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Geraldo PA, Velasco AWDC, Berlande BM, Souza JCQD, Candido JMB, Adriano LHC, Brito MADAE, do Nascimento MP, Moreira OBDO, de Oliveira MAL. Fatty acids analysis by capillary electrophoresis: Fundamentals, advantages and applications. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:35-54. [PMID: 37946578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the know-how of the Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria regarding the analysis of fatty acids by capillary electrophoresis acquired over its 20 years of existence. Therefore, the fundamentals, advantages, and applications of this technique for analyzing different fatty acids in samples such as food, oils, cosmetics, and biological matrices are presented and discussed. Capillary electrophoresis is, thus, shown as an interesting and valuable separation technique for the target analysis of these analytes as an alternative to the gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection, as it offers advantages over the latter such as low analysis times, low sample and reagent consumption, the use of a nondedicated column, and simpler sample preparation. In addition, the methods shown in this literature review can be useful for quality control, adulteration, and health-related research by regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Abranches Geraldo
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arthur Woyames de Castro Velasco
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marchiori Berlande
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Beraldo Candido
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Cantarino Adriano
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Domingues Assad E Brito
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Patrícia do Nascimento
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olívia Brito de Oliveira Moreira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics-INCTBio, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guo Q, Li T, Qu Y, Liang M, Ha Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q. New research development on trans fatty acids in food: Biological effects, analytical methods, formation mechanism, and mitigating measures. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101199. [PMID: 36402189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food are mainly generated from the ruminant animals (meat and milk) and processed oil or oil products. Excessive intake of TFAs (>1% of total energy intake) caused more than 500,000 deaths from coronary heart disease and increased heart disease risk by 21% and mortality by 28% around the world annually, which will be eliminated in industrially-produced trans fat from the global food supply by 2023. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological effects, analytical methods, formation and mitigation measures of TFAs in food. Especially, the research progress on the rapid, easy-to-use, and newly validated analytical methods, new formation mechanism, kinetics, possible mitigation mechanism, and new or improved mitigation measures are highlighted. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development, which will contribute to the advances in TFAs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China.
| | - Tian Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China
| | - Yang Qu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China
| | - Manzhu Liang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China
| | - Yiming Ha
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100194, PR China.
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Trans-Fatty Acid Analysis Applied to Authenticity Monitoring of Bottled Butter by CZE-UV. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Amorim TL, de Oliveira MAL. A capillary electrophoresis approach for major unsaturated fatty acids screening in milk. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Amorim TL, de Oliveira MAL. Advances in Lipid Capillary Electromigration Methods to Food Analysis Within the 2010s Decade. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The use of coupled gas chromatography columns for the determination of individual isomers of trans fatty acids in the adipose tissue of vegans. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amorim TL, Duarte LM, Dos Santos HF, de Oliveira MAL. Screening method for simultaneous detection of elaidic and vaccenic trans fatty acid isomers by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1048:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Poinsot V, Ta HY, Meang VO, Perquis L, Gavard P, Pipy B, Couderc F. A digest of capillary electrophoretic methods applied to lipid analyzes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:190-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Hai Yen Ta
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Laboratoire Pharma DEV; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee S, Rhee JK, Lee SY, Na YC. Saturated fatty acid determination method using paired ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Oliveira MAL, Porto BLS, Faria IDL, de Oliveira PL, de Castro Barra PM, de Jesus Coelho Castro R, Sato RT. 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Molecules 2014; 19:14094-113. [PMID: 25207715 PMCID: PMC6270880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review taking into account the literature reports covering 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis is presented. This paper describes the evolution of fatty acid analysis using different CE modes such as capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography employing different detection systems, such as ultraviolet-visible, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity, laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry. In summary, the present review signals that CE seems to be an interesting analytical separation technique that is very useful for screening analysis or quantification of the usual fatty acids present in different matrices, offering short analysis times and a simple sample preparation step as inherent advantages in comparison with the classical methodology, making it a separation technique that is very attractive for quality control in industry and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Lee Simas Porto
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Isaura Daniele Leite Faria
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Lopes de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mendonça de Castro Barra
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata de Jesus Coelho Castro
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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Sato RT, de Jesus Coelho Castro R, de Castro Barra PM, de Oliveira MAL. Rapid separation of free fatty acids in vegetable oils by capillary zone electrophoresis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:241-246. [PMID: 24453169 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olive oil is a very important product to human health since it inhibits formation of free radicals, tumour growth, lesions and inflammatory substances. High concentrations of free fatty acids in olive oils results in lipid deterioration due to oxidative or hydrolytic rancidity. OBJECTIVE To optimise an alternative capillary zone electrophoresis methodology, under ultraviolet indirect detection and to determine free fatty acids in edible vegetable oils without derivatisation steps in sample preparation. METHODS The condition used consisted of 15 mm NaH2 PO4 -Na2 HPO4 at pH ~6.86, 4.0 mm of sodium dodecybenzenesulphonate, 8.3 mm of Brij 35®, 45% v/v of acetonitrile and 2.1% of 1-octanol, injection at 12.0 mbar of pressure for 4 s, +19 kV of applied voltage and indirect detection at 224 nm, within an analysis time of 11 min. RESULTS The capillary zone electrophoresis method was successfully applied to determination of free fatty acids in extra virgin olive oil, virgin olive oil and soybean oil samples. The comparison with the official volumetric titration method showed no significant difference within the 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSION The main advantage to the proposed method is the possibility to observe the individual amount of the free fatty acids, which would be useful for researchers interested in studying the effect of the free fatty acids profile on oxidative process in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária CEP, 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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García-Cañas V, Simó C, Castro-Puyana M, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:147-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Analysis of the main conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) precursors (C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3) in Brachiaria ruzizienses by capillary zone electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAn alternative method for extraction optimization of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, the main precursors for the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), in Brachiaria ruzizienses forages was proposed. Three methods of lipid extraction were tested: 1. Hara & Radin, 2. Micro Folch and 3. Bligh & Dyer. The preliminary test showed the Hara & Radin method as the most promising procedure. Then, a 33 Box Behnken design with triplicate in the central point was applied in Hara & Radin method in order to optimize the extraction procedure. The optimization extraction was monitored by quantification of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 through capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The results obtained by CZE were compared to gas chromatography (AOCS official method) in real samples using the paired t-test. No significant difference between methods was found within a 95% confidence interval (p-value= 0.937). The alternative CZE method for Brachiaria ruzizienses forages analysis has some advantages in comparison with official GC method such as, short analysis time (10 min), no derivatization step for sample preparation, absence of specific separation columns, lower analytical cost and high throughput.
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