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Xie X, Lin M, Xiao G, Liu H, Wang F, Liu D, Ma L, Wang Q, Li Z. Phenolic amides (avenanthramides) in oats - an update review. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2305029. [PMID: 38258524 PMCID: PMC10807472 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2305029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are one of the worldwide cereal crops. Avenanthramides (AVNs), the unique plant alkaloids of secondary metabolites found in oats, are nutritionally important for humans and animals. Numerous bioactivities of AVNs have been investigated and demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Despite all these, researchers from all over the world are taking efforts to learn more knowledge about AVNs. In this work, we highlighted the recent updated findings that have increased our understanding of AVNs bioactivity, distribution, and especially the AVNs biosynthesis. Since the limits content of AVNs in oats strictly hinders the demand, understanding the mechanisms underlying AVN biosynthesis is important not only for developing a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source in both plants and microorganisms but also for designing effective strategies for enhancing their production via induction and metabolic engineering. Future directions for improving AVN production in native producers and heterologous systems for food and feed use are also discussed. This summary will provide a broad view of these specific natural products from oats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaoyan Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongjie Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lukai Ma
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Kim SJ, Lee SH, Quang BD, Tran TT, Kim YG, Ko J, Choi WY, Lee SY, Ryu JH. Avenanthramide-C Shows Potential to Alleviate Gingival Inflammation and Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis. Mol Cells 2023; 46:627-636. [PMID: 37641936 PMCID: PMC10590710 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the gradual destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth including gums, periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, and root cementum. Recently, interests in alleviating symptoms of periodontitis (PD) using natural compounds is increasing. Avenanthramide-C (Avn-C) is a polyphenol found only in oats. It is known to exhibit various biological properties. To date, the effect of Avn-C on PD pathogenesis has not been confirmed. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the protective effects of Avn-C on periodontal inflammation and subsequent alveolar bone erosion in vitro and in vivo. Upregulated expression of catabolic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and COX2 induced by lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), was dramatically decreased by Avn-C treatment in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. Moreover, alveolar bone erosion in the ligature-induced PD mouse model was ameliorated by intra-gingival injection of Avn-C. Molecular mechanism studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of Avn-C on the upregulation of catabolic factors were mediated via ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and NF-κB pathway that was activated by IL-1β or p38 MAPK and JNK signaling that was activated by TNF-α, respectively. Based on this study, we recommend that Avn-C may be a new natural compound that can be applied to PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Hard-tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Se Hui Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Binh Do Quang
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Thanh-Tam Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Young-Gwon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Hard-tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jun Ko
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Hard-tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Weon-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Hard-tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Fabiano GA, Shinn LM, Antunes AEC. Relationship between Oat Consumption, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis: An Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37630725 PMCID: PMC10459712 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a set of microorganisms that colonizes the intestine and ferment fibers, among other nutrients, from the host's diet. A healthy gut microbiota, colonized mainly by beneficial microorganisms, has a positive effect on digestion and plays a role in disease prevention. However, dysregulation of the gut microbiota can contribute to various diseases. The nutrition of the host plays an important role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. A healthy diet, rich in fiber, can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota. In this sense, oats are a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Oats are considered a functional ingredient with prebiotic potential and contain plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and antioxidant compounds. The impact of oat consumption on the gut microbiota is still emerging. Associations between oat consumption and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have already been observed. Therefore, this integrative review summarizes the findings from studies on the relationship between oat consumption, the gut microbiota, and the metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids, it produces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Alexandre Fabiano
