeutic agents are urgently required which could effectively mitigate the menace of tumor recurrence and chemo-resistance. Plant-derived products are increasingly being utilized due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-tumor potential. In the current study, 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, a triterpenoid isolated from plant Boswellia, was utilized to ascertain its chemotherapeutic potential against human prostate cancer cells. Various in vitro assays including cell viability, nuclear staining, mitochondria potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and quantification of apoptosis, were performed for the evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of AKBA. We observed that AKBA (10-50 µM) dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and caused programmed cell death in PC3 cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Intriguingly, AKBA was also found to chemosensitize PC3 cells in synergistic combination with doxorubicin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the synergistic chemosensitizing impact of AKBA when combined with doxorubicin in prostate cancer cells.This showcases the potential of AKBA in combinatorial therapy or adjuvant therapy for the management of prostate cancer. In sum, our results suggested that AKBA is a promising drug-like molecule against prostate cancer. Our investigation introduces a novel perspective, elucidating a previously unexplored dimension, and uncovering a compelling chemosensitizing phenomenon along with a strong synergistic effect arising from the concurrent application of these two agents.

Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological studies of genus Cimicifuga: A systematic and comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL USES

Black cohosh, also known as Cimicifuga sp., is one of the most widely used ethnomedicine for the treatment of major health issues in women. Some reports show that Cimicifuga sp. exhibit anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW

The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish current and exhaustive knowledge pertaining to the pharmacological, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties of Cimicifuga sp.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this review, all the available information was collected on Cimicifugasp. via computerized search using Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Sci-Hub, supplementary resources (books, government reports, and Ph.D. theses).

RESULT

The phytochemical investigation on Cimicifuga sp. has shown phytoconstituents such as triterpenoid glycosides, phenylpropanoid, flavonoids, saponin, lignan, nitrogenous compounds, alkaloids, 4α-Methyl steroids and some other component like monoterpene lactones cimicifugolides A-C etc. Cimicifuga conveys a wide scope of research on in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological potential, like anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-neoplastic, anti-depressant, anti-Alzheimer, and anti-climacteric properties.

CONCLUSION

This article discusses the medicinal and traditional histories of various Cimicifuga species. Because quality control and safety assessments of Cimicifuga species are currently lacking, only a limited portion of the plant may be used as medication. The majority of current research focuses on triterpene glycosides. Although there are a variety of additional molecules that may have novel biological functions, systematic investigations of these compounds are lacking. The Cimicifuga plant has to go through a lot of studies before it can be completely used in clinics as a viable medicinal contender.

Methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles exert a substantially improved cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis

In the current study, we report the synthesis of methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles (MTX-ZnONPs) and their high efficacy against lung cancer cells. Conjugation of MTX with ZnONPs was authenticated by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This drug-nanoconjugate also showed high drug-loading efficiency. The therapeutic efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs was further tested in vitro against A549 cells, and the results of MTT and LDH release assays showed that MTX-ZnONPs, in addition to free MTX, were efficient in exerting cytotoxic effect on A549 cells; however, the effectiveness of MTX-ZnONPs was found to be considerably enhanced at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Moreover, ZnONPs alone significantly inhibited the cell viability of A549 cells at a much higher concentration compared to MTX-ZnONPs and MTX. Furthermore, the cytomorphology of A549 cells was characterized by cellular shrinkage and detachment from the surface in all the treatment groups. Similarly, A549 cells, in all the treatment groups, showed fragmented and condensed nuclei, indicating the initiation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm) in A549 cells showed a gradual loss in all the treatment groups. Results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses depicted increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells. The results of the caspase activity assay showed that MTX-ZnONPs andfree MTX caused significant activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 in A549 cells; however, the effect of MTX-ZnONPs was more profound at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Thus, our results showed high efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs, suggesting efficient intracellular delivery of the drug by ZnONPs as nanocarriers.

A novel direct inducible nongenetic murine model of diabetes-aggravated atherosclerosis

Background and aims

Atherosclerosis, the main pathology underlying cardiovascular diseases is accelerated in diabetic patients (1,2). Genetic mouse models require breeding efforts which are time-consuming and costly. Our aim was to establish a new nongenetic model of inducible metabolic risk factors that mimics hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, or both and allows the detection of phenotypic differences dependent on the metabolic stressor(s) on any genetic background.

Methods and results

Wild type mice were injected with gain-of-function PCSK9D377Y (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) mutant adeno-associated viral particles (AAV) and streptozotocin (STZ) and fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-cholesterol/high fat-diet (Paigen diet, PD) for 12 and 20 weeks. LDLR KO mice were used as reference control. Combined hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mice (HGHCi), but not hyperlipidemia (HCi) alone, displayed characteristic features of aggravated atherosclerosis characterized by larger and less stable plaques (necrotic core area in HGHCi HFD: 24% vs HCi HFD: 13% vs LDLR KO HFD: 18% area, at 20 weeks p<0.05; fibrous cap thickness in HGHCi: 13 μm vs HCi HFD: 23 μm vs LDLR KO HFD: 17 μm, at 20 weeks, p<0.05) which contained more macrophages (MOMA-2 in HGHCi HFD: 27% vs HCi HFD: 19% vs LDLR KO HFD: 46% area/plaque, at 20 weeks, p<0.05) and less smooth muscle cells (α-SMA in HGHCi HFD: 12% vs HCi HFD: 25% vs LDLR KO HFD: 18% area/plaque, at 20 weeks, p<0.05), on both HFD or PD diet. Diabetic atherosclerotic mice (HGHCi) fed a HFD showed 37% plaque area (of total lumen) compared to 16% plaque area in non-diabetic mice (HCi HFD) and 17% in LDLR KO HFD after 12 weeks; and 43% (HGHCi HFD) vs. 29% (HCi HFD) vs 39% plaque area (LDLR KO HFD) after 20 weeks (Figure 1A, B). Differences between the diabetic HGHCi and non-diabetic HCi HFD mice were confirmed using RNA-seq analysis of aortic tissue, revealing that significantly more genes were dysregulated in mice with combined hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia than in the hyperlipidemia-only group. The HGHCi-associated genes were related to pathways regulating inflammation (increased Cd68, iNos, and Tnfa expression) and extracellular matrix degradation (Adamts4 and Mmp14) (Figure 1C). When comparing HFD with PD, the PD aggravated atherosclerosis to a greater extent in mice and showed plaque formation after 8 weeks (HGHCi PD: 48% plaque area vs. HCi PD: 30% plaque area), therefore, representing a direct inducible hyperglycemic atherosclerosis model compared with HFD-fed mice, in which atherosclerosis is severe by 8 weeks.

