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Bohn T, de Lera AR, Landrier JF, Rühl R. Carotenoid metabolites, their tissue and blood concentrations in humans and further bioactivity via retinoid receptor-mediated signalling. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:498-511. [PMID: 36380523 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242200021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have emphasised the relation between carotenoid dietary intake and their circulating concentrations and beneficial health effects, such as lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, there is dispute as to whether the attributed health benefits are due to native carotenoids or whether they are instead induced by their metabolites. Several categories of metabolites have been reported, most notably involving (a) modifications at the cyclohexenyl ring or the polyene chain, such as epoxides and geometric isomers, (b) excentric cleavage metabolites with alcohol-, aldehyde- or carboxylic acid-functional groups or (c) centric cleaved metabolites with additional hydroxyl, aldehyde or carboxyl functionalities, not counting their potential phase-II glucuronidated / sulphated derivatives. Of special interest are the apo-carotenoids, which originate in the intestine and other tissues from carotenoid cleavage by β-carotene oxygenases 1/2 in a symmetrical / non-symmetrical fashion. These are more water soluble and more electrophilic and, therefore, putative candidates for interactions with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf2, as well as ligands for RAR-RXR nuclear receptor interactions. In this review, we discuss in vivo detected apo-carotenoids, their reported tissue concentrations, and potential associated health effects, focusing exclusively on the human situation and based on quantified / semi-quantified carotenoid metabolites proven to be present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Peter Eckl: Research on the Pro-/Antioxidant Balance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061079. [PMID: 35739976 PMCID: PMC9219729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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3
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Liu WY, Hsieh YS, Wu YT. Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid–Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) Hybrid Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficiency of Oral Delivery of β-Carotene. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030637. [PMID: 35336010 PMCID: PMC8954677 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a nanoparticle formulation made of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) for the oral delivery of β-carotene (BC). The hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by the interfacial deposition method, and the physicochemical properties of this formulation were characterized in terms of its morphology, particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, dissolution, intestinal permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Our results demonstrated that BC-loaded nanoformulation and PLGA nanoparticles (PNP) significantly enhanced a release 6.1 times higher than BC suspension. The fortification of PVP into PLGA nanoparticles, named PLGA–PVP hybrid nanoparticles (PPNP), significantly reduced the particle size, as well as led to an increase 1.9 times higher in the in vitro release of BC, compared with PNP. For the ex vivo intestinal permeability assessment, PNP and PPNP–K15 significantly enhanced the intestinal permeability by 2.7 and 6.5 times at the jejunum, and 2.3 and 4.5 times at the ileum, when compared with unformulated BC. According to the pharmacokinetic study, the optimized hybrid formulation significantly increased the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC0-t), and the oral relative bioavailability showed a five-fold enhancement compared with that of the BC suspension. Our results indicate that the hybrid nanoparticulate delivery system is an efficient strategy for the oral delivery of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Tse Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2254)
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4
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Harada KI. [Elucidation of Phenomena Involving Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Ecosystem by Chemically Ecological Approach]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:39-64. [PMID: 34980750 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lakes Sagami and Tsukui are reservoirs constructed by connecting to the Sagami River. Because of eutrophication of the lakes, cyanobacteria have appeared every year. This review deals with phenomena related to occurrence of cyanobacteria that have been observed for 40 years since 1974 at the lakes. These 40 years of observations raised three interesting issues including the retention of cyanobacteria on their surfaces. These phenomena have been attributed to the usual factors, such as illuminance, nutrition and water temperature, but our research results suggested that they cannot be resolved without the introduction of another factor. We have attempted to elucidate various phenomena involving cyanobacteria in lake ecosystems by chemical ecological methods using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the cyanobacteria as indicators. One of the VOCs, β-cyclocitral, was significantly involved in the above phenomena, which was considered to be produced by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) of the cyanobacteria. β-Cyclocitral was not produced in the two known CCDs, but two additional CCDs to Microcystis aeruginosa participated to produce the β-cyclocitral. These CCDs did not directly produce β-cyclocitral, but it was accumulated in cells as their precursors. The released β-cyclocitral underwent a Baeyer-Villiger-like oxidation. It was speculated that Microcystis activated the CCD genes through density stress and produced β-cyclocitral, which acted as an allelopathic substance. As a result, the number of cells of cyanobacteria decreased, and the resulting nitrogen and phosphorus were fed to the living cyanobacteria. It is postulated that this "quorum sensing" was functioning in the above-mentioned issues.
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5
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Semitsoglou-Tsiapou S, Meador TB, Peng B, Aluwihare L. Photochemical (UV-vis/H 2O 2) degradation of carotenoids: Kinetics and molecular end products. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131697. [PMID: 34392195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constraining the formation mechanisms of organic matter that persists in aquatic reservoirs is important for determining the reactivity and fate of carbon and nutrients in these environments. Recent studies have linked dissolved organic matter (DOM) accumulating in the ocean to linear terpenoid structures, and carotenoid degradation products have been proposed as potential precursors. The prevalence of reactive oxygen species in aquatic environments and their potential to be quenched by carotenoids led us to examine radical-assisted photochemical degradation of carotenoids as a potential mechanism for DOM formation and transformation. Experiments were conducted with aggregates of β-carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin in THF:H2O under solar light irradiation assisted by hydrogen peroxide (UV-Vis/H2O2). Based on the fine structure of UV-Vis spectra, it was determined that β-carotene and meso-zeaxanthin formed J-type aggregates in experimental solutions, while astaxanthin and fucoxanthin formed H2-type aggregates, consistent with their structural characteristics. All carotenoids degraded under the combined influence of photolysis and OH scavenging, with fucoxanthin exhibiting the fastest degradation kinetics (kPO = 3.69 10-3 s-1) and meso-zeaxanthin the slowest (kPO = 4.37 10-4 s-1). The major degradation products detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were apo-aldehydes and apo-ketones, with the latter tending to accumulate, but epoxidation of the carotenoids also took place, and longer irradiation times resulted in lower molecular weight products. Reaction kinetics and accumulating carotenoid oxidation products identified in this study provide potential formation mechanisms and biomarkers for examining DOM cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Semitsoglou-Tsiapou
- Soil and Water Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Travis B Meador
- Soil and Water Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bo Peng
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA, 92037, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lihini Aluwihare