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St., Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil;
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Alemayehu GF, Forsido SF, Tola YB, Amare E. Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Associated Health Benefits of Oat ( Avena sativa) Grains and Oat-Based Fermented Food Products. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:2730175. [PMID: 37492342 PMCID: PMC10365923 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2730175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a popular functional cereal grain due to their numerous health benefits. This review article summarized the information on the chemical composition and phytonutrients of oats grown in different countries. It also reviewed recently developed fermented oat products to highlight their potential for human health. Oats have an interesting nutritional profile that includes high-quality protein, unsaturated fats, soluble fiber, polyphenolic compounds, and micronutrients. Oat grain has a unique protein composition, with globulins serving as the primary storage protein, in contrast to other cereals, where prolamins are the main storage proteins. Oats have the highest fat content of any cereal, with low saturated fatty acids and high essential unsaturated fatty acid content, which can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Oats are a good source of soluble dietary fiber, particularly β-glucan, which has outstanding functional properties and is extremely important in human nutrition. β-Glucan has been shown to lower blood cholesterol and glucose absorption in the intestine, thereby preventing diseases such as cardiovascular injury, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammatory state, and type 2 diabetes. Oats also contain high concentration of antioxidant compounds. Avenanthramides, which are unique to oats, are powerful antioxidants with high antioxidative activity in humans. Recognizing the nutritional benefits of oats, oat-based fermented food products are gaining popularity as functional foods with high probiotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yetenayet B. Tola
- Department of Post-Harvest Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Amare
- Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Maliar T, Maliarová M, Purdešová A, Jankech T, Gerhardtová I, Beňovič P, Dvořáček V, Jágr M, Viskupičová J. The Adapted POM Analysis of Avenanthramides In Silico. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050717. [PMID: 37242500 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
POM analysis and related approaches are significant tools based on calculating various physico-chemical properties and predicting biological activity, ADME parameters, and toxicity of a molecule. These methods are used to evaluate a molecule's potential to become a drug candidate. Avenanthramides (AVNs) are promising secondary metabolites specific to Avena spp. (oat). They comprise the amides of anthranilic acid linked to various polyphenolic acids with or without post-condensation molecule transformation. These natural compounds have been reported to exert numerous biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiatherogenic, and antiproliferative properties. To date, almost 50 various AVNs have been identified. We performed a modified POM analysis of 42 AVNs using MOLINSPIRATION, SWISSADME, and OSIRIS software. The evaluation of primary in silico parameters revealed significant differences among individual AVNs, highlighting the most promising candidates. These preliminary results may help coordinate and initiate other research projects focused on particular AVNs, especially those with predicted bioactivity, low toxicity, optimal ADME parameters, and promising perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Maliar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Maliarová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Purdešová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Gerhardtová
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Beňovič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jágr
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Viskupičová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Grgić T, Pavišić Z, Maltar-Strmečki N, Voučko B, Čukelj Mustač N, Ćurić D, Le-Bail A, Novotni D. Ultrasound-assisted Modification of Enzymatic and Antioxidant Activities, Functional and Rheological Properties of Oat and Barley Bran. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Alfredo Zambrano J, Thyagarajan A, Sardari RR, Olsson O. Characterization of high Arabinoxylan oat lines identified from a mutagenized oat population. Food Chem 2023; 404:134687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nkhata Malunga L, Ames N, Mitchell Fetch J, Netticadan T, Joseph Thandapilly S. Genotypic and environmental variations in phenolic acid and avenanthramide content of Canadian oat (Avena sativa). Food Chem 2022; 388:132904. [PMID: 35460963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PC) in oat may possess health promoting properties. This study evaluated the effect of genotype, environment, and their interaction on the phenolic acid and avenanthramide (AVN) concentration in Canadian oat. Six cultivars were grown at eight locations across Canada in a randomised complete block design with three field replicates. Free PCs were extracted from oat groat flour and analysed using a UPLC-PDA system. The cumulative concentration of free PCs and AVN ranged from 58 to 350 and 9 to 244 µg/g, respectively. The effect of environment was significant (p < 0.0001) for the concentration of all PCs. Cultivar differences significantly influenced the concentration of all PCs but AVNs A and B. The growing location explained > 68% of the variation in the concentration of AVN. Thus understanding the genotypic and environmental triggers of individual PCs may help agronomists and breeders strategize in selecting and growing oat cultivars of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovemore Nkhata Malunga