Conclusion

We established a nongenetic direct inducible mouse model of diabetes-aggravated atherosclerosis allowing comparative analyses of atherosclerosis in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions and its modification by diet, allowing analyses of multiple metabolic hits in mice.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

Phytofabricated Nanoparticle Formulation for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

In recent times, nanotechnology has made significant advances in the field of cancer. The majority of chemotherapeutic drugs do not selectively target cancer cells, and they might cause side effects and damage to healthy cells, resulting in a variety of adverse effects. Having a thorough understanding of nanoparticles may improve drug targeting and administration. The nano-engineering of pharmacological and natural compounds can improve the diagnosis and treatment. Polymeric micelles, liposomes, and dendrimers are examples of innovative cancer therapeutic nano-formulations. It has been demonstrated that quantum dots, nano-suspensions, and gold nanoparticles can improve drug delivery. Nanomedicines may be delivered more effectively, focusing on cancerous cells instead of healthy tissues, which minimizes undesirable side effects and drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. However, limited water solubility, low stability, poor absorption, and quick metabolism limit their therapeutic effectiveness. Nanotechnology has generated unique formulations to optimise the potential use of phytochemicals in anticancer therapy. Nanocomposites can improve phytochemical solubility and bioavailability, extend their half-life in circulation, and even transport phytochemicals to specific locations. The progress in using phytochemical-based nanoparticles in cancer treatment is summarized in this paper.

In-silico analysis of interacting pathways through KIM-1 protein interaction in diabetic nephropathy

Background

Human Kidney Injury Molecule-1, also known as HAVCR-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1), belongs to the cell-surface protein of immunoglobulin superfamily involved in the phagocytosis by acting as scavenger receptor epithelial cells. The study focused on pinpointing the mechanisms and genes that interact with KIM-1.

Methods

This in-silico study was done from March 2019 to December 2019. The Enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network carefully choose proteins. In addition, the diagramed gene data sets were accomplished using FunRich version 3.1.3. It was done to unveil the proteins that may affect the regulation of HAVCR1 or may be regulated by this protein. These genes were then further considered in pathway analysis to discover the dysregulated pathways in diabetic nephropathy. The long list of differentially expressed genes is meaningless without pathway analysis.

Results

Critical pathways that are dysregulated in diabetic nephropathy patients have been identified. These include Immune System (Total = 237, P < 0.05), Innate Immune System (Total = 140, P < 0.05), Cytokine Signaling Immune system (Total = 116, P < 0.05), Adaptive Immune System (Total = 85) and Neutrophil degranulation (Total = 78).

Conclusion

The top 5 genes that are interacting directly with HIVCR1 include CASP3, CCL2, SPP1, B2M, and TIMP1 with degrees 161, 144, 108, 107, and 105 respectively for Immune system pathways (Innate Immune System, Cytokine Signaling Immune system, Adaptive Immune System and Neutrophil degranulation).

Lernaeid parasites prevalence in commercial freshwater fish species at various fish farms in Pakistan

Reports abound on Lernaea parasitizing the brood stock, fingerlings, and marketable-sized culturable freshwater fish species in various parts of the world. We investigated seven small-scale aquaculture farms and how the prevailing Lernaea is impacting them. Randomly seven fish farms were selected to determine the prevalence percentage of lernaeid ectoparasites. Relevant information of the fishponds to estimate the various aspects such as effects of water source and quality, feed, stocking density, treatment used, and weight and length of fish, concerned with Lernaea infestation and prevalence was gathered. The results indicated that Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) showed highest prevalence (41.7%) among the seven fish species, whereas Oreochromis niloticus showed zero. Other five fish species Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed 13.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%, 7.4%, 0.9% prevalence, respectively. In Royal Fish Farm 84.3% lernaeid infestation was observed, while no parasite was observed in the Vicent's Chunnian fish farm. The water source, quality, feed, fertilizers, stocking density, water temperature, and potential treatment options displayed varying tendencies among fish farms and prevalence. Depending on the weight and length, the highest prevalence (56.7%, and 66.7%) was observed in 3501-4000 g and 81-90 cm groups. The infestation rate varied in various fish body parts with the dorsal fin the most vulnerable organ and showed 2.3% overall prevalence (while 18.4% contribution within total 12.6% infestation). Out of 147 infected fish samples, 45 were extensively contaminated by Lernaea spread. In conclusion, our findings confirm that Lernaea could pose a considerable threat to marketable fish, and various treatment options should be educated to the farmers to help mitigate the spread and potential losses. Furthermore, Catla catla is more vulnerable to Lernaea infestation (41.7%), so are the fish species being cultured at higher stocking densities.

