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How Aging and Oxidative Stress Influence the Cytopathic and Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cellular Glutathione and Cysteine Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071366. [PMID: 35883857 PMCID: PMC9311797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory and thrombotic complications, the severity of which increases with patients’ age and presence of comorbidity. The reasons for an age-dependent increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 could be many. These include defects in the homeostatic processes that control the cellular redox and its pivotal role in sustaining the immuno-inflammatory response to the host and the protection against oxidative stress and tissue degeneration. Pathogens may take advantage of such age-dependent abnormalities. Alterations of the thiol redox balance in the lung tissue and lining fluids may influence the risk of infection, and the host capability to respond to pathogens and to avoid severe complications. SARS-CoV-2, likewise other viruses, such as HIV, influenza, and HSV, benefits in its replication cycle of pro-oxidant conditions that the same viral infection seems to induce in the host cell with mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the pro-oxidant effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism and transmembrane fluxes of Cys and GSH. These appear to be the consequence of an increased use of Cys in viral protein synthesis and to ER stress pathway activation that interfere with transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NFkB, important to coordinate the metabolism of GSH with other aspects of the stress response and with the pro-inflammatory effects of this virus in the host cell. This narrative review article describes these cellular and molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the role that antivirals and cytoprotective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine may have to limit the cytopathic effects of this virus and to recover tissue homeostasis after infection.
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Garavaglia ML, Giustarini D, Colombo G, Reggiani F, Finazzi S, Calatroni M, Landoni L, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Badalamenti S, Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I. Blood Thiol Redox State in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052853. [PMID: 35269995 PMCID: PMC8911004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiols (sulfhydryl groups) are effective antioxidants that can preserve the correct structure of proteins, and can protect cells and tissues from damage induced by oxidative stress. Abnormal levels of thiols have been measured in the blood of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to healthy subjects, as well as in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The levels of protein thiols (a measure of the endogenous antioxidant capacity inversely related to protein oxidation) and S-thiolated proteins (mixed disulphides of protein thiols and low molecular mass thiols), and the protein thiolation index (the molar ratio of the S-thiolated proteins to free protein thiols in plasma) have been investigated in the plasma or red blood cells of CKD and ESRD patients as possible biomarkers of oxidative stress. This type of minimally invasive analysis provides valuable information on the redox status of the less-easily accessible tissues and organs, and of the whole organism. This review provides an overview of reversible modifications in protein thiols in the setting of CKD and renal replacement therapy. The evidence suggests that protein thiols, S-thiolated proteins, and the protein thiolation index are promising biomarkers of reversible oxidative stress that could be included in the routine monitoring of CKD and ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lisa Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Finazzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Marta Calatroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Landoni
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
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3
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Nielsen MB, Jespersen B, Birn H, Krogstrup NV, Bourgonje AR, Leuvenink HGD, van Goor H, Nørregaard R. Elevated plasma free thiols are associated with early and one-year graft function in renal transplant recipients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255930. [PMID: 34379701 PMCID: PMC8357095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced free thiols in plasma are indicative of oxidative stress, which is an important contributor to ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in kidney transplantation leading to kidney damage and possibly delayed graft function (DGF). In a post-hoc, exploratory analysis of the randomised controlled CONTEXT trial, we investigated whether higher (i.e. less oxidised) plasma levels of free thiols as a biomarker of reduced oxidative stress are associated with a better initial graft function or a higher GFR. Methods Free thiol levels were measured in plasma at baseline, 30 and 90 minutes after reperfusion of the kidney as well as at Day 1, Day 5 and twelve months after kidney transplantation in 217 patients from the CONTEXT study. Free thiol levels were compared to the kidney graft function measured as the estimated time to a 50% reduction in plasma creatinine (tCr50), the risk of DGF and measured GFR (mGFR) at Day 5 and twelve months after transplantation. Results Higher levels of free thiols at Day 1 and Day 5 are associated with higher mGFR at Day 5 (p<0.001, r2adj. = 0.16; p<0.001, r2adj. = 0.25), as well as with mGFR at twelve months (p<0.001, r2adj. = 0.20; p<0.001, r2adj. = 0.16). However, plasma levels of free thiols at 30 minutes and 90 minutes, but not Day 1, were significantly higher among patients experiencing DGF. Conclusion Higher levels of plasma free thiols at Day 1 and Day 5, which are reflective of lower levels of oxidative stress, are associated with better early and late graft function in recipients of a kidney graft from deceased donors. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01395719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie B. Nielsen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicoline V. Krogstrup
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Arno R. Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henri G. D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HVG); (RN)
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HVG); (RN)
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Giustarini D, Santucci A, Bartolini D, Galli F, Rossi R. The age-dependent decline of the extracellular thiol-disulfide balance and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101902. [PMID: 33662873 PMCID: PMC7889000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome. The risk of severe manifestations and mortality characteristically increase in the elderly and in the presence of non-COVID-19 comorbidity. We and others previously demonstrated that the low molecular weight (LMW) and protein thiol/disulfide ratio declines in human plasma with age and such decline is even more rapid in the case of inflammatory and premature aging diseases, which are also associated with the most severe complications of COVID-19 infection. The same decline with age of the LMW thiol/disulfide ratio observed in plasma appears to occur in the extracellular fluids of the respiratory tract and in association with many pulmonary diseases that characteristically reduce the concentrations and adaptive stress response of the lung glutathione. Early evidence in literature suggests that the thiol to disulfide balance of critical Cys residues of the COVID-19 spike protein and the ACE-2 receptor may influence the risk of infection and the severity of the disease, with a more oxidizing environment producing the worst prognosis. With this hypothesis paper we propose that the age-dependent decline of LMW thiol/disulfide ratio of the extracellular fluids, could play a role in promoting the physical (protein-protein) interaction of CoV-2 and the host cell in the airways. Therefore, this redox-dependent interaction is expected to affect the risk of severe infection in an age-dependent manner. The hypothesis can be verified in experimental models of in vitro CoV-2 infection and at the clinical level in that LMW thiols and protein thiolation can now be investigated with standardized, reliable and versatile laboratory protocols. Presenting the verification strategy of our hypothesis, we also discuss available nutritional and ancillary pharmacological strategies to intervene on the thiol/disulfide ratio of extracellular fluids of subjects at risk of infection and COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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5
