A new strategy for the combination of supramolecular liquid phase microextraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination for traces of maneb in food and water samples

Eco-friendly solvents in liquid-liquid microextraction techniques for biological and environmental analysis: a critical review

In recent years, green solvents have emerged as promising alternatives in the field of analytical chemistry, replacing conventional organic solvents known for their toxicity, volatility, and flammability. The combination of these solvents with liquid-liquid microextraction techniques has facilitated the development of simpler, faster, more economical, and environment-friendly methodologies for the analysis of samples of varying complexity. This review discusses the fundamental physicochemical properties and advantages of using deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, switchable-hydrophilicity solvents, supramolecular solvents, and surfactants as extractants. Furthermore, analytical methods based on liquid-liquid microextraction techniques developed in the last 5 years for the determination of organic compounds and metals in biological and environmental samples are presented and discussed, highlighting their applications and benefits to improve analytical performance and sustainability.

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction of maneb in water and food samples with new hybrid block copolymer material prior to micro-spectrophotometric analysis

A simple and effective ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (UA-dμSPE) method was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of traces maneb in food and water. In this study, a new hybrid block copolymer poly (vinyl benzyl chloride-b-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (Pvb-DMA) was synthesized and characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM-EDX. The synthesized Pvb-DMA was used as an adsorbent for the extraction of maneb for first time in this study. The effects of different experimental variables such as pH, adsorbent amount, sample volume, eluent type were optimized. The statistical toll factorial design was applied to estimate the individual and combined impact of parameters on the extraction of maneb. The applicability of different solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile for maneb recovery from adsorbent was tested. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 3.3 ng mL-1 and 10.0 ng mL-1, respectively. In addition, the preconcentration factor and linear range was obtained 300 and 10-500 ng mL-1. The extraction recovery and relative standard deviation were found to be 95 % and 2.8 %, respectively.

Sample Preparation Methods for Metal Containing Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples

Metal-containing pesticides are used in many areas for purposes such as harvest efficiency and keeping pests away from the vegetable environment. Metal-containing pesticides are in the form of dithiocarbamate complexes and are named differently according to the type of metal they contain and are used for different purposes. Since the presence of these pesticides even at residue level threatens human and environmental health, their determination at trace level is important. In this review, studies on the determination of metal-containing dithiocarbamate pesticides in different matrices are discussed. This review on the analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticides with different techniques will shed light on the studies to be carried out for the determination of these pesticides one by one in different matrices.

An immobilization of 2-(Aminomethyl) thiazole on multi-walled carbon nanotubes used for rapid extraction of manganese ions in hepatic patients

A new method based on the immobilization of 2-(Aminomethyl) thiazole on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMTZ@MWCNTs) was used to extract manganese (Mn) in the human blood, serum, and urine samples. First, 20 mg of AMTZ@MWCNTs, 0.2 mL of acetone, and 0.1 g of ionic liquid (IL) were completely mixed and injected into 2.0 mL human samples by a microscale syringe at pH 5.5. After shaking and centrifuging, the Mn ions were extracted and separated through the ultrasound-assisted- ionic liquid-dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (UAS-IL-D-μ-SPE) before being determined by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). According to the results, manganese in the blood of hepatic patients had higher concentrations than healthy people (Aged 25-60, 50 N). The Mn adsorption capacities for the AMTZ@MWCNTs and MWCNTs adsorbents were achieved at 192.5 mg/g and 26.3 mg/g, respectively. In the high enrichment factor (HEF), the limit of detection (LOD), linear range (LR), and mean relative standard division (RSD%) were calculated at 15 ng/L, 0.05-3.8 μg/L, and 2.34, respectively (n = 10). The methodology was validated using certified reference material (CRM) and spiking standard solutions to human samples.

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic supramolecular solvent liquid-liquid microextraction of trace biogenic amines in fish and beer based on solidification of floating organic droplet

It is important to detect the presence of biogenic amines (BAs) as indicators of food freshness. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel ultrasonic-microwave synergistic supramolecular solvent liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of BAs. The physical properties and microstructure of SUPRAS based on 1-dodecanol and tetrahydrofuran were studied, and the extraction conditions such as the SUPRAS volume, the UMS process, and the centrifugal conditions were optimized. The results for the extraction kinetics and thermodynamics showed that UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME is a spontaneous, endothermic diffusion process. The linear ranges of this method are 0.1-2.0 × 105 ng·mL-1 (R2 > 0.994), the limits of detection are 4.0 × 10-3-6.0 × 10-2 ng·mL-1, and the recoveries were 96.28-103.15%. Compared with existing analysis methods, UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME is a sensitive, green and economical sample pretreatment method for analyzing the enrichment of BAs in beer and fish.