Particle composition and morphology over urban environment (New Delhi): Plausible effects on wheat leaves

Particulate matter (PM) deposition on leaves adversely affects physical, chemical and biological nature of agricultural crops resulting in their loss of productivity and yield. Wheat being a staple food in major parts of Northern India and around the World, has been selected for research purpose by designing a study to explore the probable effects of PM deposition on wheat leaves and wheat crops to ensure the food security. PM₅ (Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <5 μm) and Dry Deposited Particulate Matter (DDPM) on wheat leaves (Leaf_DDPM) were collected from the wheat crop field in Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi for growing and harvesting season of wheat crops (i.e. December 2014 to April 2015). The EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis was used for this study and the individual particle analysis revealed the presence of both acidic and alkaline components like C, Al, Si, Fe, Ca, K, S and Mg. The offline characterization tool i.e. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) was utilized for obtaining the micrographs which clearly showed the presence of some angular, sharp-edged and spherical particles consisting of both smooth and rough texture. Apart from that, prevalence of slightly non-spherical particles with aspect ratio of range (>1.20-1.40) and CIR (>0.70-0.80) for both PM₅ and leaf_DDPM were observed. The size distribution of individual particles for both PM₅(#194 particles) and Leaf_DDPM(#657 particles) revealed that Surface Equivalent Radius (SER) and Volume Equivalent Radius (VER) of particles observed to be 0.40-0.80 μm while surface area to be 0-1 μm². These particles may easily block stomatal openings (with typical diameter range: 42-51 μm) of wheat leaves and damage internal leaf tissues while particle VER determines the interaction of incoming solar radiation with leaf surfaces. Average PM₅ concentrations ± Standard deviations (μg/m³) were reported to be 231.05 ± 113.03. The XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) spectrometer analysis of bulk PM₅ revealed the concentrations of non-carbonaceous elements (μg/m³) as N (67.34 ± 16.09), Si (27.44 ± 11.01), Al (7.79 ± 3.37), S (3.88 ± 2.24), Na (2.29 ± 0.94), Mg (1.65 ± 0.62), K (0.51 ± 0.26), Ca (0.60 ± 0.26), Fe (0.54 ± 0.26), Cr (1.10 ± 0.70), Zn (0.05 ± 0.03), P (0.10 ± 0.03), Cu (0.07 ± 0.06). The dominant elemental oxides were calculated as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, SO₄^2-, Na₂O, MgO, K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, ZnO, P₂O₅, Cu₂O with variable concentrations. In high humid conditions, with relative humidity (~85%) during the vegetative and flowering growth stages of wheat crops, presence of C and S rich acidic and hygroscopic particles may cause the corrosion of wheat leaves that ultimately affect the wheat crops.

Clinicopathological spectrum of Diffuse Large B Cell lymphoma: a study targeting population yet unexplored in Pakistan

Objective

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). The aim of this study was to assess the clinico pathological characteristics of DLBCL specifically, among the affected individuals residing in Northern areas of Pakistan who had not been previously included in major lymphoma studies due to their remote location.

Results

Mean age of the patients was 49.7 years. Male: female ratio was 1.5:1. Primary site was lymph node in 99 (71.74%) patients, out of which, 36 (26.09%) patients had B symptoms and 19 (13.77%) patients had stage IV disease. 39 (28.26%) patients had primary extra nodal involvement, 4 (2.90%) patients had B symptoms and 3 (2.17%) had stage IV disease. Extra nodal sites involved in primary extra nodal DLBCL were gastrointestinal tract (GIT) 19 (48.72%), tonsils 6 (15.38%), spine 4 (10.26%), soft tissue swelling 3 (7.69%), parotid gland 2 (5.13%), thyroid 2 (5.13%) central nervous system (CNS) 1 (2.56), breast 1 (2.56%) and bone marrow 1 (2.56%). Our study revealed increased percentage of patients with nodal DLBCL in stage IV and with B symptoms. Few patients with primary extra nodal DLBCL had B symptoms and stage IV disease at presentation. GIT was the most common site of involvement in primary extra nodal DLBCL.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05768-5.

Phylogenetic placement and reassessment of Asperisporium pongamiae as Pedrocrousiella pongamiae gen. et comb. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae)

The leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata caused by an asperisporium-like asexual morph, which is usually referred to as Asperisporium pongamiae, is quite common during monsoon seasons in India. Phylogenetic analyses, based on LSU and rpb2 sequence data, and blast searches using ITS sequence data, revealed that this ascomycete forms a lineage within Mycosphaerellaceae distant from all other generic lineages. Pedrocrousiella gen. nov., with P. pongamiae comb. nov., based on Fusicladium pongamiae (≡ A. pongamiae), as type species is introduced for this lineage. This species has been considered the asexual morph of Mycosphaerella pongamiae (≡ Stigmatea pongamiae). However, this connection is unproven and was just based on the occasional association of the two taxa in some collections. Several attempts to induce the formation of a sexual morph in culture failed, therefore the putative connection between these morphs could not be confirmed. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae is reduced to synonymy with P. pongamiae. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae was introduced because of the wrong assumption that F. pongamiae had been described on another host, Pongamia globosa. But Fusicladium pongamiae was actually described in India on Pongamia glabra, which is a synonym of P. pinnata, and hence on the same host as Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae. Pedrocrousiella pongamiae clusters in a clade containing Distocercospora, Clypeosphaerella, and “Pseudocercospora” nephrolepidicola, a species which is not congeneric with Pseudocercospora. Phylogenetically, Pedrocrousiella is distant from the Asperisporium s. str. clade (type species A. caricae), which is more closely related to Amycosphaerella, Pseudocercosporella, Distomycovellosiella and Nothopassalora.