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Spiga O, Cicaloni V, Dimitri GM, Pettini F, Braconi D, Bernini A, Santucci A. Machine learning application for patient stratification and phenotype/genotype investigation in a rare disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6127149. [PMID: 33538294 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU, OMIM: 203500) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene. A lack of standardized data, information and methodologies to assess disease severity and progression represents a common complication in ultra-rare disorders like AKU. This is the reason why we developed a comprehensive tool, called ApreciseKUre, able to collect AKU patients deriving data, to analyse the complex network among genotypic and phenotypic information and to get new insight in such multi-systemic disease. By taking advantage of the dataset, containing the highest number of AKU patient ever considered, it is possible to apply more sophisticated computational methods (such as machine learning) to achieve a first AKU patient stratification based on phenotypic and genotypic data in a typical precision medicine perspective. Thanks to our sufficiently populated and organized dataset, it is possible, for the first time, to extensively explore the phenotype-genotype relationships unknown so far. This proof of principle study for rare diseases confirms the importance of a dedicated database, allowing data management and analysis and can be used to tailor treatments for every patient in a more effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | | | - Giovanna Maria Dimitri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, ITALY
| | | | - Daniela Braconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
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6
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Protein thiolation index in microvolumes of plasma. Anal Biochem 2021; 618:114125. [PMID: 33524411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein Thiolation Index (PTI) has been recently proposed as a new biomarker of oxidative stress. It is calculated by measuring both free thiols and S-thiolated proteins in plasma with the assumption that this redox ratio is altered by a pro-oxidant stimulus. Here the original protocol was modified and adapted to the use of microvolumes of blood collected by finger prick and down to 3 μl blood was shown to be the lowest volume suitable for this kind of analysis. The new procedure was used to evaluate both the circadian rhythm and the annual fluctuations of PTI in healthy humans.
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7
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Simić T. Significance of thiol-disulfide balance in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/mp72-32874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the molecular mechanisms regarding interaction of different viruses with receptors on the host cell surface have shown that the viral entry depends on the specific relationship between free thiol (SH) groups and disulfides on the virus surface, as well as the thiol disulfide balance on the host cell surface. The presence of oxidizing compounds or alkylating agents, which disturb the thiol-disulfide balance on the surface of the virus, can also affect its infectious potential. Disturbed thiol-disulfide balance may also influence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 protein S and ACE2 receptors of the host cell. This review presents the basic mechanisms of maintaining intracellular and extracellular thiol disulfide balance and previous experimental and clinical evidence in favor of impaired balance in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides, the results of the clinical application or experimental analysis of compounds that induce changes in the thiol disulfide balance towards reduction of disulfide bridges in proteins of interest in COVID-19 infection are presented.
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8
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Pazó-Sayós L, González MC, Quintana-Villamandos B. Inhibition of the NFATc4/ERK/AKT Pathway and Improvement of Thiol-Specific Oxidative Stress by Dronedarone Possibly Secondary to the Reduction of Blood Pressure in an Animal Model of Ventricular Hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:967. [PMID: 32982770 PMCID: PMC7479650 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated chronic hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy, which is related to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Dronedarone is an antiarrhythmic agent recently approved for atrial fibrillation. Our group previously demonstrated that dronedarone produced an early regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after 14 days of treatment in an experimental study. In this study, we analyze the possible mechanisms responsible for this effect. Ten-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs, n = 16) were randomly divided into therapy groups: SHR-D, which received dronedarone, and hypertensive controls, SHR, which received saline. Ten-month-old male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY, n = 8), which also received a saline solution, were selected as normotensive controls. After 14 days of treatment, echocardiographic measurements of the left ventricle were performed, blood samples were collected for thiol-specific oxidative stress analysis, and the left ventricles were processed for western blot analysis. Dronedarone significantly lowered the left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness compared with the SHR control group, and no differences were observed between the SHR-D group and the WKY rats. Interestingly, the SHR-D group showed significantly decreased levels of nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 (p-NFATc4), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and protein kinase B (p-AKT) compared with the hypertensive controls without statistical differences when compared with the WKY rats. Moreover, the SHR control group showed elevated thiolated protein levels and protein thiolation index (PTI) compared with the WKY rats. After treatment with dronedarone, both parameters decreased with respect to the SHR control group until reaching similar levels to the WKY rats. Our study suggests that dronedarone produces inhibition of the NFATc4/ERK/AKT pathway and improvement of thiol-specific oxidative stress possibly secondary to the reduction of blood pressure in an animal model of ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Pazó-Sayós
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Quintana-Villamandos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Anethole Dithiolethione Increases Glutathione in Kidney by Inhibiting γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase: Biochemical Interpretation and Pharmacological Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3562972. [PMID: 33062138 PMCID: PMC7539083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3562972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims Anethole dithiolethione (ADT) is a marketed drug to treat xerostomia. Its mechanism of action is still unknown, but several preclinical studies indicate that it is able to increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) and protect against oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. Results Oral treatment of rats confirmed the GSH enhancing properties of ADT; among the different organs examined in this study, only the kidney showed a significant GSH increase that was already observed at low-dose treatments. The increase in GSH correlated with a decrease in γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activity of the different tissues. In vitro and ex vivo experiments with tubular renal cells and isolated perfused rat kidney showed that the cellular uptake of intact GSH was correlated with the extracellular concentrations of GSH. Conclusion s. The prominent in vivopharmacological effect of ADT was a marked increase of GSH concentration in the kidney and a decrease of some systemic and renal biomarkers of oxidative stress. In particular, by inhibition of γ-GT activity, it decreased the production cysteinylglycine, a thiol that has prooxidant effects as the consequence of its autooxidation. The activity of ADT as GSH enhancer in both the circulation and the kidney was long-lasting. All these characteristics make ADT a promising drug to protect the kidney, and in particular proximal tubule cells, from xenobiotic-induced damage.
