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Scheifler M, Magnanou E, Sanchez-Brosseau S, Desdevises Y. Host-microbiota-parasite interactions in two wild sparid fish species, Diplodus annularis and Oblada melanura (Teleostei, Sparidae) over a year: a pilot study. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:340. [PMID: 37974095 PMCID: PMC10652623 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota in fish external mucus is mainly known for having a role in homeostasis and protection against pathogens, but recent evidence suggests it is also involved in the host-specificity of some ectoparasites. In this study, we investigated the influence of seasonality and environmental factors on both fish external microbiota and monogenean gill ectoparasites abundance and diversity and assessed the level of covariations between monogenean and bacterial communities across seasons. To do so, we assessed skin and gill microbiota of two sparid species, Oblada melanura and Diplodus annularis, over a year and collected their specific monogenean ectoparasites belonging to the Lamellodiscus genus. RESULTS Our results revealed that diversity and structure of skin and gill mucus microbiota were strongly affected by seasonality, mainly by the variations of temperature, with specific fish-associated bacterial taxa for each season. The diversity and abundance of parasites were also influenced by seasonality, with the abundance of some Lamellodiscus species significantly correlated to temperature. Numerous positive and negative correlations between the abundance of given bacterial genera and Lamellodiscus species were observed throughout the year, suggesting their differential interaction across seasons. CONCLUSIONS The present study is one of the first to demonstrate the influence of seasonality and related abiotic factors on fish external microbiota over a year. We further identified potential interactions between gill microbiota and parasite occurrence in wild fish populations, improving current knowledge and understanding of the establishment of host-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, F-66650, France.
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, F-66650, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez-Brosseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, F-66650, France
| | - Yves Desdevises
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, F-66650, France
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Kato G, Nakajima H, Suzuki K, Kanzawa Y, Nakayasu C, Taguchi K, Kurata O, Sano M. Decreased resistance to bacterial cold-water disease and excessive inflammatory response in ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis) reared at high water temperature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101491. [PMID: 36817479 PMCID: PMC9931725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Temporal elevation of water temperature positively affects immune activity and disease resistance in poikilothermic teleost fish. The ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, an important fish species for Japanese freshwater fisheries, is usually produced under higher water temperatures than the natural conditions to facilitate rapid growth. However, it has been reported that rearing fish at higher water temperatures inhibits the development of the thymus, suggesting that resistance to infectious diseases is reduced in ayu reared at higher water temperatures. Here, we show that decreased resistance to bacterial cold-water disease and excessive inflammatory responses occurred in ayu reared at 22°C compared with those reared at lower temperatures. Methods Ayu larvae were reared at 12°C, 15°C and 22°C for 77 days and fed 3% of their body weight. Thymus index and condition factor was calculated after the fish rearing. Then, ayu reared at the different temperatures were challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum and the fish were sampled for histopathology and gene expression analyses. Further, the fish were vaccinated with formalin-killed F. psychrophilum and continuously reared at the three different water temperatures. Serum antibody titer was determined by ELISA and cumulative mortality in each group was recorded after the bacterial challenge. Results Ayu reared at 22°C showed a significantly lower thymus index and higher condition factor than those reared at lower temperatures. Infiltrated leukocytes and many melanin pigments were frequently observed in the adipose tissues and spleens of ayu reared at 22°C, respectively, but not in those reared at 12°C. The gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in the spleen were significantly higher in the 22°C group than in the 12°C group. The cumulative survival rate after challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum was 51.7%, 40.0% and 13.3% in the 12°C, 15°C and 22°C groups, respectively. The relative percent survival values of vaccinated fish reared at 15°C and 22°C groups were lower than those reared at 12°C. Moreover, the specific antibody titer of the vaccinated fish was the lowest in the 22°C group and the highest in the 12°C group. Discussion These results suggest that rearing the fish under high water temperature causes excessive inflammatory responses similar to metabolic inflammation in human obesity, resulting in a decrease of disease resistance. In addition, thymic involution induced by higher water temperature probably leads the poor response to vaccination. The present study provides insights into the physiological and immunological changes of fish under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Kato