Citation: Rajeshkumar KC, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, Lad SS, Ashtekar N, Fatima S, Anand G (2021). Phylogenetic placement and reassessment of Asperisporium pongamiae as Pedrocrousiella pongamiae gen. et comb. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae). Fungal Systematics and Evolution7: 165–176. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.08

Bedside ultrasound assessments of jugular venous compliance to track central venous pressure change during the treatment of decompensated heart failure

Background

Accurate volume status assessment is crucial for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Volume status assessment by physical exam is inaccurate, necessitating invasive measurement with right heart catheterization (RHC), which carries safety, pragmatic (scheduling, holding anticoagulants, etc) and financial burdens. Therefore, a reliable, non-invasive, cost-effective alternative is desired. Previously, we developed an ultrasound (US) based technique to measure internal jugular vein (IJV) compliance during RHC which was used for single time point central venous pressure (CVP) predictions. We now aim to apply this technique to track acute changes in CVP during diuresis for ADHF in patients with an in-dwelling pulmonary artery catheter.

Purpose

The objective of our study was to devise a rapid, portable and reliable alternative to RHC to track acute volume changes during treatment of ADHF.

Methods

We used an observational, prospective study design and recruited 15 patients from the CCU between 7/19–12/19 being treated for ADHF (systolic or diastolic) with IV diuretics +/−inotropic agents who underwent PA catheter insertion for continuous CVP monitoring. 13 of 15 patients received milrinone infusions. US images of the IJV were obtained at end expiration and during the strain phase of Valsalva at multiple 2–3 hr intervals. Change in IJV cross sectional area (ImageJ) was used as a measure of IJV compliance. Patients unable to perform the Valsalva maneuver and on mechanical circulatory support were excluded.

Results

Calculated % change in CSA of IJV was plotted against CVP. An inverse relationship was observed between CVP and % change in CSA of IJV. The data was fit with an inverse exponential regression shown in Figure 1 (R2=0.36, root mean square error = 3.19). Fivefold cross validation showed a stable model for predicting CVP based CSA (R2=0.34, root mean square error = 3.26)

Conclusion

Serial portable US assessment of IJV compliance can act a surrogate measure of CVP and,therefore, can provide reliable information on acute hemodynamic changes in ADHF.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in primary school children, Lahore

Intestinal parasites are the major reasons for deaths all over the world especially in the third world. Poverty, poor sanitation, unclean drinking water, moist environment are the conditions for these parasitic ailments. Poor personal hygiene among children is considered an effective cause of parasitic invasion. In present study the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their associated risk factors were determined among the school children of Lahore. A total of 150 faecal samples were collected from the children of 3-15 years of age belonging to Private and Government Schools. Different techniques like Direct smear method, Formalin ether concentration, Sedimentation and McMaster were used to identify different stages of intestinal parasites. The parasites found were Giardia lamblia (4.66%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.66%), Taenia saginata (4%), Hymenolepis nana (2%), Trichuris trichura (2.66%) and Enterobius vermicularis (4%). A. lumbricoides was found to the most frequent of all parasites. The prevalence was higher among the children, with poor hygiene, having lack of education especially of mothers because they play a big role in child's upbringing and maintaining his good health. Educating cleanness alertness on parasitic diseases and application of helpful strategies for parents to raise socioeconomic circumstances may decrease the load of infection.

Key messages

Educating cleanness alertness on parasitic diseases and application of helpful strategies for parents to raise socioeconomic circumstances may decrease the load of infection. Health is Wealth.

FRI0037 ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PREDICTED BY HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE AT ONE YEAR

Background:

Patients with RA are at greater risk of mortality than the general population. Higher HAQ disability has been associated with hospitalizations and mortality in established RA; whether HAQ disability predicts mortality in early RA (ERA) is unknown.

Objectives:

The objective of this study is to analyze how well the HAQ can predict future mortality in patients with early RA.

Methods:

Data were from adult early RA patients (symptoms <1 year) enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) between 2007 and 2017; who initiated treatment with 1 or more DMARDs and had completed HAQ data at baseline and 1 year. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and chi-square tests were used to summarize and compare baseline patient characteristics including sociodemographic variables, RA characteristics and comorbidities amongst deceased and non-deceased patients. Discrete-time proportional hazards models were used to estimate crude and multi-adjusted associations between HAQ at baseline and 1 year, respectively, with all-cause mortality in each year of follow up.

Results:

This study included 1724 patients with early RA; mean age was 55 years and 72% were female. In 10 years of follow up, 62 deaths (2.4%) occurred. Deceased patients had higher HAQ scores and DAS28 scores at baseline and at 1 year versus the non-deceased group. Age, male sex, lower education, smoking, more comorbidities, higher baseline disease activity and steroid use were associated with mortality in unadjusted survival models (Table 1). Contrary to HAQ at baseline, the association between all-cause mortality and HAQ at 1 year remained significant even after adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities, disease activity, smoking, education, seropositivity, symptom duration and steroid use in adjusted survival models (Table 2).

Table 1.

Unadjusted survival model: Association of each variable with all-cause mortality

Baseline VariableUnadjustedHazard OR95% CISocio-DemographicAge (years)1.101.07 – 1.13Female0.370.22 – 0.62Caucasian (white or European)1.010.46 – 2.24Aboriginal1.710.61 – 4.76Education > high school degree0.480.28 – 0.82Current Smoker1.811.01 – 3.24Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index (0-9)1.601.36 – 1.87RA CharacteristicsSymptom duration (months)0.990.91 – 1.08Seropositivity in first year1.110.55 – 2.23DAS28 ESR or CRP if ESR is missing1.261.06 – 1.51Oral Steroid use1.751.03 – 2.98Table 2.

Multivariable discrete-time survival models: HAQ baseline vs 1 year

ModelModel 1:Crude(Time + HAQ-DI)Model 2:Adjusted for age + sexModel 3:Adjusted for Model 2 + DAS28 + RDCIModel 4:Adjusted for Model 3 + education, smoking, seropositivity, symptom duration and oral steroids useModel 5:Adjusted for Model 3 + smoking, symptom duration onlyHAQ-DI (0-3) (at baseline)1.461.02 – 2.091.370.96 – 1.951.250.81 – 1.941.320.85 – 2.041.300.84 – 2.00HAQ-DI (0-3) (at 1 year)2.581.78 – 3.722.401.63 – 3.521.751.10 – 2.771.871.16 – 3.021.731.09 – 2.74

*Hazard OR, 95% CI

~HAQ-DI: (Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index); RDCI: Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index; DAS28: Disease Activity Score

Conclusion:

Higher HAQ at 1 year was significantly associated with all-cause mortality in a large early RA cohort suggesting that poorer disease control and function in the first year of RA contributes to higher mortality.