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA, 92037, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Burton GW, Mogg TJ, Riley WW, Nickerson JG. β-Carotene oxidation products - Function and safety. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112207. [PMID: 33891992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene oxidation products have newly discovered bioactivity in plants and animals. Synthetic fully oxidized β-carotene (OxBC) has application in supporting livestock health, with potential human applications. The safety of synthetic OxBC has been evaluated. An Ames test showed weak-to-moderate mutagenicity in only one cell line at high concentrations. A mouse micronucleus assay established a non-toxic dose of 1800 mg/kg body weight, and no bone marrow micronuclei were induced. Plant sources of β-carotene inevitably contain varying levels of natural OxBC. Vegetable powders and dried forages can be especially rich. Intakes of natural OxBC for humans and livestock alike have been estimated. The exposure range for humans (1-22 mg/serving) is comparable to the safe intake of β-carotene (<15 mg/d). In livestock, OxBC in alfalfa can contribute ~550-850 mg/head/d for dairy cattle but in forage-deficient poultry feed much less (~1 ppm). Livestock intake of supplemental synthetic OxBC is comparable to OxBC potentially available from traditional plant sources. Human intake of synthetic OxBC in meat from livestock fed OxBC is similar to a single serving of food made with carrot powder. It is concluded that consumption of synthetic OxBC at levels comparable to natural OxBC is safe for humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Burton
- Avivagen Inc., 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Trevor J Mogg
- Avivagen Inc., 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Beaupré V, Boucher N, Desgagné-Penix I. Thykamine Extracts from Spinach Reduce Acute Inflammation In Vivo and Downregulate Phlogogenic Functions of Human Blood Neutrophils In Vitro. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070219. [PMID: 32708802 PMCID: PMC7399895 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role of Thykamine, a botanical extract of thylakoides obtained from spinach leaves, has been investigated in animal and cellular models. The oxidative properties have been proven by inhibiting NO production (>98%) in J774A.1 cells and by protecting a linoelic acid emulsion subjected to lipid peroxidation caused by AAPH. Thykamine injected intraperitoneally to rats reduced the inflammatory process of (TNBS)-induced colitis and carrageenan-induced paw edema. As neutrophils are the first cells to migrate to inflammatory sites, the influence of Thykamine on the primary neutrophil functions were studied. Thykamine dose-dependent reduced neutrophil chemiotaxis, phagocytosis, and degranulation. No change in the release of LDH by neutrophils on Thykamine was recorded. Thykamine inhibited by 85% the neutrophil production of O2−. A superoxide recovery activity was observed on a zymography demonstrating a SOD-like enzyme on Thykamine extracts. Spontaneous fluorescence provided by carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments (488/675 nm) detected Thykamine on the surface, in the cytoplasm (mainly central where Golgi are present) and weakly in the nucleus of neutrophils. The results argue that SOD and pigments found in Thykamine are part of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties shown in in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Beaupré
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Nathalie Boucher
- Pharmaceutical plant, Devonian Health Group, Montmagny, QC G5V 4T1, Canada;
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
- Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-376-5011
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8
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Ribeiro D, Sousa A, Nicola P, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Rufino AT, Silva M, Freitas M, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. β-Carotene and its physiological metabolites: Effects on oxidative status regulation and genotoxicity in in vitro models. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111392. [PMID: 32360219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitously distributed in nature, β-carotene being the most frequently found carotenoid in the human diet. In the human body, β-carotene is absorbed, distributed and metabolized by enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic oxidant cleavage into several metabolites. Despite the broadly accepted biological value of β-carotene, it has also been considered a double-edged sword, mainly due to its potential antioxidant versus pro-oxidant behaviour. In this sense, the aim of this work was to scrutinize the antioxidant or pro-oxidant potential of β-carotene and its metabolites, namely trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal and β-ionone. Several parameters were evaluated in this study, viz. their effects on reactive species production, both in human whole blood and neutrophils; their effects on lipid peroxidation, in the absence and presence of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), using a synaptosomal model; and finally, their putative genotoxic effects in the human hepatic HepG2 cell line. In general, depending on the cellular model and conditions tested, β-carotene and its metabolites revealed antioxidant effects to varying degrees without significant pro-oxidant or genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Nicola
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana T Rufino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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9
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The effect of β-carotene on the mortality of male smokers is modified by smoking and by vitamins C and E: evidence against a uniform effect of nutrient. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e11. [PMID: 32215208 PMCID: PMC7082716 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Study on male smokers found that β-carotene supplementation increased the risk of pneumonia 4-fold in those who started smoking at the age of ≥21 years and smoked ≥21 cigarettes/d (a subgroup of 7 % of the study population). The present study hypothesised that β-carotene increases mortality in the same subgroup. The ATBC Study (1985–1993) recruited 29 133 Finnish male smokers (≥5 cigarettes/d) aged 50–69 years. Cox regression models were constructed to estimate the effect of β-carotene supplementation in subgroups. β-Carotene increased mortality (risk ratio 1·56; 95 % CI 1·06, 2·3) in those who started to smoke at ≥21 years and smoked ≥21 cigarettes/d. Within this subgroup, there was strong evidence of further heterogeneity. The effect of β-carotene supplementation was further modified by dietary vitamin C intake, fruit and vegetable intake (P = 0·0004), and by vitamin E supplementation (P = 0·011). Thus, harm from β-carotene was not uniform within the study population. Interactions between β-carotene and vitamins C and E were seen only within a subgroup of 7 % of the ATBC participants, and therefore should not be extrapolated to the general population. Heterogeneity of the β-carotene effect on mortality challenges the validity of previous meta-analyses that have pooled many diverse antioxidants for one single estimate of effect using the assumption that a single estimate equally applies to all antioxidants and all people. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00342992.
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10
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Spickett CM. Formation of Oxidatively Modified Lipids as the Basis for a Cellular Epilipidome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:602771. [PMID: 33408694 PMCID: PMC7779974 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.602771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While often regarded as a subset of metabolomics, lipidomics can better be considered as a field in its own right. While the total number of lipid species in biology may not exceed the number of metabolites, they can be modified chemically and biochemically leading to an enormous diversity of derivatives, many of which retain the lipophilic properties of lipids and thus expand the lipidome greatly. Oxidative modification by radical oxygen species, either enzymatically or chemically, is one of the major mechanisms involved, although attack by non-radical oxidants also occurs. The modified lipids typically contain more oxygens in the form of hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl and carboxylic acid groups, and nitration, nitrosylation, halogenation or sulfation can also occur. This article provides a succinct overview of the types of species formed, the reactive compounds involved and the specific molecular sites that they react with, and the biochemical or chemical mechanisms involved. In many cases, these modifications reduce the stability of the lipid, and breakdown products are formed, which themselves have interesting properties such as the ability to react with other biomolecules. Publications on the biological effects of modified lipids are growing rapidly, supporting the concept that some of these biomolecules have potential signaling and regulatory effects. The question therefore arises whether modified lipids represent an "epilipidome", analogous to the epigenetic modifications that can control gene expression.