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nancy Ames
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Mitchell Fetch
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Development Center, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Sijo Joseph Thandapilly
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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9
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Woolman M, Liu K. Simplified Analysis and Expanded Profiles of Avenanthramides in Oat Grains. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040560. [PMID: 35206037 PMCID: PMC8870764 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely, oats contain avenanthramides (AVAs), a group of phenolic alkaloids, exhibiting many health benefits. AVA analysis involves extraction with alcohol-based solvents and HPLC separation with UV and/or mass spectrometer detectors. There are many reported methods to extract AVAs. Almost all entail multiple extractions. The whole procedure is time- and labor-intensive. Furthermore, most quantifications are limited to three common AVAs (2f, 2p, 2c). The present study compared three extraction methods (all at 50 °C) for their effects on AVA concentrations and composition (% relative to total AVA) of oat grains. These included triplicate extractions with 80% ethanol containing 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) (A), triplicate extractions with 80% ethanol (B), and a single extraction with 80% ethanol (C), while keeping solid/total solvent ratio at 1/60 (g/mL) and total extraction time of 60 min. Results showed that 80% buffered ethanol gave significantly lower AVA contents than 80% ethanol, while single and triplicate extractions with 80% ethanol produced the same extractability. However, the extraction method had no effect on AVA composition. Using 0.25 g sample size instead of 0.5 g saved extractants by half, without affecting AVA measurements. Consequently, a simplified method of extraction was developed, featuring Method C. The present study also expanded profiling individual AVAs beyond AVA 2c, 2p and 2f. Other AVAs identified and semi-quantified included 5p, 4p, 3f/4f, and 2pd. The simplified analysis was validated by measuring 16 selected oat grain samples. Some of these grains had relatively high contents of 4p, 3f/4f and 2pd, which have been considered minor AVAs previously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keshun Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-397-4162; Fax: +1-208-397-4165
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Tang Y, Li S, Yan J, Peng Y, Weng W, Yao X, Gao A, Cheng J, Ruan J, Xu B. Bioactive Components and Health Functions of Oat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2029477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Shijuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Weng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Anjing Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Yu Y, Zhou L, Li X, Liu J, Li H, Gong L, Zhang J, Wang J, Sun B. The Progress of Nomenclature, Structure, Metabolism, and Bioactivities of Oat Novel Phytochemical: Avenanthramides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:446-457. [PMID: 34994561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oats are among the most commonly consumed whole grains and are widely grown worldwide, and they contain numerous nutrients, including proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, β-glucan, and unique phytochemical polyphenol avenanthramides (Avns). Recent studies have indicated that Avns play essential roles in mediating the health benefits of oats. This review systemically summarized the nomenclature and structures of Avns, effect of germination on promoting Avns production, and in vivo metabolites produced after Avns consumption. The classical functions and novel potential bioactivities of Avns were further elucidated. The classical functions of Avns in cancer prevention, antioxidative response, anti-inflammatory reaction, and maintaining muscle health were expounded, and the internal mechanisms of these functions were analyzed. The potential novel bioactivities of Avns in modulating gut microbiota, alleviating obesity, and preventing chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, were further revealed. This review may provide new prospects and directions for the development and utilization of oat Avns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linyue Zhou
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinping Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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12