Disclosure of Interests:

Safoora Fatima: None declared, Orit Schieir: None declared, Marie-France Valois: None declared, Susan J. Bartlett Consultant of: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie, Louis Bessette Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Gilles Boire Grant/research support from: Merck Canada (Registry of biologices, Improvement of comorbidity surveillance)

Amgen Canada (CATCH, clinical nurse)

Abbvie (CATCH, clinical nurse)

Pfizer (CATCH, Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse)

Hoffman-LaRoche (CATCH)

UCB Canada (CATCH, Clinical nurse)

BMS (CATCH, Clinical nurse, Observational Study Protocol IM101664. SEROPOSITIVITY IN A LARGE CANADIAN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT)

Janssen (CATCH)

Celgene (Clinical nurse)

Eli Lilly (Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse), Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Merck, BMS, Pfizer, Glen Hazlewood: None declared, Carol Hitchon Grant/research support from: UCB Canada; Pfizer Canada, Edward Keystone Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca Pharma, Biotest, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Celltrion,

Crescendo Bioscience, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Genentech Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, Lilly

Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sandoz, UCB., Speakers bureau: Amgen, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Janssen Inc., Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB, Diane Tin: None declared, Carter Thorne Consultant of: Abbvie, Centocor, Janssen, Lilly, Medexus/Medac, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Medexus/Medac, Vivian Bykerk: None declared, Janet Pope Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, Merck, Roche, Seattle Genetics, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eicos Sciences, Eli Lilly & Company, Emerald, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: UCB

Dose-dependent acute phase response of aqueous leaf decoction of Nerium oleander in Wistar rats

Many studies have been carried out in order to determine the toxicity of medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the hepatic response against two doses of Nerium oleander, (N. oleander) “kaner” leaf decoction. Aqueous leaf decoction was injected intramuscularly into both hind limbs of male rats (200&#x2213;10g), assigned into three categories (n=4): control group with no treatment; group I, injected with 5 ml/ kg; and group II injected with 10 ml/ kg of leaf decoction, respectively. Animals were sacrificed 6 h after administration and hepato-histological changes were then observed. The decoction induced an acute phase reaction reflected by a more significant recruitment of inflammatory cells in group II than in group I and controls, as observed by histological studies. These results indicated that both doses can induce an acute-phase condition. Hence, traditional practice of medicinal plants without preliminary dose assessment must not be administered.

Effect of potassium dichromate on renal brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport in rats

Chromium is widely used in industry but exposure to chromium compounds in the workplace can result in nephrotoxicity. Various nephrotoxicants affect the brush border membrane (BBM) lining the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule, but there have been no studies regarding the effect of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a hexava-lent chromium compound, on renal BBM. In the present work, the effect of administering a single intraperitoneal dose (15 mg/kg body weight) of K2Cr2O7 on rat renal BBM enzymes and inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was studied. The animals were administered normal saline (control) or K2Cr2O7 and sacrificed 1, 2, 4 and 8 days after treatment. K2Cr2O7 induced reversible damage to the rat kidney function as indicated by serum creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen levels. The activities of BBM marker enzymes were significantly decreased in isolated BBM vesicles (BBMV) and homogenates of cortex and medulla on 1, 2 and 4 days after administration of K2Cr2O7with complete recovery to control values after 8 days. The decrease in the activities of the enzymes was mainly due to changes in maximum velocity (Vmax) values, while the Michaelis constant (Km) remained unchanged. The sodium dependent Pi transport across BBMV was reduced by 50% after treatment with K2Cr2O7. Thus, the administration of a single dose of K2Cr2O7 leads to impairment in the functions of renal BBM. These results suggest that the nephrotoxicity of K2Cr2O7 may be mediated, at least in part, by its effect on renal BBM.

333 GENERATION OF OOCYTE-LIKE STRUCTURE FROM OVARIAN SURFACE EPITHELIAL STEM CELLS OF GOAT

Stem cells have potential for therapeutic application. Continuous repair of ovarian surface epithelium following folliculogenesis and ovarian carcinoma suggests the presence of stem cells in ovarian epithelial cells. In vitro gametogenesis in livestock will result in large numbers of oocytes production from a single ovary, resulting in faster multiplication of superior germplasm of livestock species, treatment of infertile animals, and conservation of endangered species. The present study was conducted with the objective of in vitro differentiation of putative ovarian surface epithelial stem cells into oocyte-like structures in goat model. Ovary samples of 1- to 2-year-old goats were collected from slaughterhouse. The surface of the ovary was gently scraped using sterile blunt scraper to isolate ovarian surface epithelial stem cells. These scraped cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 20% FBS for 3 weeks in 5% CO2 at 37°C with maximum humidity. The cultured stem cells were characterised for stemness by RT-PCR and immunostaining for Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog genes after 3 weeks. These putative stem cells were in vitro differentiated spontaneously to oocyte-like structures in DMEM/F12 medium and characterised for premeiotic markers by RT-PCR and immunostaining for VASA, DAZL, and STELLA genes. Results of this study provide evidence for the presence of putative stem cells with pluripotent characteristics in the ovarian surface epithelium. The cultured cells were found to be round in shape, with a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio under inverted microscope, and found positive for stem cell markers of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog genes. A total of 66 oocyte-like structures were produced from 12 ovaries. These oocyte-like structures were nearly similar to oocytes produced in vivo, both morphologically and in molecular gene expression. The oocyte-like structures were also found positive for premeiotic markers of VASA, DAZL, and STELLA genes by RT-PCR and immunostaining. From this study, we concluded that the ovarian surface epithelial cells have putative stem cells which can be in vitro differentiated into oocyte-like structures in goat. These oocyte-like structures need further characterisation of their surface membrane, more molecular markers, and following their developmental potential. These oocytes can help for multiplication of elite germplasm, curing infertile animals, and saving endangered species.