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11
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Xu M, Chen T, Butt CM. Identification of Beta-Carotene Degradation Compounds and Their Structural Elucidation by High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3535-3545. [PMID: 31777961 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-carotene (BC) degradation was studied by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer. Throughout/After 21 days of dark storage, 56 nonvolatile degradants were chromatographically separated from pure BC crystal and their molecular formulas were identified. Their structure information was gained by comparing the fragments to a different, but structure-related compound. For example, a newly formed double bond position in dehydrogenated BC was determined by comparing the fragments between BC and dehydrogenated BC. One of their chemical structures was confirmed by comparing its precursor ion mass, retention time, isotopic ratio, and fragmentation to a pure trans-beta-apo-8'-apocarotenal. BC cleavage was observed on double bonds as well as single bonds in BC conjugation chain. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As evidenced in this study, beta-carotene (BC) degradation is a spontaneous process initiated when the compound is exposed to air. The stoichiometric ratio of BC to oxygen is 1:0.03 at the first oxidation, therefore, only 0.3 mg oxygen or 1.2 mL air will degrade 10 mg BC, an average daily recommended intake. Not like in enzymatic BC degradation, spontaneous BC oxidation did not produce provitamin A, either in retina C20H38O or retinol C20H40O forms. For BC application in vitamin A deficiency, spontaneous BC oxidation should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minren Xu
- Quality Control Dept., Watson Inc., 301 Heffernan Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, U.S.A
| | - Tom Chen
- Quality Control Dept., Watson Inc., 301 Heffernan Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, U.S.A
| | - Craig M Butt
- Sciex, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA, 01701, U.S.A
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12
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Phan-Thi H, Waché Y. Behind the Myth of the Fruit of Heaven, a Critical Review on Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Contribution to Nutrition. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4585-4605. [PMID: 31284852 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190705154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gac, Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is more considered as a super fruit. The demand for this plant is growing in countries where its reputation is high, including traditional countries of gac culture and countries fond of super fruits and food supplements. In these latter countries, the industrial strategy aims at producing high added value in food supplements or nutritional rich preparations. However, when marketing is not the driving force and claims have to be related to scientific data, the situation of gac is less "heavenly", mainly because its most remarkable properties are in the field of micronutrients. These latter components are indeed very important for health but their supplementation on healthy populations brings no significant advantage. This paper proposes to review aspects important for the nutritional reputation of this plant: where it comes from, how it is cultured to have an optimal nutritional composition, what is its composition and how it can impact health of consumers, in which products it is used and what are the regulations to use it in different markets. One important goal of this review is to give a critical and scientific approach to confirm data on this fruit, which has been promoted by marketing departments injecting so many wrong and unverified information. Missing data will be highlighted and potential positive applications are proposed all along the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Phan-Thi
- International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, UMR PAM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France.,The Natencaps Project, France; International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, SBFT, Hanoi University of Science & Technology, Hanoi, VietNam
| | - Yves Waché
- International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, UMR PAM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France.,The Natencaps Project, France; International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, SBFT, Hanoi University of Science & Technology, Hanoi, VietNam
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13
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McLean S, Davies NW, Nichols DS. Scent Chemicals of the Tail Gland of the Red Fox,Vulpes vulpes. Chem Senses 2019; 44:215-224. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McLean
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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14
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Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of carotenoids and their oxidation products. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:681-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lusk LT, Kay SB, Porubcan A, Ryder DS. Key Olfactory Cues for Beer Oxidation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2012-0907-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Nosrati N, Bakovic M, Paliyath G. Molecular Mechanisms and Pathways as Targets for Cancer Prevention and Progression with Dietary Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2050. [PMID: 28946660 PMCID: PMC5666732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of bioactive food ingredients is their broad antioxidant function. Antioxidants having a wide spectrum of chemical structure and activity beyond basic nutrition; display different health benefits by the prevention and progression of chronic diseases. Functional food components are capable of enhancing the natural antioxidant defense system by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, protecting and repairing DNA damage, as well as modulating the signal transduction pathways and gene expression. Major pathways affected by bioactive food ingredients include the pro-inflammatory pathways regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as well as those associated with cytokines and chemokines. The present review summarizes the importance of plant bioactives and their roles in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Bioactives influence several physiological processes such as gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell migration, etc., resulting in cancer prevention. Cancer initiation is associated with changes in metabolic pathways such as glucose metabolism, and the effect of bioactives in normalizing this process has been provided. Initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) which increase the chances of developing of colorectal cancers can be downregulated by plant bioactives. Several aspects of the potential roles of microRNAs and epigenetic modifications in the development of cancers have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Nosrati
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Gopinadhan Paliyath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Haider C, Ferk F, Bojaxhi E, Martano G, Stutz H, Bresgen N, Knasmüller S, Alija A, Eckl PM. Effects of β-Carotene and Its Cleavage Products in Primary Pneumocyte Type II Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020037. [PMID: 28531132 PMCID: PMC5488017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene has been shown to increase the risk of developing lung cancer in smokers and asbestos workers in two large scale trails, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) and the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Trial (ATBC). Based on this observation, it was proposed that genotoxic oxidative breakdown products may cause this effect. In support of this assumption, increased levels of sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrations were found in primary hepatocyte cultures treated with a mixture of cleavage products (CPs) and the major product apo-8′carotenal. However, because these findings cannot directly be transferred to the lung due to the exceptional biotransformation capacity of the liver, potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of β-carotene under oxidative stress and its CPs were investigated in primary pneumocyte type II cells. The results indicate that increased concentrations of β-carotene in the presence of the redox cycling quinone dimethoxynaphthoquinone (DMNQ) exhibit a cytotoxic potential, as evidenced by an increase of apoptotic cells and loss of cell density at concentrations > 10 µM. On the other hand, the analysis of micronucleated cells gave no clear picture due to the cytotoxicity related reduction of mitotic cells. Last, although CPs induced significant levels of DNA strand breaks even at concentrations ≥ 1 µM and 5 µM, respectively, β-carotene in the presence of DMNQ did not cause DNA damage. Instead, β-carotene appeared to act as an antioxidant. These findings are in contrast with what was demonstrated for primary hepatocytes and may reflect different sensitivities to and different metabolism of β-carotene in the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Haider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Ekramije Bojaxhi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Giuseppe Martano
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Avdulla Alija
- Department of Biology, University of Prishtina, Xhorxh Bush, n.n., Prishtina 10000, Kosova.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg A-A-5020, Austria.
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18
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Polyunsaturated lipids and vitamin A oxidation during cod liver oil in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant effect of added BHT. Food Chem 2017; 232:733-743. [PMID: 28490135 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The extent of cod liver oil hydrolysis and oxidation during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was investigated by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). These techniques evidenced the degradation of polyunsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 lipids and, for the first time, that of vitamin A, naturally present in cod liver oil. Cis,trans-conjugated dienes associated with hydroperoxides, as well as monoepoxides, cis,trans-2,4-alkadienals, 4-hydroperoxy- and 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and several vitamin A derived metabolites were generated. Moreover, the effect of the addition of the synthetic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 20 and 800ppm was tackled. Both techniques showed BHT to be efficient in limiting oxidation reactions during digestion, almost inhibiting them at 800ppm. Therefore, the simultaneous intake of antioxidants with cod liver oil should be considered, in order to increase polyunsaturated lipid and vitamin A bioaccessibility and avoid formation of toxic oxidation compounds like oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes.