Exposure to dithiocarbamate fungicide maneb in vitro and in vivo: Neuronal apoptosis and underlying mechanisms

Maneb, a widely-used dithiocarbamate fungicide, remains in the environment and exerts adverse health effects. Epidemiological evidence shows that maneb exposure is associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying maneb-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. Here we investigated the toxic effects and the underlying mechanisms of maneb on the degeneration of dopaminergic cells and α-synuclein in A53T transgenic mice. In SH-SY5Y cells, exposure to maneb reduces cell viability, triggers neuronal apoptosis, induces mitochondrial dysfunction, and generates reactive oxidative species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Western blot analysis found that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-3) and the PKA/CREB signaling pathway (PKA, PDE10A, CREB, p-CREB) were changed by maneb both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by maneb was attenuated by activating PKA. Therefore, these results suggest that the PKA/CREB signaling pathway is involved in maneb-induced apoptosis. This study provides novel insights into maneb-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms, which may serve as a guide for further toxicological assessment and standard application of maneb.

Exposure to the environmentally toxic pesticide maneb induces Parkinson's disease-like neurotoxicity in mice: A combined proteomic and metabolomic analysis

Maneb is a typical dithiocarbamate fungicide that has been extensively used worldwide. Epidemiological evidence shows that exposure to maneb is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying maneb-induced neurotoxicity have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we exposed SH-SY5Y cells to maneb at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 0.1, 5, 10 mg/L) and found that maneb dose-dependently decreased the cell viability. Furthermore, maneb (60 mg/kg) induced PD-like motor impairment in α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice. The results of tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics and metabolomics studies of mouse brain and serum revealed significant changes in proteins and metabolites in the pathways involved in the neurotransmitter system. The omics results were verified by targeted metabolomics and Western blot analysis, which demonstrated that maneb induced disturbance of the PD-related pathways, including the phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolism pathways, dopaminergic synapse, synaptic vesicle cycle, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. In addition, the PD-like phenotype induced by maneb was attenuated by the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) inhibitor compound #11 (CP11) (10 mg/kg), indicating that AEP may play a role in maneb-induced neurotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying maneb-induced PD-like phenotypes using multiomics analysis, which identified novel therapeutic targets for PD associated with pesticides and other environmental pollutants.

Microextraction procedures for preconcentration of Fe (III) in water and food samples prior to colorimetric detection: a comparative study

Two extraction procedures, namely dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFOD), have been compared for the spectrophotometric determination of Fe (III). In both procedures, Fe (III) was extracted after complexation with gallic acid in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Tetrachloroethylene and 1-undecanol were used as extraction solvents in DLLME and DLLME-SFOD, respectively, while acetone was used as dispersing solvents. The effects of various experimental parameters (solution pH, the concentration of ligand and CTAB, as well as nature and amount of extraction and disperser solvents) on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 50.0–650.0 and 8.0–800.0 μg L−1 and the detection limits were 15.0 and 5.0 μg L−1 for DLLME and DLLME-SFOD, respectively. The presence of NaCl, up to 1.0% (w/v) did not impact the extraction procedures. The analyte was good tolerated in the presence of most concomitant ions. The procedures were applied for the determination of Fe (III) in standard reference materials and real samples with good recoveries (95.5–99.0%) for DLLME-SFOD while poor recoveries (68.0–82.5%) were obtained when DLLME was applied. The analytical figures of the procedures were comparable with those listed in the literature and it could be concluded that DLLME-SFOD may be considered one of the best tools used for preconcentration of Fe (III), owing to its simplicity, time-saving and the possibility of using in conventional analytical laboratories.

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Simultaneously speciation and determination of manganese (II) and (VII) ions in water, food, and vegetable samples based on immobilization of N-acetylcysteine on multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A novel method based on the immobilization of N-acetylcysteine on chloro-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs@NAC) was used for the speciation of manganese ions [Mn (II) and Mn(VII)] in water samples. Also, the total manganese (TMn) in vegetables and food samples was determined by the AT-FAAS. By ultrasound-assisted-dispersive ionic liquid trap micro solid-phase extraction (UA-DILT-μ-SPE), the Mn (II)/Mn(VII) ions were extracted in the presence of MWCNTs@NAC for 50 mL of water samples at a pH of 6.5 and 3.0, respectively. The adsorption capacity of MWCNTs@NAC for Mn(II) and Mn(VII) ions was obtained at 146.7 mg g^-1 and 138.8 mg g^-1, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits (LOD), linear range (LR), and enrichment factor (EF) for Mn(II) and Mn(VII) ions were obtained (0.12 μg L^-1; 0.14 μg L^-1), (0.48-36 μg L^-1; 0.55-38.1 μg L^-1) and (100.2; 94.5), respectively. The proposed methodology was successfully validated by the CRM samples.