198 ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF GOAT ADIPOSE-TISSUE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS INTO PANCREATIC ISLETS-LIKE CELLS

The present study was carried out for isolation of goat (Capra hircus) adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (gADSCs) from adipose tissue, their characterization, and in vitro differentiation of gADSCs into pancreatic islets-like cells by giving conditioned medium. Goat ADSCs were isolated from goat adipose tissue by the enzymatic digestion method and were enriched by filtering through a 41-μm filter. Thus, filtered cells resuspended in a cell culture flask containing growth enriching medium and cultured in 5% CO2 in air at 38.5°C. Goat ADSCs were characterised by amplification of mesenchymal stem cell specific markers i.e. CD29, CD34, CD44, CD90, and CD166 as positive markers and CD41 and CD71 as negative markers. Immunocytochemistry of mesenchymal stem cell was also carried out with specific markers CD44 and CD90. Goat ADSCs were further characterised by in vitro differentiating them into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. For in vitro differentiation of gADSCs into osteocytes gADSCs were supplemented with conditioned medium i.e. DMEM containing fetal bovine serum (FBS), dexamethazone, B-glycerol phosphate and L-ascorbic acid. Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by positive Alizarin red S staining and amplification of Osteopontin and Collagen I genes. For differentiation into chondrocytes cells, gADSCs were incubated in DMEM/F12 containing dexamethazone, ITX, BMP-4, and FBS for 21 days. Differentiated cells were confirmed by positive Safranin O staining and expression of chondrocytes specific Collagen III and Aggrecan genes. For adipogenesis, gADSCs were incubated with DMEM/F12 containing FBS, dexamethasone, and ITX and differentiated cells were confirmed by positive Oil Red O staining and amplification of adipocytes specific genes i.e. LPL, PPRγ and PPRα. For in-vitro differentiation gADSCs into pancreatic islets-like cells on the third or fourth passage gADSCs were incubated in conditioned medium containing serum-free DMEM/F12 medium with glucose (17.5 mM) in the presence of nicotinamide (10 mM), activin-A (2 nM), exendin-4 (10 nM), pentagastrin (10 nM), retinoic acid (10 μM) and mercaptoethanol (20 μM). The in vitro differentiation gADSCs into pancreatic islets-like cells was confirmed by amplification of pancreatic endoderm specific genes i.e. igf-1, sst, ngn3, pdx-1, isl-1, c-kit, thy-1, and Glut-2, and no expression was detected for above endoderm specific genes in undifferentiated gADSCs. Pancreatic islets-like cells were further characterised by immunostaining and Western blotting of Pdx-1, insulin, and Islets-1 specific protein. It could be concluded that gADSCs was differentiated into different lineages and secretory insulin was produced from pancreatic islets-like cells.

204 ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS: AN AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION TO PATIENTS

Adult stem cells derived from all possible sources of livestock serve as the best possible alternative to embryonic stem cells. The discovery of mesenchymal stem cells has provided the new horizon to stem cell therapy. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSCs), an easy source of adult stem cell has created a lot of interest among researchers as patient specific treatment and autologous transplantation in animals is becoming a viable option. The proposed study was carried out for 1) isolation of ADSCs from dogs, suffering from hip dysplasia or from paraplegia, 2) ADSC characterisation and in vitro differentiation ability into osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes and neurocytes specific cells. Adipose tissues were collected from belly/umbilical cord region. ADSCs were isolated by enzymatic digestion method followed by enriching through a 41 μm filter. Filtered cells were then resuspended in cell culture flasks containing growth enriching medium and cultured in 5% CO2 in air at 37°C for 5 days. ADSCs were characterised by amplification of mesenchymal stem cell specific markers i.e. CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD166 and by immunocytochemistry of mesenchymal stem cell specific protein i.e. CD44 and CD90. ADSCs were further in vitro differentiated. ADSCs derived osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes were validated through the amplification of specific markers of osteocytes (Osteopontin, Collagen I); chondrocytes (Aggrecan and Collagen II) and adipocytes (LPL, PPARα, PPARγ). Dog ADSCs were further autogenic transplanted into hip dysplasia and paraplegic patients. These patients recovered well one month from transplantation and were able to move freely. It may be concluded that these findings may have implications for defining the physiological roles of ADSCs in arthritis; orthopaedic ailments, joint regeneration, neuronal disorders, and several other applications leading to novel therapeutic opportunities.

Dickkopf 4 (DKK4) acts on Wnt/β-catenin pathway by influencing β-catenin in hepatocellular carcinoma

Deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a hallmark of major gastrointestinal cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The oncogenic role of β-catenin is well defined but reasons for its accumulation in HCC remain unclear. Dickkopf 4 (DKK4) acts as a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway but its functional role in liver carcinogenesis has not been studied. We investigated the role of DKK4 in β-catenin regulation in HCC. Reduced expression of DKK4 was found in 47% (38/81) of HCC, as measured by quantitative real time PCR. Ectopic expression of DKK4 in two HCC cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 (PLC) and MHCC97L (97L), attenuated β-catenin responsive luciferase activity, and decreased both β-catenin and cyclin D1 protein levels. To study the effect of DKK4 on cell growth and tumourigenicity, two stable HCC cell lines were established from PLC and 97L cells. Functional assays demonstrated that overexpression of DKK4 hampered cell proliferation, reduced colony formation and retarded cell migration. When DKK4-expressing 97L stable cells were used to induce tumour xenografts in nude mice (n=8), reduction in tumour sizes was observed (P=0.027). Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies showed that decreased expression of DKK4 was associated with β-catenin accumulation in HCC tissues. Additionally, inhibition of the proteasome using specific inhibitor in DKK4-expressing 97L stable cells masked the effect of β-catenin. Our findings suggest a potential tumour suppressive role of DKK4 as well as that of an important regulator of HCC.

Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Pakistan

Pakistan is a signatory of many international development strategies including the Millennium Development Goals, and the government is committed to achieving a reduction in infant mortality rate from 72 to <55 per 1000 live births, the newborn mortality rate from 55 to <40 per 1000 live births and the maternal mortality rate from 276 per 100,000 to 140 per 100,000 live births by 2015. Maternal, newborn and child health play a key role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. Improvement in maternal and child health is a priority agenda of the Government of Pakistan.

Community mental health in Peshawar, the need to reform

Community mental health is a neglected field in many developing countries including Pakistan. Common mental disorders are high in prevalence, particularly in women. Community mental health services are lacking in Peshawar, which faces a number of challenges owing to sociopolitical instability. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate and interpret current research relevant to community mental health reform, including a review of the evidence regarding community mental health service. A selected review of published literature was undertaken using the PubMed, PsychINFO and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases. The intervention studies included in this review demonstrate that community based mental health services closely aligned with primary care services have the potential to facilitate improvements in access to care and also improvements in mental health outcomes. It concludes that lack of proper mental health policy and non-integration of mental health in primary health care adversely affects the outcome of mental health progress in community.

Factors affecting accessibility and acceptability of voluntary counselling and testing among high risk group (HRG) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in NWFP Pakistan

OBJECTIVE

To identify the factors that affect the accessibility and acceptability of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services among High Risk Groups for HIV in NWFP.

METHODS

A cross sectional study was conducted in two districts of N.W.F.P. namely Peshawar and Abbotabad from August 2007 up till January 2008. A total of 153 participants were interviewed from high risk group by convenient sampling. The high risk group included commercial sex workers and injection drug users. Information was also gathered from in-charges of VCT centers. The data were collected in two phases, in the first phase data were collected in Peshawar while in the second phase data were collected in Abbotabad. Out of 153 respondents 102 (67%) were interviewed in Peshawar while 51 (33%) respondents were interviewed in Abbotabad.

RESULTS

A total of 153 respondents were interviewed, that included commercial sex workers (123) and injection drug users (30). Mostly the participants were young with a mean age of 24 +/- 8.8 years. As far as transmission of HIV was concerned 57% reported that HIV was transmitted through sexual contact, 09% said it was transmitted by contaminated instruments and syringes and around 11% reported its transmission by eating with persons having HIV/AIDS while 04% said it was transmitted by hugging/kissing. The level of knowledge about VCT was very low and about 27% of the participants had heard about VCT center. Only a small number i.e., 16 out of 153 partipants visited VCT centres.

CONCLUSIONS

The study concluded that there is lackof awareness among high risk group regarding VCT and those who have heard about VCT (27%) only a few had visited the VCT center. The awareness campaign about VCT should target communities in general and high risk group in particular.

Complexing of glucose oxidase with anti-glucose oxidase antibodies or the F(ab)'(2)/F(ab)' fragments derived therefrom protects both the enzyme and antibody/antibody fragments against glycation

Incubation of Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase with glucose, fructose, or ribose results in remarkable inactivation of the enzyme. Glucose oxidase incubated with the sugars migrated as a diffuse band of low intensity and silver stained poorly after SDS-PAGE. Purified anti-glucose oxidase antibodies and F(ab)'(2) or F(ab)' derived therefrom were effective in restricting the inactivation of the enzyme induced by the sugars, providing up to 90% protection. The sugars also caused remarkable changes in the electrophoretic behavior of anti-glucose oxidase antibodies and the fragments, but complexing with glucose oxidase restricted the changes both in the enzyme and the antibody/antibody fragments.

Molecular characterization of Kenkatha and Gaolao (Bos indicus) cattle breeds using microsatellite markers

One hundred forty–five individuals from two cattle breeds, Kenkatha and Gaolao, in India were studied using 25 fluorescently–labelled microsatellite markers. Genetic diversities within and between populations were studied. A total of 197 and 239 distinct alleles were identified across 25 microsatellite loci in Kenkatha and Gaolao cattle, respectively. Means of observed and expected heterozygosity were found to be 0.47 ± 0.24 and 0.62 ± 0.21 in Kenkatha, and 0.53 ± 0.17 and 0.68 ± 0.14 in Gaolao cattle, respectively. The average PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) value was found to be 0.59 ± 0.21 for Kenkatha and 0.65 ± 0.15 for Gaolao cattle. The mean fixation index (FIS) was 0.2121 for Gaolao and 0.2248 for Kenkatha cattle. Mean FIS, mean FIT and mean FST (F–statistics) values were found to be 0.2318, 0.2487 and 0.0219, respectively. Nei’s standard genetic distance value between Kenkatha and Gaolao breeds was 0.0852. The present study indicates that there is a substantial shortfall, 21.21 % and 22.48 %, of heterozygotes in Gaolao and Kenkatha cattle populations, respectively; and little genetic differentiation (2.19%) between the two breeds.

