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Seasonal Variation of Aflatoxin Levels in Selected Spices Available in Retail Markets: Estimation of Exposure and Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090597. [PMID: 36136535 PMCID: PMC9501981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 603 samples of selected spices from different seasons (winter and summer) were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total AFs, and tocopherols. The findings revealed that 120 (38.7%) samples from the summer and 136 (46.4%) samples from the winter season were observed to be infected with AFB1 and a large amount of AFs. The highest means of both AFB1 and total Afs were observed in red pepper, i.e., 15.5 ± 3.90 µg/kg and 22.90 ± 4.10 µg/kg, respectively. The minimum averages of AFB1 and total AFs were observed in cloves of 6.32 ± 1.8 and 8.40 ± 1.60 µg/kg, respectively (from the winter season). The seasonal variations in the levels of the total AFs in selected spices were observed to be nonsignificant (p ≥ 0.05), except for the levels in red pepper and ginger samples, which showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum average of the dietary intake of Afs, 4.80 µg/day/kg, was found in ginger from the winter season in individual females. Furthermore, the findings document that the maximum level of total tocopherol, i.e., 44.8 ± 9.3 mg/100 g, was observed in black pepper from the winter season. A significant difference in the concentration of total tocopherols was observed in selected spices from the summer and the winter seasons (p ≤ 0.05).
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Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products from Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Dietary Intake. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 124 samples of milk and milk products were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which were purchased from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using reverse-phase liquid chromatography, which was equipped with a fluorescence detector. The results showed that 66 samples (53.8%) of raw milk and milk products were found to be contaminated with detectable levels of AFM1 above ≤50 ng/L, and 24.2% of the samples had levels of AFM1 higher than the permissible limit of the European Union (EU; 50 ng/kg). In total, 53.6% of the raw milk, 57.8% of the UHT (ultra-heat-temperature) milk, 45% of the powdered milk, 57.1% of the yogurt, 55.5% of the cheese, and 50% of the buttermilk samples had levels higher than the LOD, i.e., 4 ng/L. The highest mean of 82.4 ± 7.8 ng/kg of AFM1 was present in the positive samples of raw milk. The highest dietary intake of AFM1 was found in infants’ milk (5.35 ng/kg/day), UHT milk (1.80 ng/kg/day), powdered milk (5.25 ng/kg/day), and yogurt (1.11 ng/kg/day). However, no dietary intake was detected in the cheese and butter milk samples used for infants. The results from the undertaken work are beneficial for establishing rigorous limits for AFB1 in animal feed, especially considering the high prevalence rate of hepatitis cases in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan.
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Saha Turna N, Wu F. Aflatoxin M1 in milk: A global occurrence, intake, & exposure assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gonçalves BL, Ulliana RD, Ramos GLPA, Cruz AG, Oliveira CAF, Kamimura ES, Corassin CH. Occurrence of aflatoxin M
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in milk and Minas Frescal cheese manufactured in Brazilian dairy plants. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Ulliana
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil
| | - Gustavo L P A Ramos
- Departamento de Alimentos Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Departamento de Alimentos Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil
| | - Eliana S Kamimura
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil
| | - Carlos H Corassin
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade de São Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yousof SSM, El Zubeir IEM. Chemical composition and detection of Aflatoxin M1 in camels and cows milk in Sudan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:298-304. [PMID: 32723025 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1796826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A hundred samples of milk from camels and cows were analysed for chemical composition and M1 contamination. The results indicated that camel milk from traditional nomadic systems revealed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values for protein, fat, lactose, solids-not-fat and density than that obtained from camel and cows kept in semi-intensive systems. Aflatoxin (AF) M1 was found in 33% of the milk samples with the highest occurrence (82.4%) in cow milk (35.3% ranged between 0.05 and 0.1 µ/kg and 47.1% ranged between 0.1 and 0.15 µ/kg) compared to milk samples from camel in semi-intensive systems (15.6% ranged between 0.05 and 0.1 µg/kg). All samples of milk from traditional nomadic systems revealed the absence of AFM1. These results revealed increasing of AF with increased fat content in milk, a decrease with decreasing other milk components, while the density of milk showed no relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S M Yousof
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif , Gadarif, Sudan
| | - I E M El Zubeir
- Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum , Khartoum, Sudan
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ÖZTÜRK YILMAZ S, ALTINCI A. Incidence of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, white cheese, kashar and butter from Sakarya, Turkey. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.40817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quevedo‐Garza PA, Amador‐Espejo GG, Cantú‐Martínez PC, Trujillo‐Mesa JA. Aflatoxin M
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occurrence in fluid milk commercialized in Monterrey, Mexico. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Amanda Quevedo‐Garza
- Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental del Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública de la Facultad de Salud Pública y NutriciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCentro de Innovación, Investigación y Transferencia en Tecnología de los Alimentos (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO España
| | - Genaro Gustavo Amador‐Espejo
- CONACYT – Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada‐IPNEx‐Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Pedro Cesar Cantú‐Martínez
- Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental del Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública de la Facultad de Salud Pública y NutriciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico
| | - José Antonio Trujillo‐Mesa
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCentro de Innovación, Investigación y Transferencia en Tecnología de los Alimentos (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO España
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Xiong J, Xiong L, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wu L. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cow feedstuff and aflatoxin M1 in UHT and pasteurized milk in central China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Li S, Min L, Wang G, Li D, Zheng N, Wang J. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Manufacturers of Infant Milk Powder in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E879. [PMID: 29710778 PMCID: PMC5981918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This survey was performed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of raw milk from manufacturers of infant milk powder in China. A total of 1207 raw milk samples were collected overall from four seasons of 2016 in Northeast China, Northwest China, Northern China, and Central China (11 provinces and one municipality). Results showed that 56 of the 1207 raw milk samples (4.64%) were positive for AFM1, which were obtained from Heilongjiang (two samples), Gansu (one sample), Shaanxi (46 samples), Beijing (one sample), and Hunan (six samples) provinces. None of the raw milk samples from manufacturers of infant milk powder exceeded the Chinese limit (62.5 ng/L) in 2016. Only a few raw milk samples were not suitable for use in infant milk according to EU (European Union) or U.S. infant milk limits. Furthermore, based on this survey and previous studies, it is particularly important to avoid AFM1 contamination in raw milk during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Dagang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
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Asghar MA, Ahmed A, Asghar MA. Aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1446459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Asghar
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Shahrah-e-Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Shahrah-e-Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Asghar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Gurban AM, Epure P, Oancea F, Doni M. Achievements and Prospects in Electrochemical-Based Biosensing Platforms for Aflatoxin M₁ Detection in Milk and Dairy Products. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2951. [PMID: 29257102 PMCID: PMC5751533 DOI: 10.3390/s17122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus growing on plants and products stored under inappropriate conditions, represent the most studied group of mycotoxins. Contamination of human and animal milk with aflatoxin M₁, the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B₁, is an important health risk factor due to its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Due to the low concentration of this aflatoxin in milk and milk products, the analytical methods used for its quantification have to be highly sensitive, specific and simple. This paper presents an overview of the analytical methods, especially of the electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors, used for determination of aflatoxin M₁.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Gurban
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Petru Epure
- EPI-SISTEM SRL, Bvd Brasovului 145, Sacele, 505600 Brasov, Romania.
| | - Florin Oancea
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Doni
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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A survey on the Aflatoxin M1 occurrence and seasonal variation in buffalo and cow milk from Southern Italy. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Želježić B, Cvetnić L, Benić M, Tanković S, Cvetnić Ž. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow, goat and sheep milk during spring and autumn in Croatia during 2016. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1306785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Blaženka Želježić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Sanin Tanković
- State Veterinary Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Matabaro E, Ishimwe N, Uwimbabazi E, Lee BH. Current Immunoassay Methods for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin in Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:808-820. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matabaro
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Nestor Ishimwe
- Hefei Natl. Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences; Univ. of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 China
- the Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology; Univ. of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Eric Uwimbabazi
- School of Food Science; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Byong H. Lee
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology; McGill Univ.; Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; Kangwon Natl. Univ.; Chuncheon 200701 South Korea
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Li S, Min L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and UHT milks in China in 2014–2015. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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