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10
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Quintana-Villamandos B, Pazó-Sayós L, González Del Pozo I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Bellón JM, Pedraz-Prieto Á, Pinto ÁG, González MC. OXY-SCORE: a new perspective for left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320936417. [PMID: 32647560 PMCID: PMC7328060 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320936417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A recently developed global indicator of oxidative stress (OXY-SCORE), by
combining individual plasma biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant
capacity, has been validated in several pathologies, but not in left
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The aim of this study was to design and
calculate a plasma oxidative stress global index for patients with LVH. Methods: A total of 70 consecutive adult patients were recruited in our institution
and assigned to one of the two study groups (control group/LVH group) by an
echocardiography study. We evaluated plasmatic biomarkers of oxidative
damage (malondialdehyde and thiolated proteins) and antioxidant defense
(total thiols, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, catalase,
and superoxide dismutase activities) by spectrophotometry/fluorimetry in
order to calculate a plasma oxidative stress global index (OXY-SCORE) in
relation to LVH. Results: The OXY-SCORE exhibited a highly significant difference between the groups
(p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve was 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62–0.85;
p < 0.001). At a cut-off value of −1, the 68.6%
sensitivity and 68.6% specificity values suggest that OXY-SCORE could be
used to screen for LVH. A multivariable logistic regression model showed a
positive association (p = 0.001) between OXY-SCORE and LVH
[odds ratio = 0.55 (95% CI, 0.39–0.79)], independent of gender, age,
smoking, glucose, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, dyslipidemia,
estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, and valvular/coronary
disease. Conclusion: OXY-SCORE could help in the diagnosis of LVH and could be used to monitor
treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Quintana-Villamandos
- Department of Anesthesiology Hospital Gregorio Marañón. C/, Doctor Esquerdo Nº 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Pazó-Sayós
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose María Bellón
- Department Statistics, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel G Pinto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Liu L, Cui H, Xu Y. Quantitative Estimation of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Tissue Cells Through Gene Expression Data Analyses. Front Genet 2020; 11:494. [PMID: 32528526 PMCID: PMC7263278 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the intracellular oxidative stress level is a very important problem since it is the basis for elucidation of the fundamental causes of metabolic changes in diseased human cells, particularly cancer. However, the problem proves to be very challenging to solve in vivo because of the complex nature of the problem. Here a computational method is presented for predicting the quantitative level of the intracellular oxidative stress in cancer tissue cells. The basic premise of the predictor is that the genomic mutation level is strongly associated with the intracellular oxidative stress level. Based on this, a statistical analysis is conducted to identify a set of enzyme-encoding genes, whose combined expression levels can well explain the mutation rates in individual cancer tissues in the TCGA database. We have assessed the validity of the predictor by assessing it against genes that are known to have anti-oxidative functions for specific types of oxidative stressors. Then the applications of the predictor are conducted to illustrate its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Haining Cui
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Cancer Systems Biology Center, The China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Spiga O, Cicaloni V, Fiorini C, Trezza A, Visibelli A, Millucci L, Bernardini G, Bernini A, Marzocchi B, Braconi D, Prischi F, Santucci A. Machine learning application for development of a data-driven predictive model able to investigate quality of life scores in a rare disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:46. [PMID: 32050984 PMCID: PMC7017449 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene. One of the main obstacles in studying AKU, and other ultra-rare diseases, is the lack of a standardized methodology to assess disease severity or response to treatment. Quality of Life scores (QoL) are a reliable way to monitor patients’ clinical condition and health status. QoL scores allow to monitor the evolution of diseases and assess the suitability of treatments by taking into account patients’ symptoms, general health status and care satisfaction. However, more comprehensive tools to study a complex and multi-systemic disease like AKU are needed. In this study, a Machine Learning (ML) approach was implemented with the aim to perform a prediction of QoL scores based on clinical data deposited in the ApreciseKUre, an AKU- dedicated database. Method Data derived from 129 AKU patients have been firstly examined through a preliminary statistical analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient) to measure the linear correlation between 11 QoL scores. The variable importance in QoL scores prediction of 110 ApreciseKUre biomarkers has been then calculated using XGBoost, with K-nearest neighbours algorithm (k-NN) approach. Due to the limited number of data available, this model has been validated using surrogate data analysis. Results We identified a direct correlation of 6 (age, Serum Amyloid A, Chitotriosidase, Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, S-thiolated proteins and Body Mass Index) out of 110 biomarkers with the QoL health status, in particular with the KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) symptoms (Relative Absolute Error (RAE) 0.25). The error distribution of surrogate-model (RAE 0.38) was unequivocally higher than the true-model one (RAE of 0.25), confirming the consistency of our dataset. Our data showed that inflammation, oxidative stress, amyloidosis and lifestyle of patients correlates with the QoL scores for physical status, while no correlation between the biomarkers and patients’ mental health was present (RAE 1.1). Conclusions This proof of principle study for rare diseases confirms the importance of database, allowing data management and analysis, which can be used to predict more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Cicaloni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy.,Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Trezza
