Development and validation of an analytical method for detecting chlorantraniliprole residues in fresh tea leaves

A recyclable and durable azo-linked porous organic polymer for fast enrichment and sensitive detection of diamide insecticides in environmental and food samples

Trace detection of diamine insecticides is highly desirable for ensuring food security. Herein, a diazo-linked magnetic porous organic polymer (M-DG-POP) was synthesized by azo coupling of 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl and genistein. M-DG-POP displayed high adsorption ability for diamines. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm and adsorption mechanism were explored to unevil the adsorption behavior. With M-DG-POP as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to detect diamines. The linear range was 0.20-100 ng mL-1 for water, 8.00-1000 ng g-1 for cucumber, and 10.0-1000 ng g-1 for rice samples. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.06-0.20 ng mL-1 for water, 2.60-11.0 ng g-1 for cucumber, and 3.20-5.00 ng g-1 for rice, respectively. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 80.7-119.5 % with RSD ≤ 9.6 %. This work not only delineates a promising method for adsorbing/detecting trace diamines, but also offers a pathway for constructing green sorbent.

Development and validation of a combined QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS method for trace analysis of ten diamide insecticides in agricultural products

Diamide insecticides are being widely registered worldwide, yet most of them lack established maximum residue limits (MRLs) in agricultural products. In this study, we combined a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe) extraction method with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis to simultaneously identify and quantify ten diamide insecticides in seven matrices for the first time. The method was validated in accordance with SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines, including sensitivity, linearity, trueness, and precision. Excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99) was obtained for all diamide insecticides within the concentration range of 5-1000 µg kg-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01-1 µg kg-1 and 5 µg kg-1, respectively. The recoveries of the ten diamide insecticides at three levels (5, 100, and 1000 µg kg-1) ranged from 76.6% to 108.2% with good intra-day relative standard deviation (RSDr) (1.0-13.4%) and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSDR) (2.3-15.7%). The proposed method was applied to analyze 70 real agricultural product samples, and only six samples contained diamide insecticides. The results demonstrated that the method was both convenient and reliable for detecting diamide insecticides in agricultural products. The method was then applied to analyze agricultural product samples collected in a field trial to estimate the MRLs for the next step.

Covalent organic frameworks hybridized polymeric high internal phase emulsions with amphiphilicity for extraction of trace bisamide insecticides in food samples

Polymeric high internal phase emulsions decorated with covalent organic frameworks (polyHIPEs-COFs) were synthesized and used as the sorbent for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Pickering high internal phase emulsions stabilized by covalent organic frameworks solid particles and liquid surfactants (Span80 and polyvinylpyrrolidone) endow the composites with open-cell structures and superwettability. The amphiphilicity and open-cell structures enable rapid adsorption and desorption for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, and the solid-phase extraction process can be completed in 5 min. The adsorption efficiencies of polyHIPEs-COFs for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole are above 85.19%, but lower than 10% for fenvalerate, anti-aphid, and chlorpyrifos, demonstrating the good adsorption selectivity for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The adsorption efficiencies of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole using a same polyHIPEs-COFs and five different batches of polyHIPEs-COFs range from 94.25 to 100.00%, revealing the good reproducibility of the sorbent. In addition, the polyHIPEs-COF-based solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed for determination of bisamide insecticides in vegetable (eggplants, tomatoes, and peppers) samples. Results showed that the method was feasible to determine the cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole in real vegetable samples with a linear range of 0.012-1.2 μg/kg and limits of detection of 0.0075-0.0090 μg/kg. The recoveries of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole spiked in vegetable samples ranged from 85.00 to 100.00% with relative standard deviations less than 3.52%. The study indicates the feasibility of amphiphilic polyHIPEs-COFs in extraction and enrichment of bisamide insecticides from vegetable samples for HPLC-UV analysis.