A Gadolinium-Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid for Supramolecular Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by HPLC/UV for Determination of Favipiravir in Human Plasma

Favipiravir is a potential antiviral medication that has been recently licensed for COVID-19 treatment. In this work, a gadolinium based magnetic ionic liquid was prepared and used as an extractant in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of favipiravir in human plasma. The high enriching ability of DLLME allowed determination of favipiravir in real samples using HPLC/UV with sufficient sensitivity. The effects of several variables on extraction efficiency were investigated, including type of extractant, amount of extractant, type of disperser and disperser volume. The maximum enrichment was attained using 50mg of the Gd-MIL and 150μL of tetrahydrofuran. The Gd-based MIL could form a supramolecular assembly in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, which enhanced the extraction efficiency of favipiravir. The developed method was validated according to FDA bioanalytical method validation guidelines. The coefficient of determination was found to be 0.9999, for a linear concentration range of 25 to 1.0 × 10⁵ ng/mL. The percent recovery (accuracy) varied from 99.83 to 104.2 %, with % RSD values (precision) ranging from 4.07 to 11.84 %. Total extraction time was about 12 min and the HPLC analysis time was 5 min. The method was found simple, selective and sensitive for determination of favipiravir in real human plasma.

Ultrasound assisted supramolecular liquid phase microextraction procedure for Sudan I at trace level in environmental samples

A method based on supramolecular liquid phase microextraction has been developed for the preconcentration and determination of trace levels of Sudan I. 1-decanol and tetrahydrofuran were used as supramolecular solvent components. Trace levels of Sudan I were extracted into the extraction solvent phase at pH = 4.0 Analytical parameters such as pH value, supramolecular solvent volume, ultrasonication, centrifugation, model solution volume, matrix effects have been optimized. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification values for Sudan I were calculated as 1.74 μg L⁻¹ and 5.75 μg L⁻¹, respectively. In order to determine the accuracy of the method, addition and recovery studies were carried out to environmental samples.

Microfluidic liquid-phase microextraction based on natural deep eutectic solvents immobilized in agarose membranes

In liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), the sample and the acceptor are separated by a synthetic organic solvent, which is immobilized in a porous polymeric membrane of polypropylene or polyvinylidene fluoride. The organic solvent serves as extraction phase, while the polymeric membrane serves as support membrane. The combination of extraction phase and support membrane is termed supported liquid membrane (SLM). In this paper, we developed for the first time fully green and biodegradable supported SLMs, based on natural deep eutectic solvents as extraction phase and agarose as support membrane. This highly green approach was developed and studied with sulfonamide pharmaceuticals as model analytes, and performance was compared with LPME using conventional SLMs. All experiments were conducted in a microfluidic device. Model analytes were extracted from acidic sample (pH1.0) and into alkaline acceptor (pH12.0). Both sample and acceptor were pumped at 1 μL min^-1 into the microfluidic device, and the optimal SLM was based on 3 µL of coumarin and thymol (1:2 molar ratio) as the extraction phase. The proposed green microfluidic device was successfully applied for the determination of sulfonamides in urine samples with spiking recoveries in the range of 77-100%. LPME with deep eutectic solvent immobilized in agarose showed similar performance as with conventional SLMs. Thus, the data presented in this paper demonstrate that highly green microextraction systems may be developed in the future, based on natural solvents and biodegradable materials.

New Trend in the Extraction of Pesticides from the Environmental and Food Samples Applying Microextraction Based Green Chemistry Scenario: A Review

This review focused on the green microextraction methods used for the extraction of pesticides from the environmental and food samples. Microextraction techniques have been explored and applied in various fields of analytical chemistry since its beginning, as evinced by the numerous reviews published. The success of any technique in science and technology is measured by the simplicity, environmentally friendly, and its applications; and the microextraction technique is highly successive. Deliberations were attentive to studies where efforts have been made to validate the methods through the inter-laboratory comparison study to assess the analytical performance of microextraction techniques against conventional methods. Succinctly, developed microextraction methods are shown to impart significant benefits over conventional techniques. Provided that the analytical community continues to put forward attention and resources into the growth and validation of the microextraction technique, a promising future for microextraction is forecasted.