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Visibelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy.,UOC Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A., 53100, Siena, Italy
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13
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Cicaloni V, Spiga O, Dimitri GM, Maiocchi R, Millucci L, Giustarini D, Bernardini G, Bernini A, Marzocchi B, Braconi D, Santucci A. Interactive alkaptonuria database: investigating clinical data to improve patient care in a rare disease. FASEB J 2019; 33:12696-12703. [PMID: 31462106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901529r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an ultrarare autosomal recessive disorder (MIM 203500) that is caused byby a complex set of mutations in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenasegene and consequent accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA), causing a significant protein oxidation. A secondary form of amyloidosis was identified in AKU and related to high circulating serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, which are linked with inflammation and oxidative stress and might contribute to disease progression and patients' poor quality of life. Recently, we reported that inflammatory markers (SAA and chitotriosidase) and oxidative stress markers (protein thiolation index) might be disease activity markers in AKU. Thanks to an international network, we collected genotypic, phenotypic, and clinical data from more than 200 patients with AKU. These data are currently stored in our AKU database, named ApreciseKUre. In this work, we developed an algorithm able to make predictions about the oxidative status trend of each patient with AKU based on 55 predictors, namely circulating HGA, body mass index, total cholesterol, SAA, and chitotriosidase. Our general aim is to integrate the data of apparently heterogeneous patients with AKUAKU by using specific bioinformatics tools, in order to identify pivotal mechanisms involved in AKU for a preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine approach to AKU.-Cicaloni, V., Spiga, O., Dimitri, G. M., Maiocchi, R., Millucci, L., Giustarini, D., Bernardini, G., Bernini, A., Marzocchi, B., Braconi, D., Santucci, A. Interactive alkaptonuria database: investigating clinical data to improve patient care in a rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cicaloni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Rebecca Maiocchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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14
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Yaohui Wu, Jiang L, Ning G, Chu L, Liu W, Wang Y, Zhao Y. A Sensitive and Simple Impedance Sensing Strategy for Glutathione and Glutathione Reductase Activity Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Quintana-Villamandos B, González del Pozo I, Pazó-Sayós L, Bellón JM, Pedraz-Prieto Á, Pinto ÁG, Delgado-Baeza E. Plasma protein thiolation index (PTI) as a potential biomarker for left ventricular hypertrophy in humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216359. [PMID: 31067252 PMCID: PMC6505886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been associated with oxidative stress, although not with the protein thiolation index (PTI). This study explored the potential use of PTI as a biomarker of oxidative stress in patients with LVH. Methods We recruited 70 consecutive patients (n = 35 LVH and n = 35 non-LVH) based on an echocardiography study in our institution (left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area). Plasma levels of both S-thiolated protein and total thiols were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress by spectrophotometry, and PTI was calculated as the molar ratio between S-thiolated proteins and the total thiol concentration. Results Values for plasma S-thiolated proteins were higher in patients with LVH than in the control group (P = 0.01). There were no differences in total thiols between the LVH group and the control group. Finally, PTI was higher in patients with LVH than in the control group (P = 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63–0.86; P<0.001), sensitivity was 70.6%, and specificity was 68.6%, thus suggesting that PTI could be used to screen for LVH. A multivariable logistic regression model showed a positive association (P = 0.02) between PTI and LVH (OR = 1.24 [95% CI, 1.03–1.49]) independently of gender (OR = 3.39 [95% CI, 0.60–18.91]), age (OR = 1.03 [95% CI, 0.96–1.10]), smoking (OR = 5.15 [95% CI, 0.51–51.44]), glucose (OR = 0.99 [95% CI, 0.97–1.01]), systolic arterial pressure (OR = 1.10 [CI 1.03–1.17]), diastolic arterial pressure (OR = 0.94 [CI 0.87–1.02]), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.46 [95% CI, 0.25–8.55]), estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96–1.01]), body mass index (OR = 1.03 [95% CI, 0.90–1.10]), and valvular and/or coronary disease (OR = 5.27 [95% CI, 1.02–27.21]). Conclusions The present study suggests that PTI could be a new biomarker of oxidative stress in patients with LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Quintana-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Irene González del Pozo
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Pazó-Sayós
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Bellón
- Departamento de Estadística, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pedraz-Prieto
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel G. Pinto
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Delgado-Baeza
- Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Lionetti MC, Mutti F, Soldati E, Fumagalli MR, Coccé V, Colombo G, Astori E, Miani A, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Ciusani E, Costantini G, La Porta CAM. Sulforaphane Cannot Protect Human Fibroblasts From Repeated, Short and Sublethal Treatments with Hydrogen Peroxide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040657. [PMID: 30813396 PMCID: PMC6406632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A delicate balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exists inside the cell: when the mechanisms that control the level of ROS fail, the cell is in an oxidative stress state, a condition that can accelerate aging processes. To contrast the pro-aging effect of ROS, the supplementation of antioxidants has been recently proposed. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate isolated from Brassica plants that has been shown to modulate many critical factors inside the cells helping to counteract aging processes. In the present work, we exposed human dermal fibroblast to short, sublethal and repeated treatments with hydrogen peroxide for eight days, without or in combination with low concentration of SFN. Hydrogen peroxide treatments did not affect the oxidative status of the cells, without any significant change of the intracellular ROS levels or the number of mitochondria or thiols in total proteins. However, our regime promoted cell cycle progression and cell viability, increased the anti-apoptotic factor survivin and increased DNA damage, measured as number of foci positive for γ -H2AX. On the other hand, the treatment with SFN alone seemed to exert a protective effect, increasing the level of p53, which can block the expansion of possible DNA damaged cells. However, continued exposure to SFN at this concentration could not protect the cells from stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Lionetti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Federico Mutti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Erica Soldati
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Rita Fumagalli
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentina Coccé
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- SIMA, Societá Italiana di Medicina Ambientale, via Monte Leone 2, 20149 Milano, Italy.
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giulio Costantini
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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17
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Braconi D, Giustarini D, Marzocchi B, Peruzzi L, Margollicci M, Rossi R, Bernardini G, Millucci L, Gallagher JA, Le Quan Sang KH, Imrich R, Rovensky J, Al-Sbou M, Ranganath LR, Santucci A. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in alkaptonuria: data from the DevelopAKUre project. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1078-1086. [PMID: 29852277 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to assess baseline serum levels of established biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress in samples from alkaptonuric subjects enrolled in SONIA1 (n = 40) and SONIA2 (n = 138) clinical trials (DevelopAKUre project). METHODS Baseline serum levels of Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, CRP, cathepsin D (CATD), IL-1ra, and MMP-3 were determined through commercial ELISA assays. Chitotriosidase activity was assessed through a fluorimetric method. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) were determined by spectrophotometry. Thiols, S-thiolated proteins and Protein Thiolation Index (PTI) were determined by spectrophotometry and HPLC. Patients' quality of life was assessed through validated questionnaires. RESULTS We found that SAA serum levels were significantly increased compared to reference threshold in 57.5% and 86% of SONIA1 and SONIA2 samples, respectively. Similarly, chitotriosidase activity was above the reference threshold in half of SONIA2 samples, whereas CRP levels were increased only in a minority of samples. CATD, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MMP-3, AOPP, thiols, S-thiolated protein and PTI showed no statistically significant differences from control population. We provided evidence that alkaptonuric patients presenting with significantly higher SAA, chitotriosidase activity and PTI reported more often a decreased quality of life. This suggests that worsening of symptoms in alkaptonuria (AKU) is paralleled by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which might play a role in disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of SAA may be suggested in AKU to evaluate inflammation. Though further evidence is needed, SAA, chitotriosidase activity and PTI might be proposed as disease activity markers in AKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - D Giustarini
- Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - B Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy; UOC Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - L Peruzzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy; UOC Medicina Molecolare e Genetica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - M Margollicci
- UOC Medicina Molecolare e Genetica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - R Rossi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - G Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - L Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - J A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - R Imrich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Rovensky
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - M Al-Sbou
- Department of Pharmacology, Alkaptonuria Research Office, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah, Karak, Jordan.
| | - L R Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - A Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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18
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Plasma Protein Carbonylation in Haemodialysed Patients: Focus on Diabetes and Gender. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4149681. [PMID: 30057679 PMCID: PMC6051011 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4149681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis (HD) experience oxidative/carbonyl stress, which is postulated to increase after the HD session. The influence of diabetes mellitus and sex on oxidation of plasma proteins in ESRD has not yet been clarified despite that diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of ESRD in developed and developing countries and despite the increasingly emerging differences between males and females in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes for several diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the possible effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gender, and dialysis filter on plasma level of protein carbonyls (PCO) in ESRD patients at the beginning and at the end of a single HD session. Results show that mean post-HD plasma PCO levels are significantly higher than mean pre-HD plasma PCO levels and that the type of dialysis filter and dialysis technique are unrelated to plasma PCO levels. The mean level of plasma PCO after a HD session increases slightly but significantly in nondiabetic ESRD patients compared to diabetic ones, whereas it increases more markedly in women than in men. These novel findings suggest that women with ESRD are more susceptible than men to oxidative/carbonyl stress induced by HD.