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, The Marine Faculty of Bioresources Phylum, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakajima
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, The Marine Faculty of Bioresources Phylum, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyuma Suzuki
- Gunma Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kanzawa
- Gunma Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | - Kosei Taguchi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medical Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kurata
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medical Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, The Marine Faculty of Bioresources Phylum, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Youssef HA, Ayoub HF, Soror EI, Matter AF. Virulence genes contributing to Aeromonas veronii pathogenicity in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus): approaching the development of live and inactivated vaccines. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 31:1253-1267. [PMID: 36439703 PMCID: PMC9676859 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-01023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate live and inactivated vaccines to Aeromonas veronii pathogenicity in Nile tilapia. Therefore, five well-identified Aeromonas veronii isolates, including A (HY1), A (HY2), A (HY3), A (HY4), and A (HY6) isolated from diseased Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), were used for vaccine preparation. Virulence genes detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and lethal dose determination were conducted. Nile tilapia, each with a body weight of 25 ± 0.5 g were divided into six experimental groups (each of 20): T1 group (control), fish were injected with saline as a negative control, T2 group (formalin-killed vaccine) for the A (HY2) strain, T3 group ( formalized killed vaccine) for the A (HY4), T4 group (autoclaved vaccine) for the A (HY2), T5 group (autoclaved vaccine) for A (HY4), and T6 (live vaccine) for A (HY1), triplicate. At the end of the immunization period, all groups were challenged by A. veronii, A (HY2). Blood samples were drawn 21 days post-immunization and 3 days after the challenge test for antibody titer assay. The results showed that the pathogenicity of strains A (HY2) and A (HY4) was the strongest, as the lethality rates (LR) were 100% and 90%, respectively, whereas the pathogenicity was moderate for strains A (HY3) and A (HY6) (LR 60% for each). A (AY1) was the weakest strain as no dead fish was found for this strain. The presence of alt, act, aerolysin, lipase, and fla genes as the main cause of the pathogenesis. The best protective efficacy was obtained from the live vaccine, A (HY1) with a protective rate of about 94.12% (relative percentage of survival, RPS), compared to autoclaved killed vaccines and formalin-killed vaccines. Based on immunoglobulin estimation (IgM) and RPS%, our data concluded that A (HY1) live vaccine had the best vaccine prophylactic effect against the highly pathogenic strain A(HY2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer A. Youssef
- Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, MoshtohorBenha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hala F. Ayoub
- Department of Fish Health and Management, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research (CLAR) Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbassa, Sharqia Egypt
| | - Eman I. Soror
- Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, MoshtohorBenha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Aya F. Matter
- Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, MoshtohorBenha University, Benha, Egypt
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Sughra F, Rahman MHU, Abbas F, Altaf I. Evaluation of three alum-precipitated Aeromonas hydrophila vaccines administered to Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Ctenopharyngodon idella: immunokinetics, immersion challenge and histopathology. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e249913. [PMID: 34550293 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.249913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of infectious disease outbreaks in carp species cultured in South Asian countries including Pakistan. This bacterium has gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics and robust preventive measures are necessary to control its spread. No prior use of fish vaccines has been reported in Pakistan. The present study aims to develop and evaluate inactivated vaccines against local strain of A. hydrophila in Pakistan with alum-precipitate as adjuvant. The immunogenic potential of vaccine was evaluated in two Indian major carps (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) and a Chinese carp (Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally followed by a challenge through immersion. Fish with an average age of 4-5 months were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups with three vaccine concentrations of 108, 109 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml and a control group. Fixed dose of 0.1ml was applied to each fish on 1st day and a booster dose at 15 days post-vaccination (DPV). Blood samples were collected on 14, 28, 35, 48 and 60 DPV to determine antibody titers in blood serum using compliment fixation test (CFT). Fish were challenged at 60 DPV with infectious A. hydrophila with 108 CFU/ml through immersion. Significantly higher levels of antibody titers were observed from 28 DPV in all vaccinated groups as compared to those in the control group. In challenge experiment the average RPS (relative percent survivability) was 71% for groups vaccinated with 109 and 1010 CFU/ml and 86% for 108 CFU/ml. Vaccine with 108 CFU/ml induced highest immune response followed by 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. The immune response of L. rohita and C. idella was better than that of C. mrigala. In general, normal histopathology was observed in different organs of vaccinated fish whereas minor deteriorative changes were found in fish vaccinated with higher concentrations of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sughra