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Key Words
- (1)H NMR
- (2E,4E,7Z)-Deca-2,4,7-trienal (PubChem CID: 6442642)
- (E)-4-Oxohex-2-enal (PubChem CID: 6365145)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone (PubChem CID: 107736)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (PubChem CID: 31404)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (PubChem CID: 12867)
- 4,5-Epoxy-2-heptenal (PubChem CID: 6444055)
- 4-Hydroxy-hexenal (PubChem CID: 28536)
- 5,6-Epoxy-beta-ionone (PubChem CID: 5352481)
- Digestion
- Fish oil
- Oxidation
- Retinyl palmitate
- Retinyl palmitate (PubChem CID: 5280531)
- SPME-GC/MS
- beta-Ionone (PubChem CID: 638014)
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19
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Colle IJP, Lemmens L, Knockaert G, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Carotene Degradation and Isomerization during Thermal Processing: A Review on the Kinetic Aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1844-55. [PMID: 25830560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.790779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic models are important tools for process design and optimization to balance desired and undesired reactions taking place in complex food systems during food processing and preservation. This review covers the state of the art on kinetic models available to describe heat-induced conversion of carotenoids, in particular lycopene and β-carotene. First, relevant properties of these carotenoids are discussed. Second, some general aspects of kinetic modeling are introduced, including both empirical single-response modeling and mechanism-based multi-response modeling. The merits of multi-response modeling to simultaneously describe carotene degradation and isomerization are demonstrated. The future challenge in this research field lies in the extension of the current multi-response models to better approach the real reaction pathway and in the integration of kinetic models with mass transfer models in case of reaction in multi-phase food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines J P Colle
- a Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , Ku Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lien Lemmens
- a Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , Ku Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Griet Knockaert
- a Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , Ku Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ann Van Loey
- a Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , Ku Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrickx
- a Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , Ku Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
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20
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Zhu J, Sun X, Chen X, Wang S, Wang D. Chemical cleavage of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida and formation of apo-fucoxanthinones and apo-fucoxanthinals identified using LC-DAD-APCI-MS/MS. Food Chem 2016; 211:365-73. [PMID: 27283644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant carotenoid in nature, fucoxanthin is susceptible to oxidation under some conditions, forming cleavage products that possibly exhibit both positive and negative health effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, to produce relatively high amounts of cleavage products, chemical oxidation of fucoxanthin was performed. Kinetic models for oxidation were probed and reaction products were identified. The results indicated that both potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HClO/ClO(-)) treatment fitted a first-order kinetic model, while oxidation promoted by hydroxyl radical (OH) followed second-order kinetics. With the help of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 14 apo-fucoxanthins were detected as predominant cleavage products, with structural and geometric isomers identified among them. Three apo-fucoxanthinones and eleven apo-fucoxanthinals, of which five were cis-apo-fucoxanthinals, were detected upon oxidation by the three oxidizing agents (KMnO4, HClO/ClO(-), and OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Phan-Thi H, Durand P, Prost M, Prost E, Waché Y. Effect of heat-processing on the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of β-carotene from natural and synthetic origins on red blood cells. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Stutz H, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Analytical tools for the analysis of β-carotene and its degradation products. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:650-80. [PMID: 25867077 PMCID: PMC4487603 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. This has centered the attention on β-carotene dietary supplementation in healthcare as well as in the therapy of degenerative disorders and several cancer types. However, two intervention trials with β-carotene have revealed adverse effects on two proband groups, that is, cigarette smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Beside other causative reasons, the detrimental effects observed have been related to the oxidation products of β-carotene. Their generation originates in the polyene structure of β-carotene that is beneficial for radical scavenging, but is also prone to oxidation. Depending on the dominant degradation mechanism, bond cleavage might occur either randomly or at defined positions of the conjugated electron system, resulting in a diversity of cleavage products (CPs). Due to their instability and hydrophobicity, the handling of standards and real samples containing β-carotene and related CPs requires preventive measures during specimen preparation, analyte extraction, and final analysis, to avoid artificial degradation and to preserve the initial analyte portfolio. This review critically discusses different preparation strategies of standards and treatment solutions, and also addresses their protection from oxidation. Additionally, in vitro oxidation strategies for the generation of oxidative model compounds are surveyed. Extraction methods are discussed for volatile and non-volatile CPs individually. Gas chromatography (GC), (ultra)high performance liquid chromatography (U)HPLC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are reviewed as analytical tools for final analyte analysis. For identity confirmation of analytes, mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable, and the appropriate ionization principles are comprehensively discussed. The final sections cover analysis of real samples and aspects of quality assurance, namely matrix effects and method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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23
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Parsons BJ, Spickett CM. Special issue on "Analytical methods for the detection of oxidized biomolecules and antioxidants". Free Radic Res 2015; 49:473-6. [PMID: 25884783 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1024678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Parsons
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
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24
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Springer A, Acker G, Bartsch S, Bauerschmitt H, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. Differences in gene expression between natural and artificially induced leaf senescence in barley. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:180-91. [PMID: 25637827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the last step of leaf development in the life span of an annual plant. Senescence can be induced prematurely by treating leaf tissues with jasmonic acid methyl ester (methyl jasmonate, MeJA). During both senescence programmes, drastic changes occur at the biochemical, cellular and ultra-structural levels that were compared here for primary leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Our findings indicate that both types of senescence are similar with respect to the morphological changes including the loss of chlorophyll, disintegration of thylakoids, and formation of plastoglobules. However, the time elapsed for reaching senescence completion was different and ranged from 7 to 8 days for artificially senescing, MeJA-treated plants to 7-8 weeks for naturally senescing plants. Pulse-labelling studies along with RNA and protein gel blot analyses showed differential changes in the expression of both plastid and nuclear genes coding for photosynthetic proteins. Several unique messenger products accumulated in naturally and artificially senescing, MeJA-treated leaves. Detailed expression and crosslinking studies revealed that pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), a previously implicated key enzyme of chlorophyll breakdown, is most likely not rate-limiting for chlorophyll destruction under both senescence conditions. Metabolite profiling identified differential changes in the composition of carotenoid derivatives and prenyl-lipids to occur in naturally senescing and artificially senescing plants that underscored the differences between both senescence programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Springer
- Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Acker
- Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sandra Bartsch
- Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Université Joseph Fourier, LBFA, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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25
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Weesepoel Y, Gruppen H, de Bruijn W, Vincken JP. Analysis of palmitoyl apo-astaxanthinals, apo-astaxanthinones, and their epoxides by UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10254-10263. [PMID: 25279765 DOI: 10.1021/jf503520q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Food products enriched with fatty acid-esterified xanthophylls may result in deviating dietary apo-carotenoids. Therefore, free astaxanthin and its mono- and dipalmitate esters were subjected to two degradation processes in a methanolic model system: light-accelerated autoxidation and hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl(-)) bleaching. Reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array with in-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS) was used for assessment of degradation products. Apo-astaxanthinals and -astaxanthinones containing 3 (apo-9) to 10 (apo-8') conjugated double bonds were found upon autoxidation for all three types of astaxanthin (except free apo-8'-astaxanthinal). Fragmentation of [M + H](+) and [M + Na](+) parent masses of apo-astaxanthins from dipalmitate astaxanthin indicated palmitate esterification. Astaxanthin monopalmitate degradation resulted in a mixture of free and palmitate apo-astaxanthins. HOCl/OCl(-) rapidly converted the astaxanthins into a mixture of epoxy-apo-9- and epoxy-apo-13-astaxanthinones. The palmitate ester bond was hardly affected by autoxidation, whereas for HOCl/OCl(-) the ester bond of the apo-astaxanthin palmitoyl esters was degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Weesepoel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Kobori C, Wagner R, Padula M, Rodriguez-Amaya D. Formation of volatile compounds from lycopene by autoxidation in a model system simulating dehydrated foods. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Lower Photostability of Capsanthin Dispersed in an Aqueous Solution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1313-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Martano G, Bojaxhi E, Forstenlehner IC, Huber CG, Bresgen N, Eckl PM, Stutz H. Validation and application of sub-2 μm core-shell UHPLC-UV-ESI-Orbitrap MS for identification and quantification of β-carotene and selected cleavage products with preceding solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2909-24. [PMID: 24652151 PMCID: PMC3984670 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A validated ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography method using 1.7 μm core–shell particles is presented for the identification and quantification of β-carotene (BC) and related cleavage products (CPs) in primary cell culture media. Besides BC, apo-4′-, apo-8′-, apo-10′-, and apo-12′-carotenals, as well as 5,6-epoxy-β-carotene, were selected as target analytes. Detection was performed via an 80-Hz diode array detector and an electrospray ionization–linear quadrupole ion trap–Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, both hyphenated in series. Total analysis time was below 6 min with peak widths <12 s. Addition of trifluoroacetic acid and tetrahydrofuran to the mobile phase allowed for the mass spectrometric detection of BC and related CPs and reduced peak tailing due to improved solubility of hydrophobic analytes. Intra-day and inter-day precision for UV and mass spectrometric detection were ≤1.5 % for retention times and ≤5.1 % for peak areas. Instrumental linearity was confirmed by Mandel’s fitting test between 0.25 (or 1.00 μg/mL) and 5.00 μg/mL for UV detection. The higher sensitivity of mass spectrometric detection allowed for the coverage of three concentration domains between 0.025 and 5.00 μg/mL in linearity testing. Homoscedasticity was confirmed between 0.10 and 5.00 μg/mL for Orbitrap XL MS. The limits of quantification were between 52.6 and 889.4 ng/mL for UV detection and between 19.3 and 102.4 ng/L for mass spectrometric detection. Offline solid-phase extraction from culture media fortified with BC and CPs provided intra- and inter-day recoveries between 65.8 and 102.4 % with coefficients of variation ≤6.2 %. Primary rat hepatocyte cultures treated with BC and subjected to different oxidative stress conditions contained 5,6-epoxy-BC and apo-4′-carotenal besides residual BC. Apparently, 5,6-epoxy-BC was formed in the medium via autoxidation of BC by ambient oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Martano
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - E. Bojaxhi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - I. C. Forstenlehner
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C. G. Huber
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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29
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Gatouillat G, Magid AA, Bertin E, Okiemy-Akeli MG, Morjani H, Lavaud C, Madoulet C. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf extracts in sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:483-91. [PMID: 24628411 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.884228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has been used to cure a wide variety of ailments. However, only a few studies have reported its anticancer effects. In this study, extracts were obtained from alfalfa leaves and their cytotoxic effects were assessed on several sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumor cells lines. Using the mouse leukaemia P388 cell line and its doxorubicin-resistant counterpart (P388/DOX), we showed that the inhibition of cell growth induced by alfalfa leaf extracts was mediated through the induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation analysis. The execution of programmed cell death was achieved via the activation of caspase-3, leading to PARP cleavage. Fractionation of toluene extract (To-1), the most active extract obtained from crude extract, led to the identification of 3 terpene derivatives and 5 flavonoids. Among them, (-)-medicarpin, (-)-melilotocarpan E, millepurpan, tricin, and chrysoeriol showed cytotoxic effects in P388 as well as P388/DOX cells. These results demonstrate that alfalfa leaf extract may have interesting potential in cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Gatouillat
- a Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , Faculté de Pharmacie, URCA , Reims , France
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30
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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31