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19
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Sutton TR, Minnion M, Barbarino F, Koster G, Fernandez BO, Cumpstey AF, Wischmann P, Madhani M, Frenneaux MP, Postle AD, Cortese-Krott MM, Feelisch M. A robust and versatile mass spectrometry platform for comprehensive assessment of the thiol redox metabolome. Redox Biol 2018; 16:359-380. [PMID: 29627744 PMCID: PMC5953223 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with perturbations in redox signaling and aberrant hydrogen sulfide metabolism, and numerous analytical methods exist for the measurement of the sulfur-containing species affected. However, uncertainty remains about their concentrations and speciation in cells/biofluids, perhaps in part due to differences in sample processing and detection principles. Using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry we here outline a specific and sensitive platform for the simultaneous measurement of 12 analytes, including total and free thiols, their disulfides and sulfide in complex biological matrices such as blood, saliva and urine. Total assay run time is < 10 min, enabling high-throughput analysis. Enhanced sensitivity and avoidance of artifactual thiol oxidation is achieved by taking advantage of the rapid reaction of sulfhydryl groups with N-ethylmaleimide. We optimized the analytical procedure for detection and separation conditions, linearity and precision including three stable isotope labelled standards. Its versatility for future more comprehensive coverage of the thiol redox metabolome was demonstrated by implementing additional analytes such as methanethiol, N-acetylcysteine, and coenzyme A. Apparent plasma sulfide concentrations were found to vary substantially with sample pretreatment and nature of the alkylating agent. In addition to protein binding in the form of mixed disulfides (S-thiolation) a significant fraction of aminothiols and sulfide appears to be also non-covalently associated with proteins. Methodological accuracy was tested by comparing the plasma redox status of 10 healthy human volunteers to a well-established protocol optimized for reduced/oxidized glutathione. In a proof-of-principle study a deeper analysis of the thiol redox metabolome including free reduced/oxidized as well as bound thiols and sulfide was performed. Additional determination of acid-labile sulfide/thiols was demonstrated in human blood cells, urine and saliva. Using this simplified mass spectrometry-based workflow the thiol redox metabolome can be determined in samples from clinical and translational studies, providing a novel prognostic/diagnostic platform for patient stratification, drug monitoring, and identification of new therapeutic approaches in redox diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Sutton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - F Barbarino
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Koster
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - B O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - A F Cumpstey
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - P Wischmann
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M P Frenneaux
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M M Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
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20
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Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Aloisi AM, Rossi R. Determination of protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of oxidative stress in human serum. Anal Biochem 2017; 538:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Comparative proteomics in alkaptonuria provides insights into inflammation and oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:271-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Colombo G, Reggiani F, Podestà MA, Garavaglia ML, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Badalamenti S, Dalle-Donne I. Plasma protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of thiol-specific oxidative stress in haemodialyzed patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:443-51. [PMID: 26453922 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), which occurs at significantly higher levels than in the general population, is often underestimated in clinical practice. Emerging evidence highlights the strong correlation of oxidative stress with chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease, which are highly prevalent in most patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) and are a major risk factor for mortality in this population. In this study, total plasma thiols and plasma S-thiolated proteins were measured in patients with ESRD, before and after a regular HD session, and compared to age-matched healthy subjects. We found a significant decrease in the level of total plasma thiols and, conversely, a significant increase in the level of S-thiolated proteins in these patients. In most patients, post-HD plasma level of total thiols did not differ from the one in healthy subjects, whereas plasma level of S-thiolated proteins was lower in HD patients than in age-matched healthy controls. This suggests that a single HD session restores plasma thiol redox status and re-establishes the antioxidant capacity of plasma thiols. Additionally, we determined protein thiolation index (PTI), i.e., the molar ratio between the sum of all low molecular mass thiols bound to S-thiolated plasma proteins and protein free cysteinyl residues. Patients with ESRD had a significantly higher PTI compared to age-matched healthy subjects and HD was associated with a decrease in PTI to normal, or lower than normal, levels. Although this study is limited in size, our results suggest that PTI is a useful indicator of thiol-specific oxidative stress in patients with ESRD on maintenance HD. This study also emphasizes that PTI determination is a cheap and simple tool suitable for large-scale clinical studies that could be used for routine screening of thiol-specific oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Nephrology Unit, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel A Podestà
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Nephrology Unit, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicola M Portinaro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Braconi D, Millucci L, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Oxidative stress and mechanisms of ochronosis in alkaptonuria. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:70-80. [PMID: 25733348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare metabolic disease due to a deficient activity of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), involved in Phe and Tyr catabolism. Due to such a deficiency, AKU patients undergo accumulation of the metabolite homogentisic acid (HGA), which is prone to oxidation/polymerization reactions causing the production of a melanin-like pigment. Once the pigment is deposited onto connective tissues (mainly in joints, spine, and cardiac valves), a classical bluish-brown discoloration is imparted, leading to a phenomenon known as "ochronosis", the hallmark of AKU. A clarification of the molecular mechanisms for the production and deposition of the ochronotic pigment in AKU started only recently with a range of in vitro and ex vivo human models used for the study of HGA-induced effects. Thanks to redox-proteomic analyses, it was found that HGA could induce significant oxidation of a number of serum and chondrocyte proteins. Further investigations allowed highlighting how HGA-induced proteome alteration, lipid peroxidation, thiol depletion, and amyloid production could contribute to oxidative stress generation and protein oxidation in AKU. This review briefly summarizes the most recent findings on HGA-induced oxidative stress in AKU, helping in the clarification of the molecular mechanisms of ochronosis and potentially providing the basis for its pharmacological treatment. Future work should be undertaken in order to validate in vivo the results so far obtained in in vitro AKU models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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25