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Song S, Lee YM, Lee YY, Yeum KJ. Oat ( Avena sativa) Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes. Molecules 2021; 26:5564. [PMID: 34577035 PMCID: PMC8464938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is well known for its various health benefits. The protective effect of oat extract against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes HaCaT was determined. First, extracts of two varieties of oat, Daeyang and Choyang, were analyzed for fat-soluble antioxidants such as α-tocotrienol, γ-oryzanols, lutein and zeaxanthin using an UPLC system and for antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay. Specifically, an 80% ethanol extract of Daeyang oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang), which had high amounts of antioxidants and potent radical scavenging activity, was further evaluated for protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, the phosphorylation of DNA damage mediating genes such as H2AX, checkpoint kinase 1 and 2, and p53 and the activation of apoptotic genes such as cleaved caspase-3 and 7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in HaCaT cells. The Daeyang and Choyang oat 80% ethanol extracts had 26.9 and 24.1 mg/100 g γ-oryzanols, 7.69 and 8.38 mg/100 g α-tocotrienol, 1.25 and 0.34 mg/100 g of lutein and 1.20 and 0.17 mg/100 g of zeaxanthin, respectively. The oat 80% ethanol extract treatment (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) had a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. In addition, the oat 80% ethanol extracts led to a significant decrease in the intracellular ROS level at a concentration of 50-200 μg/mL, the attenuation of DNA damage mediating genes and the inhibition of apoptotic caspase activities in a dose dependent manner (50-200 μg/mL). Thus, the current study indicates that an oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) extract rich in antioxidants, such as polyphenols, avenanthramides, γ-oryzanols, tocotrienols and carotenoids, has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced keratinocyte injuries and that oat may a useful source for oxidative stress-associated skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooji Song
- Department of Integrated Biosicences, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- Department of Integrated Biosicences, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea
| | - Yu Young Lee
- Department of Central Area, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Department of Integrated Biosicences, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.-M.L.)
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Kim IS, Hwang CW, Yang WS, Kim CH. Multiple Antioxidative and Bioactive Molecules of Oats ( Avena sativa L.) in Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091454. [PMID: 34573086 PMCID: PMC8471765 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are rich in protein, fiber, calcium, vitamins (B, C, E, and K), amino acids, and antioxidants (beta-carotene, polyphenols, chlorophyll, and flavonoids). β-glucan and avenanthramides improve the immune system, eliminate harmful substances from the body, reduce blood cholesterol, and help with dietary weight loss by enhancing the lipid profile and breaking down fat in the body. β-glucan regulates insulin secretion, preventing diabetes. Progladins also lower cholesterol levels, suppress the accumulation of triglycerides, reduce blood sugar levels, suppress inflammation, and improve skin health. Saponin-based avanacosidase and functional substances of flavone glycoside improve the immune function, control inflammation, and prevent infiltration in the skin. Moreover, lignin and phytoestrogen prevent hormone-related cancer and improve the quality of life of postmenopausal women. Sprouted oats are rich in saponarin in detoxifying the liver. The literatures have been reviewed and the recent concepts and prospects have been summarized with figures and tables. This review discusses recent trends in research on the functionality of oats rather than their nutritional value with individual immunity for self-medication. The oat and its acting components have been revisited for the future prospect and development of human healthy and functional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Cher-Won Hwang
- Global Leadership School, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (W.-S.Y.); (C.-H.K.)
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- Nodaji Co., Ltd., Pohang 37927, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (W.-S.Y.); (C.-H.K.)
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (W.-S.Y.); (C.-H.K.)
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Xue Y, Teng Y, Chen M, Li Z, Wang G. Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Avenanthramides: Double H +/e - Processes and Role of the Catechol, Guaiacyl, and Carboxyl Groups. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7178-7189. [PMID: 34156855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Avenanthramides (AVAs), unique phenolic compounds in oats, have attracted increasing interest due to their health benefits. Eight representative AVAs were studied using the density functional theory (DFT) method to elucidate their antioxidant activity and mechanism. Preference of different mechanisms was evaluated based on thermodynamic descriptors involved in double (2H+/2e-) free radical scavenging reactions. It was found that the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism is more favorable in the gas and benzene phases, while sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) is preferred in polar media. The results suggest the feasibility of the double HAT and double SPLET mechanisms for 2s and c-series AVAs. The sequential triple proton loss double electron transfer (StPLdET) mechanism represents the dominant pathway in aqueous solution at physiological pH. In addition, the sequential proton loss hydrogen atom transfer (SPLHAT) mechanism provides an alternative pathway to trap free radicals. Results also revealed the important role of the catechol, guaiacyl, and carboxyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yangxin Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Mohan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
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