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von Schönfels W, von Kampen O, Patsenker E, Stickel F, Schniewind B, Hinz S, Ahrens M, Balschun K, Egberts JH, Richter K, Landrock A, Sipos B, Will O, Huebbe P, Schreiber S, Nothnagel M, Röcken C, Rimbach G, Becker T, Hampe J, Schafmayer C. Metabolic signature of electrosurgical liver dissection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72022. [PMID: 24058442 PMCID: PMC3772850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High frequency electrosurgery has a key role in the broadening application of liver surgery. Its molecular signature, i.e. the metabolites evolving from electrocauterization which may inhibit hepatic wound healing, have not been systematically studied. METHODS Human liver samples were thus obtained during surgery before and after electrosurgical dissection and subjected to a two-stage metabolomic screening experiment (discovery sample: N = 18, replication sample: N = 20) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS In a set of 208 chemically defined metabolites, electrosurgical dissection lead to a distinct metabolic signature resulting in a separation in the first two dimensions of a principal components analysis. Six metabolites including glycolic acid, azelaic acid, 2-n-pentylfuran, dihydroactinidiolide, 2-butenal and n-pentanal were consistently increased after electrosurgery meeting the discovery (p<2.0 × 10(-4)) and the replication thresholds (p<3.5 × 10(-3)). Azelaic acid, a lipid peroxidation product from the fragmentation of abundant sn-2 linoleoyl residues, was most abundant and increased 8.1-fold after electrosurgical liver dissection (preplication = 1.6 × 10(-4)). The corresponding phospholipid hexadecyl azelaoyl glycerophosphocholine inhibited wound healing and tissue remodelling in scratch- and proliferation assays of hepatic stellate cells and cholangiocytes, and caused apoptosis dose-dependently in vitro, which may explain in part the tissue damage due to electrosurgery. CONCLUSION Hepatic electrosurgery generates a metabolic signature with characteristic lipid peroxidation products. Among these, azelaic acid shows a dose-dependent toxicity in liver cells and inhibits wound healing. These observations potentially pave the way for pharmacological intervention prior liver surgery to modify the metabolic response and prevent postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witigo von Schönfels
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Zhang K, Lin TF, Zhang T, Li C, Gao N. Characterization of typical taste and odor compounds formed by Microcystis aeruginosa. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1539-1548. [PMID: 24520691 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Production and characteristics of typical taste and odor (T&O) compounds by Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. A few terpenoid chemicals, including 2-MIB, beta-cyclocitral, and beta-ionone, and a few sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were detected. beta-Cyclocitral and beta-carotene concentrations were observed to be relevant to the growth phases of Microcystis. During the stable growth phase, 41-865 fg/cell of beta-cyclocitral were found in the laboratory culture. beta-Cyclocitral concentrations correlated closely with beta-carotene concentrations, with the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.96, as it is formed from the cleavage reaction of beta-carotene. For dead cell cases, a high concentration of dimethyl trisulfide was detected at 3.48-6.37 fg/cell. Four T&O compounds, including beta-cyclocitral, beta-ionone, heptanal and dimethyl trisulfide, were tested and found to be able to inhibit and damage Microcystis cells to varying degrees. Among these chemicals, beta-cyclocitral has the strongest ability to quickly rupture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tsair Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Mao Y, Dubot M, Xiao H, McClements DJ. Interfacial engineering using mixed protein systems: emulsion-based delivery systems for encapsulation and stabilization of β-carotene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5163-9. [PMID: 23647430 DOI: 10.1021/jf401350t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion-based delivery systems are needed to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic bioactive components in the food, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries. The functional performance of these systems can be controlled by engineering the composition and structure of the interfacial layer coating the lipid droplets. In this study, interfacial properties were controlled using two globular proteins with widely differing isoelectric points: lactoferrin (LF: pI ≈ 8.5) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG: pI ≈ 5). Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with different interfacial properties: [LF]-only; [BLG]-only; [LF]-[BLG]-(laminated); [BLG]-[LF]-(laminated); and [BLG/LF]-(mixed). The influence of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the physical stability of β-carotene-enriched emulsions was investigated. [LF]-emulsions were stable to droplet aggregation from pH 2 to 9 (0 mM NaCl), but all other emulsions aggregated at intermediate pH values. [BLG]-emulsions aggregated at high salt levels (≥50 mM NaCl), but all other emulsions were stable (0 to 300 mM NaCl). [BLG/LF]-emulsions were unstable to heating (≥60 °C), but all other emulsions were stable (30 to 90 °C). Color fading due to β-carotene degradation occurred relatively quickly in [BLG]-emulsions (37 °C) but was considerably lower in all other emulsions, which was attributed to the ability of LF to bind iron or interact with β-carotene. This study provides useful information for designing emulsion-based delivery systems to encapsulate and protect bioactive lipids, such as carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Mao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Qi M, Chen J, Sun X, Deng X, Niu Y, Xie P. Development of models for predicting the predominant taste and odor compounds in Taihu Lake, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51976. [PMID: 23284835 PMCID: PMC3526486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and odor (T&O) problems, which have adversely affected the quality of water supplied to millions of residents, have repeatedly occurred in Taihu Lake (e.g., a serious odor accident occurred in 2007). Because these accidents are difficult for water resource managers to forecast in a timely manner, there is an urgent need to develop optimum models to predict these T&O problems. For this purpose, various biotic and abiotic environmental parameters were monitored monthly for one year at 30 sites across Taihu Lake. This is the first investigation of this huge lake to sample T&O compounds at the whole-lake level. Certain phytoplankton taxa were important variables in the models; for instance, the concentrations of the particle-bound 2-methylisoborneol (p-MIB) were correlated with the presence of Oscillatoria, whereas those of the p-β-cyclocitral and p-β-ionone were correlated with Microcystis levels. Abiotic factors such as nitrogen (TN, TDN, NO3-N, and NO2-N), pH, DO, COND, COD and Chl-a also contributed significantly to the T&O predictive models. The dissolved (d) T&O compounds were related to both the algal biomass and to certain abiotic environmental factors, whereas the particle-bound (p) T&O compounds were more strongly related to the algal presence. We also tested the validity of these models using an independent data set that was previously collected from Taihu Lake in 2008. In comparing the concentrations of the T&O compounds observed in 2008 with those concentrations predicted from our models, we found that most of the predicted data points fell within the 90% confidence intervals of the observed values. This result supported the validity of these models in the studied system. These models, basing on easily collected environmental data, will be of practical value to the water resource managers of Taihu Lake for evaluating the probability of T&O accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Carotenoid oxidation products are stress signals that mediate gene responses to singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5535-40. [PMID: 22431637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115982109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1)O(2) (singlet oxygen) is a reactive O(2) species produced from triplet excited chlorophylls in the chloroplasts, especially when plants are exposed to excess light energy. Similarly to other active O(2) species, (1)O(2) has a dual effect: It is toxic, causing oxidation of biomolecules, and it can act as a signal molecule that leads to cell death or to acclimation. Carotenoids are considered to be the main (1)O(2) quenchers in chloroplasts, and we show here that light stress induces the oxidation of the carotenoid β-carotene in Arabidopsis plants, leading to the accumulation of different volatile derivatives. One such compound, β-cyclocitral, was found to induce changes in the expression of a large set of genes that have been identified as (1)O(2) responsive genes. In contrast, β-cyclocitral had little effect on the expression of H(2)O(2) gene markers. β-Cyclocitral-induced reprogramming of gene expression was associated with an increased tolerance to photooxidative stress. The results indicate that β-cyclocitral is a stress signal produced in high light that is able to induce defense mechanisms and represents a likely messenger involved in the (1)O(2) signaling pathway in plants.