Characterization and potential health benefits of millet flour and banana peel mixtures on rats fed with a high-fat diet

Millet (M) and banana peel (Bp) possess significant nutritional qualities and have been shown to reduce obesity resulting from a high-fat diet (HFD). The present research assessed the effect of millet flour and banana peel mixtures on lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions, and characterized food products derived from these mixtures. Thirty-five male albino rats were allocated into five groups for a biochemical analysis. The control group (n = 7) received a basal diet, while the remaining 28 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce obesity. These rats were then separated into four sub-groups (n = 7 each): sub-group 1 as the positive control (+ve) receiving only HFD, while sub-groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered HFD supplemented with millet flour and banana peel mixtures (M90+Bp10 %, M80+Bp20 %, and M70+Bp30 %), respectively for an additional 8 weeks. The chemical composition analysis showed that banana peel (Bp) has higher levels of fat, ash, fiber, magnesium, and potassium, while millet flour is richer in carbohydrates. Bp also had superior antioxidant activity and total phenol content (13.32 % and 10.54 mg/100g) compared to millet flour (3.75 % and 4.55 mg/100g). Biochemical tests on the HFD plus (M70+Bp30 %) group revealed improved lipid profiles, leptin, antioxidant enzymes, and kidney and liver functions. Glucose levels were higher in the HFD group (137.33 mg/dl) than in the control (85.70 mg/dl), but these levels were reduced with millet and banana peel treatment. The histology of liver tissues confirmed the biochemical results. Sensory evaluation of pancakes and toast from the (M70+Bp30 %) mixture by forty panelists showed high acceptability, aligning with the biochemical outcomes. This study suggests that a banana peel and millet flour mixture could help reduce obesity.

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers integrated ionic liquids for targeted detecting diamide insecticides in environmental water by HPLC-UV following MSPE

Efficiently detecting diamide insecticides in environmental water is challenging due to their low concentrations and complex matrix interferences. In this study, we developed ionic liquids (ILs)-incorporated magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (IL-MMIPs) for the detection of diamide insecticides, capitalizing on the advantages of ILs and quick magnetic separation through surface imprinting. Tetrachlorantraniliprole was used as the template, and a specific IL, 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([VEIm][PF6]), was employed as the functional monomer. Various synthesis conditions were investigated to optimize adsorption efficiency. The prepared IL-MMIPs were successfully employed as adsorbents in magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) to selectively extract, separate, and quantify three types of diamide insecticides from water samples using HPLC-UV detection. Under optimal conditions, the analytical method achieved low limits of detection (0.69 ng mL-1, 0.64 ng mL-1, 0.59 ng mL-1 for cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole and tetrachlorantraniliprole, respectively). The method also displayed a wide linear range (0.003-10 μg mL-1 for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, and 0.004-10 μg mL-1 for tetrachlorantraniliprole, respectively) with satisfactory coefficients (R2≥0.9996), and low relative standard deviation (RSD≤2.55%). Additionally, extraction recoveries fell within the range of 79.4%-109%. The results clearly demonstrate that IL-MMIPs exhibit exceptional recognition and rebinding capabilities. The developed IL-MMIPs-MSPE-HPLC-UV method is straightforward and rapid, making it suitable for the detection and analysis of three kinds of diamide insecticides in environmental water.

Assessing the impact of Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.): Residue dynamics, enzyme activities, and metabolite profiling

This study investigates the effects of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape through comprehensive pot experiments. Assessing CAP residue variations in soil and oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.), enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST), and differential metabolites, we unveil significant findings. The average CAP residue levels were 18.38-13.70 mg/kg in unplanted soil, 9.94-6.30 mg/kg in planted soil, and 0-4.18 mg/kg in oilseed rape samples, respectively. Soil microbial influences and systemic pesticide translocation into oilseed rape contribute to CAP residue variations. Under the influence of CAP stress, oilseed rape displays escalated enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST) and manifests 57 differential metabolites. Among these, 32 demonstrate considerable downregulation, mainly impacting amino acids and phenolic compounds, while 25 exhibit noteworthy overexpression, primarily affecting flavonoid compounds. This impact extends to 24 metabolic pathways, notably influencing amide biosynthesis, as well as arginine and proline metabolism. These findings underscore the discernible effects of CAP pesticide stress on oilseed rape.

A Rapid and Sensitive Gold Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Chlorantraniliprole in Agricultural and Environmental Samples

Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a new type of diamide insecticide that is mainly used to control lepidopteran pests. However, it has been proven to be hazardous to nontarget organisms, and the effects of its residues need to be monitored. In this study, five hybridoma cell lines were developed that produced anti-CAP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), of which the mAb originating from the cell line 5C5B9 showed the highest sensitivity and was used to develop a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (AuNP-LFIA) for CAP. The visible limit of detection of the AuNP-LFIA was 1.25 ng/mL, and the detection results were obtained in less than 10 min. The AuNP-LFIA showed no cross-reactivity for CAP analogs, except for tetraniliprole (50%) and cyclaniliprole (5%). In the detection of spiked and blind samples, the accuracy and reliability of the AuNP-LFIA were confirmed by a comparison with spiked concentrations and verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, this study provides the core reagents for establishing CAP immunoassays and a AuNP-LFIA for the detection of residual CAP.