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Millucci L, Braconi D, Bernardini G, Lupetti P, Rovensky J, Ranganath L, Santucci A. Amyloidosis in alkaptonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:797-805. [PMID: 25868666 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an ultra-rare inborn error of metabolism developed from the lack of homogentisic acid oxidase activity, causing homogentisic acid (HGA) accumulation that produces an HGA-melanin ochronotic pigment, of hitherto unknown composition. Besides the accumulation of HGA, the potential role and presence of unidentified proteins has been hypothesized as additional causal factors involved in ochronotic pigment deposition. Evidence has been provided on the presence of serum amyloid A (SAA) in several AKU tissues, which allowed classifying AKU as a novel secondary amyloidosis. In this paper, we will briefly review all direct and indirect lines of evidence related to the presence of amyloidosis in AKU. We also report the first data on abnormal SAA serum levels in a cohort of AKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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26
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Fanti P, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Cunningham SED, Folli F, Khazim K, Cornell J, Matteucci E, Bansal S. Dietary Intake of Proteins and Calories Is Inversely Associated With The Oxidation State of Plasma Thiols in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. J Ren Nutr 2015; 25:494-503. [PMID: 26235932 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of protein-energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, but knowledge of specific effectors and mechanisms remains fragmented. Aim of the study was to define whether and how food intake is involved in the causal relationship between oxidative stress and protein-energy wasting. METHODS Seventy-one adult MHD patients and 24 healthy subjects (control) were studied cross-sectionally with analyses of diet record and of oxidative stress, as measured by a battery of plasma thiols including the protein sulfhydryl (-SH) group (PSH) levels (a marker of total protein-SH reducing capacity), the protein thiolation index (PTI, the ratio between disulfide, i.e., oxidized and reduced -SH groups in proteins), low molecular mass (LMM) thiols, LMM disulfides, and mixed LMM-protein disulfides. In addition, interleukin-6 (IL-6), albumin, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured as markers of inflammation. RESULTS The patients showed low energy (22.0 ± 8.4 kcal/kg/day) and adequate protein (1.0 ± 0.4 g/kg/day) intakes, high levels of cystine (CySS; patients vs. CONTROL 113.5 [90.9-132.8] vs. 68.2 [56.2-75.7] μM), cysteinylated proteins (CySSP; 216.0 [182.8-254.0] vs. 163.5 [150.0-195.5] μM), and high PTI (0.76 [0.61-0.88] vs. 0.43 [0.40-0.54]; P < .001 in all comparisons). In patients, variation of CySSP was explained by a standard regression model (R = 0.775; P = .00001) that included significant contributions of protein intake (β = -0.361), NGAL (β = 0.387), age (β = 0.295), and albumin (β = 0.457). In the same model, variation of PTI (R = 0.624; P = .01) was explained by protein intake (β = -0.384) and age (β = 0.326) and NGAL (β = 0.311). However, when PSH was entered as dependent variable (R = 0.730; P = .0001), only serum albumin (β = 0.495) and age (β = -0.280), but not dietary intake or NGAL, contributed to the model. CONCLUSIONS In MHD, markers of thiol oxidation including CySSP and PTI show independent association with dietary intake and NGAL, whereas PSH, a marker of thiol-reducing capacity, did not associate with these same variables. The mechanism(s) responsible for inverse association between oxidative stress and food intake in MHD remain undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Renal Section Medicine Service, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sue E D Cunningham
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Khaled Khazim
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel
| | - John Cornell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Shweta Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Kaschula CH, Hunter R, Cotton J, Tuveri R, Ngarande E, Dzobo K, Schäfer G, Siyo V, Lang D, Kusza DA, Davies B, Katz AA, Parker MI. The garlic compound ajoene targets protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum of cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H. Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Rossana Tuveri
- Department of Biomedical Science; University of Cagliari; Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Ellen Ngarande
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- MRC/UCT Receptor Biology Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Vuyolwethu Siyo
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Physiology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Daniel A. Kusza
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Bronwen Davies
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Arieh A. Katz
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- MRC/UCT Receptor Biology Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - M. Iqbal Parker
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Cape Town South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
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28
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Borowczyk K, Wyszczelska-Rokiel M, Kubalczyk P, Głowacki R. Simultaneous determination of albumin and low-molecular-mass thiols in plasma by HPLC with UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 981-982:57-64. [PMID: 25612564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a simple and robust HPLC based method for determination of total low- and high-molecular-mass thiols, protein S-linked thiols and reduced albumin in plasma. The method is based on derivatization of analytes with 2-chloro-1-methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate, separation and quantification by reversed-phase liquid chromatography followed by UV detection. Disulfides were converted to their thiol counterparts by reductive cleavage with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Linearity in detector response for total thiols was observed over the range of 1-40 μmol L(-1) for Hcy and glutathione (GSH), 5-100 μmol L(-1) for Cys-Gly, 20-300 μmol L(-1) for Cys and 3.1-37.5 μmol L(-1) (0.2-2.4gL(-1)) for human serum albumin (HSA). For the protein S-bound forms these values were as follows: 0.5-30 μmol L(-1) for Hcy and GSH, 2.5-60 μmol L(-1) for Cys-Gly and 5-200 μmol L(-1) for Cys. The LOQs for total HSA, Cys, Hcy, Cys-Gly and GSH were 0.5, 0.2, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.4 μmol L(-1), respectively. The estimated validation parameters for all analytes are more than sufficient to allow the analytical method to be used for monitoring of the total and protein bound thiols as well as redox status of HSA in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- University of Łódź, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Wyszczelska-Rokiel