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Zhang KJ, Gao NY, Yen HK, Chiu YT, Lin TF. Degradation and formation of wood odorant β-cyclocitral during permanganate oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 194:362-368. [PMID: 21871724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of permanganate oxidation on the formation and degradation of wood odorant β-cyclocitral in water was investigated. Oxidation experiments were conducted for β-cyclocitral prepared from pure chemicals and extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa. The data were simulated with appropriate kinetic rate models. The formation and degradation of β-cyclocitral during the oxidation of β-carotene were also monitored and modeled. The degradation of β-cyclocitral prepared from pure chemicals followed second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 91.7 ± 2.4M(-1)s(-1), and that of the β-cyclocitral precursor, β-carotene, followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0054 ± 0.0004 min(-1). During the oxidation of β-carotene, β-cyclocitral was produced. The formation and degradation can both be simulated by first-order kinetics with respect to β-carotene and β-cyclocitral concentrations, respectively. The degradation rate of β-cyclocitral produced from β-carotene was found to be much slower than that for β-cyclocitral obtained from pure chemicals, very likely due to a mass transfer limitation. The kinetic models were further employed to simulate the oxidation of β-cyclocitral in the presence of β-carotene and for β-cyclocitral extracted from M. aeruginosa, respectively. The models well predict/fit the experimental data, with rate constants similar to other experiments, indicating that the models may be used for simulating the formation and degradation of β-cyclocitral in water treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai City 200092, China
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37
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Does lycopene offer human LDL any protection against myeloperoxidase activity? Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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38
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A chemical study of β-carotene oxidation by ozone in an organic model system and the identification of the resulting products. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Martano G, Vogl C, Bojaxhi E, Bresgen N, Eckl P, Stutz H. Solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis of potentially genotoxic cleavage products of β-carotene in primary cell cultures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2415-26. [PMID: 21400075 PMCID: PMC3100505 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A validated method for the simultaneous determination of prominent volatile cleavage products (CPs) of β-carotene in cell culture media has been developed. Target CPs comprised β-ionone (β-IO), cyclocitral (CC), dihydroactinidiolide (DHA), and 1,1,6-trimethyltetraline (TMT). CPs were extracted by solid-phase extraction applying a phenyl adsorbent, eluted with 10% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran in n-hexane, and identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization. Method validation addressed linearity confirmation over two application ranges and homoscedasticity testing. Recoveries from culture media were between 71.7% and 95.7% at 1.0 μg/ml. Precision of recoveries determined in intra-day (N = 5) and inter-day (N = 15) assays were <2.0% and <4.8%, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the analysis method were <18.0 and <53.0 ng/ml for β-IO, CC, and TMT, whereas 156 and 474 ng/ml were determined for DHA, respectively. Although extractions of blank matrix proved the absence of interfering peaks, statistical comparison between slopes determined for instrumental and total method linearity revealed significant differences. The method was successfully applied in selecting an appropriate solvent for the fortification of culture media with volatile CPs, including the determination of their availability over the incubation period. For the first time, quantification of volatile CPs in treatment solutions and culture media for primary cells becomes accessible by this validated method. Cultured primary rat hepatocytes in phase contrast after nuclea staining with DAPI including a chromatogram (GC-MS) of volatile cleavage products of b-carotene, which are presumed to exert genotoxic effects on hepatocytes and pneumocytes ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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40
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Pennathur S, Maitra D, Byun J, Sliskovic I, Abdulhamid I, Saed GM, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM. Potent antioxidative activity of lycopene: A potential role in scavenging hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:205-13. [PMID: 20388538 PMCID: PMC3416054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene, a carotenoid found in tomatoes, is a proven antioxidant that may lower the risk of certain disorders including heart disease and cancer. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an oxidant linked to tissue oxidation in cardiovascular disease and other inflammatory disorders through its ability to modify proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and lipids. Here we show that lycopene can function as a potent scavenger of HOCl at a wide range of concentrations that span various pathophysiological and supplemental ranges. The oxidation of lycopene by HOCl was accompanied by a marked change in color, from red to colorless, of the lycopene solution, suggesting lycopene degradation. HPLC and LC-MS analysis showed that the exposure of lycopene to increasing concentrations of HOCl gave a range of metabolites resulting from oxidative cleavage of one or more C=C. The degree of degradation of lycopene (as assessed by the number and chain lengths of the various oxidative metabolites of lycopene) depends mainly on the ratio of HOCl to lycopene, suggesting that multiple molecules of HOCl are consumed per molecule of lycopene. Collectively, this work demonstrates a direct link between lycopene and HOCl scavenging and may assist in elucidating the mechanism of the protective function exerted by lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Inga Sliskovic
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Michael P. Diamond
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development
- Corresponding Author: Husam Abu-Soud, Ph.D, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, 275 E. Hancock Detroit, MI 48201, Tel. 313 577-6178, Fax. 313 577-8554,
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41
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Chen S, Lu J, Sun C, Ma H. A highly specific ferrocene-based fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid and its application to cell imaging. Analyst 2010; 135:577-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b921187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Sommerburg O, Karius N, Siems W, Langhans CD, Leichsenring M, Breusing N, Grune T. Proteasomal degradation of beta-carotene metabolite--modified proteins. Biofactors 2009; 35:449-59. [PMID: 19787777 DOI: 10.1002/biof.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Free radical attack on beta-carotene results in the formation of high amounts of carotene breakdown products (CBPs) having biological activities. As several of the CBPs are reactive aldehydes, it has to be considered that these compounds are able to modify proteins. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate whether CBP-modification of proteins is leading to damaged proteins recognized and degraded by the proteasomal system. We used the model proteins tau and ferritin to test whether CBPs will modify them and whether such modifications lead to enhanced proteasomal degradation. To modify proteins, we used crude CBPs as a mixture obtained after hypochloric acid derived BC degradation, as well as several single compounds, as apo8'-carotenal, retinal, or beta-ionone. The majority of the CBPs found in our reaction mixture are well known metabolites as described earlier after BC degradation using different oxidants. CBPs are able to modify proteins, and in in vitro studies, we were able to demonstrate that the 20S proteasome is able to recognize and degrade CBP-modified proteins preferentially. In testing the proteolytic response of HT22 cells toward CBPs, we could demonstrate an enhanced protein turnover, which is sensitive to lactacystin. Interestingly, the proteasomal activity is resistant to treatment with CBP. On the other hand, we were able to demonstrate that supraphysiological levels of CBPs might lead to the formation of protein-CBP-adducts that are able to inhibit the proteasome. Therefore, the removal of CBP-modified proteins seems to be catalyzed by the proteasomal system and is effective, if the formation of CBPs is not overwhelming and leading to protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Sommerburg
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's University Hospital III, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of terpenoid pigments that originated in prokaryotes over 3 billion years ago. Their primary function in plants is to serve as photomodulators of the oxidizing side of Photosystem II. In animals, which must acquire carotenoids from their diets, carotenoids serve a host of functions and are viewed primarily as efficient scavengers of singlet oxygen and radicals within the domain of membranes where they reside. Recently it has been demonstrated that carotenoids react cooperatively and synergistically with vitamin C and E, serving to regenerate a pro-oxidant radical carotenoid after the antioxidant reduction of a radical species. The exact location and behavior of carotenoids within biological membrane systems remain largely unknown. A hypothesis is proposed suggesting that carotenoids may serve as transmembrane radical channels. In this capacity carotenoids may reduce radicals in one biological compartment, while simultaneously being reduced in another. The benefit of rapid radical quenching across membrane compartments by transmembrane-spanning carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and lutein may be especially advantageous to intra- and extracellular redox control.