Small GTP binding protein Ras contributes to norepinephrine-induced mitogenesis of vascular smooth muscle cells

Norepinephrine stimulates release of arachidonic acid from tissue lipids. Arachidonic acid metabolites generated through the lipoxygenase and cytochrome P-450 pathways but not cyclooxygenase stimulate mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Moreover, norepinephrine has been shown to activate the Ras/MAP kinase pathway through generation of cytochrome P450 metabolite of arachidonic acid, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ras in norepinephrine-induced mitogenesis in aortic VSMC. Farnesylation of Ras by farnesyl transferase is required for its full activation. Norepinephrine-induced DNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, was attenuated by inhibitors of Ras farnesyl transferase FPT III and BMS-191563. These agents also inhibited 20-HETE-stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation. In cells transiently transfected with dominant negative Ras (RasN17), norepinephrine, and 20-HETE-induced proliferation of VSMC was attenuated. Both norepinephrine and 20-HETE increased localization of Ras to plasma membrane and MAP kinase activity; FPT III attenuated these effects. These data suggest that VSMC proliferation induced by norepinephrine and 20-HETE is mediated by Ras/MAP kinase pathway.

Signaling mechanisms of nuclear factor-kappab-mediated activation of inflammatory genes by 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

Oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. LDL oxidation may be mediated by several factors, including cellular lipoxygenases. The lipoxygenase product of linoleic acid, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE), is a significant component of oxidized LDL and has been shown to be present in atherosclerotic lesions. However, the mechanism of action of these oxidized lipids in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is not clear. In the present study, we show that 13-HPODE leads to the activation of Ras as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, in porcine VSMCs. 13-HPODE also specifically activated the oxidant stress-responsive transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, but not activator protein-1 or activator protein-2. 13-HPODE-induced nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding activity was blocked by an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, as well as an inhibitor of protein kinase C. 13-HPODE, but not the hydroxy product, 13-(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, also dose-dependently increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter activation. This was inhibited by an antioxidant as well as by inhibitors of Ras p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C. Our results suggest that oxidized lipid components of oxidized LDL, such as 13-HPODE, may play a key role in the atherogenic process by inducing the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory genes in VSMCs via the activation of key signaling kinases.

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation by the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells

SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] is widely used as a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here we report that SB203580, which blocked p38 kinase activation elicited by anisomycin, increased the phosphorylation and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and arachidonic acid (AA) release in quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells from rabbit aortae. SB203580 also increased the activity of calcium (Ca2+)/camodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and ERK1/2 MAPK. The increase in CaMKII activity and cPLA2 phosphorylation caused by SB203580 was attenuated by CaMKII inhibitor KN-93, indicating involvement of CaMKII in cPLA2 phosphorylation by this compound. Since KN-93 also inhibited SB203580-induced ERK1/2 activation, it appears that ERK1/2 activation is also mediated by CaMKII. SB203580-induced cPLA2 phosphorylation was inhibited by depletion of Ca2+ from the medium, by the voltage-operated Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine, and by the calmodulin inhibitor W-7. cPLA2 translocation from cytoplasm to the nuclear envelope caused by SB203580 was also inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Other p38 kinase inhibitors, SB202190 and PD169316, failed to alter CaMKII, ERK1/2, and cPLA2 activity or cPLA2 translocation to the nuclear envelope. These data suggest that SB203580 not only inhibits p38 kinase activity but also increases Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, which promotes cPLA2 translocation to the nuclear envelope, and by interacting with calmodulin, activates CaMKII and cPLA2 and releases AA.

beta-hexosaminidase-induced activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase is dependent on p21Ras and protein kinase C and mediates bovine airway smooth-muscle proliferation

Late-phase and sustained activation of p44/42(MAPK) has been reported to be a critical factor in cell mitogenesis. We therefore hypothesized that p44/42(MAPK) is involved in mannosyl-rich glycoprotein-induced mitogenesis in bovine airway smooth-muscle cells (ASMC). Treatment of adherent ASMC with beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A, 50 nM), an endogenous mannosyl-rich glycoprotein, resulted in a late-onset (30-min) activation of p44/42(MAPK) that lasted for 4 h. Activation of p44/42(MAPK) induced by Hex A was inhibited by an 18-mer phosphorothioate-derivatized antisense oligonucleotide (1-5 microM) directed to human p44(MAPK); the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) inhibitor PD98059 (5 microM); the p42(MAPK) inhibitor Tyrphostin AG-126 (0.2 microM); the farnesyl transferase inhibitors SCH-56582 (10 microM) and FPT III (10 miroM), which inhibit p21Ras activation; and Calphostin C (0.2 microM), an inhibitor of protein kinase C. These agents also inhibited Hex A-induced cell proliferation in bovine ASMC. These data suggest that Hex A activates p44/42(MAPK) in a p21Ras- and PKC-dependent manner and that this activation mediates Hex A- induced mitogenesis in bovine ASMC.

20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid mediates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells

Norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (Ang II), by promoting extracellular Ca2+ influx, increase Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activity, leading to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), resulting in release of arachidonic acid (AA) for prostacyclin synthesis in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the mechanism by which CaMKII activates MAPK is unclear. The present study was conducted to determine the contribution of AA and its metabolites as possible mediators of CaMKII-induced MAPK activation by NE, Ang II, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in vascular smooth muscle cells. NE-, Ang II-, and EGF-stimulated MAPK and cPLA2 were reduced by inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and lipoxygenase but not by cyclooxygenase. NE-, Ang II-, and EGF-induced increases in Ras activity, measured by its translocation to plasma membrane, were abolished by CYP450, lipoxygenase, and farnesyltransferase inhibitors. An AA metabolite of CYP450, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), increased the activities of MAPK and cPLA2 and caused translocation of Ras. These data suggest that activation of MAPK by NE, Ang II, and EGF is mediated by a signaling mechanism involving 20-HETE, which is generated by stimulation of cPLA2 by CaMKII. Activation of Ras/MAPK by 20-HETE amplifies cPLA2 activity and releases additional AA by a positive feedback mechanism. This mechanism of Ras/MAPK activation by 20-HETE may play a central role in the regulation of other cellular signaling molecules involved in cell proliferation and growth.