- University of Łódź, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubalczyk
- University of Łódź, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- University of Łódź, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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29
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Grintzalis K, Papapostolou I, Zisimopoulos D, Stamatiou I, Georgiou CD. Multiparametric protocol for the determination of thiol redox state in living matter. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:85-98. [PMID: 24996203 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox state (TRS) evaluation is mostly restricted to the estimation of GSH and GSSG. However, these TRS parameters can estimate the GSSG/GSH potential, which might be useful for indicating abnormalities in redox metabolism. Nonetheless, evaluation of the multiparameric nature of TRS is required for a more accurate assessment of its physiological role. The present protocol extends the partial assessment of TRS by current methodologies. It measures 15 key parameters of TRS by two modular subprotocols: one for the glutathione (GSH)- and cysteine (CSH)-based nonprotein (NP) thiols/mixed disulfides (i.e., GSH, GSSG, GSSNP, CSH, CSSNP, NPSH, NPSSNP, NP(x)SH(NPSSNP), NP(x)SH(NPSH)), and the other for their protein (P) thiols/mixed disulfides (i.e., PSH, PSSG, PSSC, PSSNP, PSSP, NP(x)SH(PSSNP)). The protocol eliminates autoxidation of GSH and CSH (and thus overestimation of GSSG and CSSNP). Its modularity allows the determination GSH and GSSG also by other published specific assays. The protocol uses three assays; two are based on the photometric reagents 4,4'-dithiopyridine (DTP) and ninhydrin (NHD), and the third on the fluorometric reagent o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT). The initial assays employing these reagents have been extensively modified and redesigned for increased specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. TRS parameter values and their standard errors are estimated automatically by sets of Excel-adapted algebraic equations. Protocol sensitivity for NPSH, PSH, NPSSNP, PSSP, PSSNP, CSH, CSSNP, PSSC, NP(x)SH(NPSSNP), and NP(x)SH(NPSH) is 1 nmol -SH/CSH, for GSSNP 0.2 nmol, for GSH and GSSG 0.4 nmol, and for PSSG 0.6 nmol. The protocol was applied on human plasma, a sample of high clinical value, and can be also applied in any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Grintzalis
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Papapostolou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Zisimopoulos
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Irene Stamatiou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Christos D Georgiou
- Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Braconi D, Millucci L, Ghezzi L, Santucci A. Redox proteomics gives insights into the role of oxidative stress in alkaptonuria. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:521-35. [PMID: 24206226 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2013.858020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an ultra-rare metabolic disorder of the catabolic pathway of tyrosine and phenylalanine that has been poorly characterized at molecular level. As a genetic disease, AKU is present at birth, but its most severe manifestations are delayed due to the deposition of a dark-brown pigment (ochronosis) in connective tissues. The reasons for such a delayed manifestation have not been clarified yet, though several lines of evidence suggest that the metabolite accumulated in AKU sufferers (homogentisic acid) is prone to auto-oxidation and induction of oxidative stress. The clarification of the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of AKU would allow a better understanding of the disease, help find a cure for AKU and provide a model for more common rheumatic diseases. With this aim, we have shown how proteomics and redox proteomics might successfully overcome the difficulties of studying a rare disease such as AKU and the limitations of the hitherto adopted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via Fiorentina 1, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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31
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Giustarini D, Fanti P, Sparatore A, Matteucci E, Rossi R. Anethole dithiolethione lowers the homocysteine and raises the glutathione levels in solid tissues and plasma of rats: a novel non-vitamin homocysteine-lowering agent. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:246-54. [PMID: 24637238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High homocysteine (Hcys) levels are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and of other chronic conditions. Failure of B vitamins to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events while lowering the Hcys levels, has prompted the search for alternative treatments. We tested the ability of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) to lower the Hcys levels in rats and we explored possible underlying mechanisms. Parenteral administration of 10mg/kg ADT to normal rats for 3 days lowered the Hcys levels between 51.4% and 31.5% in kidneys, liver, testis and plasma. Concomitantly, glutathione (GSH) increased between 112% and 28% in kidneys, brain, liver and plasma whereas protein thiolation index decreased 30%. In hyperhomocysteinemic rats, the plasma Hcys levels dropped 70% following a single ip injection of 10mg/kg ADT, while they decreased 55% following oral administration of 2mg/kg/day ADT for one week. Significant additive effects occurred when sub-therapeutic doses of ADT and folic acid were used in combination. To test the possible mechanism(s) of these actions, we perfused isolated rat livers and kidneys with albumin-bound Hcys, the prevalent form of plasma Hcys, and physiological thiols and disulfides at different ratios. In both organ preparations, the elimination rate of albumin-bound Hcys was progressively faster as the amount of reduced thiols was increased in the perfusate. These findings indicate that ADT shifts the redox ratio of GSH and other thiols with their oxidized forms toward the reduced forms, thus favoring the dissociation of albumin-bound Hcys and its transfer to renal and hepatic cells for further processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Matteucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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32
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Galli F, Piroddi M, Bartolini D, Ciffolilli S, Buoncristiani E, Ricci G, Buoncristiani U. Blood thiol status and erythrocyte glutathione-S-transferase in chronic kidney disease patients on treatment with frequent (daily) hemodialysis. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:273-81. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.861901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Improving the reliability of human serum albumin-thiol group determination. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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