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44
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Considerations to prevent the breakdown and loss of fruit carotenoids during extraction and analysis in Musa. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5759-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Davey MW, Saeys W, Hof E, Ramon H, Swennen RL, Keulemans J. Application of visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) to determine carotenoid contents in banana (Musa spp.) fruit pulp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1742-1751. [PMID: 19219999 DOI: 10.1021/jf803137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of carotenoids is complicated by the tendency of these compounds to react with radical species, leading to oxidative breakdown and isomerization during extraction. Therefore, protocols should be rapid and avoid unnecessary exposure to heat, acids, and so forth. Here, we evaluate the use of visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) to measure carotenoid contents in fruit from 28 Musa (banana and plantain) varieties. Carotenoid contents were first quantified using standardized RP-HPLC protocols, and these results were then used to develop algorithms to predict carotenoid contents from Vis/NIR spectra of the same samples. Cross-validation of the predictive algorithms across a genetically diverse group of varieties demonstrated that correlation coefficients between the HPLC measurements and the Vis/NIRS predictions varied from good for the total carotenoids and beta-carotene fractions (r(2)(cv), 0.84, 0.89) to reasonable for alpha-carotene and cis-carotenes (r(2)(cv), 0.61, 0.66), but there was only a poor correlation (r(2)(cv), 0.30) for the minor lutein component. Nonetheless, since approximately 90% of the Musa carotenoids consist of only alpha- and beta-carotene, results indicate that Vis/NIRS can be used for the high-throughput screening of fruit pulp samples for vitamin A nutritional content on the basis of their total carotenoids content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Davey
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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46
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Lowe GM, Vlismas K, Graham DL, Carail M, Caris-Veyrat C, Young AJ. The degradation of (all-E)-beta-carotene by cigarette smoke. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:280-6. [PMID: 19177256 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802691497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cigarette smoke in promoting the degradation of (all-E)-beta-carotene have been studied, but some conflicting results promoted a further study. beta-Carotene was solubilized in hexane and challenged with filtered cigarette smoke both at room temperature and at -20 degrees C. The products arising from smoke-induced oxidation were assessed using a combination of HLPC-DAD, LC-MS and GC-MS. At room temperature the degradation of beta-carotene was very rapid, with only a few products being detected using HPLC-DAD. A range of volatile products including beta-ionone, beta-cyclocitral and 5,6-epoxy-beta-ionone were detected using GC-MS. In contrast, when the reaction was slowed (by reducing the reaction temperature), a much wider range of products could be detected by HPLC-DAD, including 4-nitro-beta-carotene and several of its geometric isomers. These degradation products suggest that the C4 position on the beta-carotene end-group plays a key role in initiating free radical attack.
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47
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van Helden YGJ, Keijer J, Knaapen AM, Heil SG, Briedé JJ, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RWL. Beta-carotene metabolites enhance inflammation-induced oxidative DNA damage in lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:299-304. [PMID: 19026740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
beta-Carotene (BC) intake has been shown to enhance lung cancer risk in smokers and asbestos-exposed subjects (according to the ATBC and CARET studies), but the mechanism behind this procarcinogenic effect of BC is unclear. Both smoking and asbestos exposure induce an influx of inflammatory neutrophils into the airways, which results in an increased production of reactive oxygen species and formation of promutagenic DNA lesions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of BC and its metabolites (BCM) on neutrophil-induced genotoxicity. We observed that the BCM vitamin A (Vit A) and retinoic acid (RA) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-utilizing enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released by neutrophils, thereby reducing H(2)O(2) conversion. Moreover, BC and BCM were able to increase (.)OH formation from H(2)O(2) in the Fenton reaction (determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy). Addition of Vit A and RA to lung epithelial cells that were co-incubated with activated neutrophils resulted in a significant increase in the level of oxidized purines assessed by the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase-modified comet assay. These data indicate that BCM can enhance neutrophil-induced genotoxicity by inhibition of MPO in combination with subsequent increased formation of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G J van Helden
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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48
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Mendiola JA, Santoyo S, Cifuentes A, Reglero G, Ibáñez E, Señoráns FJ. Antimicrobial activity of sub- and supercritical CO2 extracts of the green alga Dunaliella salina. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2138-43. [PMID: 18939768 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of carbon dioxide extracts of the unicellular biflagellated green alga Dunaliella salina against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The effects of different extraction pressures ranging from 185 to 442 bar and extraction temperatures ranging from 9.8 to 45.2 degrees C on the extracts' composition and consequently on their antimicrobial activities were investigated. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to identify the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity detected. Fourteen different volatile compounds and several fatty acids were identified. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained using 314 bar and 9.8 degrees C. Under these conditions, the presence of an indolic derivative that had never been reported in D. salina was detected in the extract, together with polyunsaturated fatty acids and compounds related to carotene metabolism, such as beta-ionone and neophytadiene, with known antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Mendiola
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Lakshminarayana R, Aruna G, Sangeetha RK, Bhaskar N, Divakar S, Baskaran V. Possible degradation/biotransformation of lutein in vitro and in vivo: isolation and structural elucidation of lutein metabolites by HPLC and LC-MS (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization). Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:982-93. [PMID: 18640265 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of lutein are highly concentrated in the human macula and are known to provide protection against age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the in vitro oxidation products of lutein obtained through photo-oxidation and to compare them with biologically transformed dietary lutein in intestine, plasma, liver, and eyes of rats. In vivo studies involved feeding rats a diet devoid of lutein for 2 weeks to induce deficiency. Rats were divided into two equal groups (n=6/group) and received either micellar lutein by gavage for 10 days or diet supplemented with fenugreek leaves as a lutein source for 4 weeks. Lutein metabolites/oxidation products obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies were characterized by HPLC and LC-MS (APCI) techniques to elucidate their structure. The characteristic fragmented ions resulting from photo-oxidation of lutein were identified as 523 (M(+)+H(+)-3CH(3)), 476 (M(+)+H(+)-6CH(3)), and 551 (M(+)+H(+)-H(2)O). In the eyes, the fragmented molecules resulting from lutein were 13-Z lutein, 13'-Z lutein, 13-Z zeaxanthin, all-E zeaxanthin, 9-Z lutein, 9'-Z lutein, and 3'-oxolutein. Epoxycarotenoids were identified in liver and plasma, whereas anhydrolutein was identified in intestine. This study emphasizes the essentiality of dietary lutein to maintain its status in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR, Mysore 570 020, India
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Using plasma acute-phase protein concentrations to interpret nutritional biomarkers in apparently healthy HIV-1-seropositive Kenyan adults. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:174-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507883012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation influences the assessment of nutritional status. For example, inflammation reduces plasma retinol concentrations and vitamin A deficiency is overestimated. Conversely inflammation increases plasma ferritin concentrations and Fe deficiency is underestimated. Blood samples were obtained from 163 free-living HIV-1-infected adults, not on continuous medication, anti-retroviral drugs or micronutrients, not unwell and who had not reached WHO stage IV of HIV/AIDS. We used four markers of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), α1-antichymotrypsin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate but mainly CRP and AGP were used to separate the subjects into four groups: ‘healthy’ where both CRP and AGP were normal; ‘incubation phase’ where CRP was elevated; ‘early convalescence’ where AGP and CRP were elevated and ‘late convalescence’ where only AGP was elevated. Correction factors were calculated to remove the influence of inflammation from each biomarker and group where inflammation was present and the data are shown before and after recalculation. The correction increased median plasma retinol concentrations of the whole group from 1·16 to 1·33 μmol/l, comparable with values (mean 1·29 μmol/l) in HIV-negative Kenyan women. Median ferritin concentrations fell by about 50 % in both sexes and the number of women with plasma ferritin concentrations ≤ 12 μg/l increased from eleven to twenty. The correction also increased plasma carotenoids and Hb but not α-tocopherol concentrations. We suggest that the method described to remove the influence of inflammation from nutritional biomarkers should be generally applicable in apparently healthy people and prevents discarding valuable data because of mild inflammation. The method does now need to be tested in other populations.
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