Uncovering the Dissipation of Chlorantraniliprole in Tomatoes: Identifying Transformation Products (TPs) and Coformulants in Greenhouse and Laboratory Studies by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS

The present study addressed the dissipation of the insecticide chlorantraniliprole in tomatoes treated with Altacor 35 WG under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, as well as the identification of transformation products (TPs) and coformulants, performing suspect screening analysis. Analyses were performed by ultra-high-performance liquid and gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). In all cases, chlorantraniliprole was fitted to a biphasic kinetic model, with R² values greater than 0.99. Dissipation was noticeably faster in greenhouse studies, in which even 96% dissipation was achieved over 53 days. One TP, IN-F6L99, was tentatively identified in both greenhouse and laboratory studies and was semiquantified by using chlorantraniliprole as the analytical standard, yielding a top value of 354 μg/kg for laboratory studies, whereas values for greenhouse studies fell under the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Finally, a total of 15 volatile coformulants were identified by GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS.

Chlorantraniliprole in foods: Determination, dissipation and decontamination

Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is the first commercially available anthranilic diamide insecticide that targets ryanodine receptors. However, excessive use of CAP can lead to persistent contamination on treated foods and adverse effects on human wellness. The current review focuses on CAP residue analysis in foods by using chromatographic techniques. QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) is the most widely used sample preparation strategy and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is the predominant analytical method for various food matrices including vegetable, fruit, grain, fish and so on. Moreover, this review summarizes the dissipation pattern of CAP on foods and found it usually dissipates fast on plant in open-field environment. For decontamination, common culinary cleaning methods could effectively remove CAP from vegetables. Finally, some new directions are proposed for better advancement.

Optimization of an Analytical Method for Indoxacarb Residues in Fourteen Medicinal Herbs Using GC–μECD, GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS

Pesticide residue analysis in medicinal herbs is a challenging task because of the matrix effect and its influence on quantitative analysis despite the continuous development of several new analytical methods and instrumentations. In this study, a modified QuEChERS method was developed for the analysis of indoxacarb residue in medicinal herbs by using the conventional instrument, gas chromatography micro-electron-capture-detector (GC–μECD), and comparing it with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified using an NH2 cartridge. The optimized method efficiently removes the co-extractives and offered a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg−1. The GC–μECD analysis results of indoxacarb in seven medicinal herbs out of fourteen species at a fortification level of 0.01 mg kg−1 showed a recovery range of 79.7–117.6%, while the rest showed recovery > 120%. Similarly, the recovery of indoxacarb by GC and LC–MS/SM were 74.1–105.9 and 73.0–99.0%, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of <20%. Matrix effects for the majority of medicinal herbs analyzed by GC–MS/MS were >±20%. Whereas the results for LC–MS/MS were <20%, which was within the acceptable range according to the SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. Considering the performance of the method and alignment with the regulatory guidelines, LC–MS/MS is recommended for the analysis of indoxacarb in selected medicinal herbs.

Determination of 12 insect growth regulator residues in foods of different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and UPLC-MS/MS

An analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 insect growth regulators (IGRs) (buprofezin, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, flonicamid, tolfenpyrad, chlorantraniliprole, RH-5849, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, tebufenozide, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb) in foods collected from different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.5% formic acid, and different QuEChERS purification conditions were optimized for different matrixes (vegetable oil, fruit and tea). 12 IGRs were separated on a Plus C18 column, and detected by MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. Acceptable recoveries of IGRs in three different substrates (vegetable oil, tea and fruit) at three spiked levels were in the range of 65.47-95.17%, 80.55-110.15%, and 62.02-96.50%, respectively, with RSDs less than 11.58%. The method showed a good linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.9994) for all analytes in the range of 0.2-200 μg L-1. The LODs (S/N = 3) and LOQs (S/N = 10) of the method were 0.04-0.40 μg kg-1, and 0.13-1.24 μg kg-1, respectively. Owing to the advantages of simple operation, high accuracy and sensitivity, this method is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 12 IGRs in vegetable oil, tea and fruit.