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Hafeez-Ur Rahman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F Abbas
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Altaf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Quality Operations Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zanuzzo FS, Beemelmanns A, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. The Innate Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Is Not Negatively Affected by High Temperature and Moderate Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32536921 PMCID: PMC7268921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase water temperatures and decrease oxygen levels in freshwater and marine environments, however, there is conflicting information regarding the extent to which these conditions may impact the immune defenses of fish. In this study, Atlantic salmon were exposed to: (1) normoxia (100–110% air saturation) at 12°C; (2) an incremental temperature increase (1°C per week from 12 to 20°C), and then held at 20°C for an additional 4 weeks; and (3) “2” with the addition of moderate hypoxia (~65–75% air saturation). These conditions realistically reflect what farmed salmon in some locations are currently facing, and future conditions in Atlantic Canada and Europe, during the summer months. The salmon were sampled for the measurement of head kidney constitutive anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcript expression levels, and blood parameters of humoral immune function. Thereafter, they were injected with either the multi-valent vaccine Forte V II (contains both bacterial and viral antigens) or PBS (phosphate-buffer-saline), and the head kidney and blood of these fish were sampled at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection (HPI). Our results showed that: (1) neither high temperature, nor high temperature + moderate hypoxia, adversely affected respiratory burst, complement activity or lysozyme concentration; (2) the constitutive transcript expression levels of the anti-bacterial genes il1β, il8-a, cox2, hamp-a, stlr5-a, and irf7-b were up-regulated by high temperature; (3) while high temperature hastened the peak in transcript expression levels of most anti-bacterial genes by 6–12 h following V II injection, it did not affect the magnitude of changes in transcript expression; (4) anti-viral (viperin-b, mx-b, and isg15-a) transcript expression levels were either unaffected, or downregulated, by acclimation temperature or V II injection over the 48 HPI; and (5) hypoxia, in addition to high temperature, did not impact immune transcript expression. In conclusion, temperatures up to 20°C, and moderate hypoxia, do not impair the capacity of the Atlantic salmon's innate immune system to respond to bacterial antigens. These findings are surprising, and highlight the salmon's capacity to mount robust innate immune responses (i.e., similar to control fish under optimal conditions) under conditions approaching their upper thermal limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anne Beemelmanns
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Filipe JF, Herrera V, Curone G, Vigo D, Riva F. Floods, Hurricanes, and Other Catastrophes: A Challenge for the Immune System of Livestock and Other Animals. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 32083100 PMCID: PMC7004950 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change involves different dramatic phenomena including desertification and wildfires, severe storms such as hurricanes and blizzards, increased sea levels resulting in flooding coastal cities and rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The alteration of the climate in a specific region affects the life of indigenous animals and humans. The climate changes influence living beings both directly and indirectly. The immune system of animals dramatically suffers the climate instability, making animals more susceptible to infectious and not infectious diseases. Different species of livestock animals respond with similar mechanisms to global warming, but some of them are more susceptible depending on their age, metabolism, and genetic conditions. The selection and study of autochthonous species and breeds, more easily adapted to specific environmental conditions could be an interesting strategy to face livestock rearing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Herrera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Ferguson LV, Kortet R, Sinclair BJ. Eco-immunology in the cold: the role of immunity in shaping the overwintering survival of ectotherms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/13/jeb163873. [PMID: 29967267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on physiology mediates many of the challenges that ectotherms face under climate change. Ectotherm immunity is thermally sensitive and, as such, environmental change is likely to have complex effects on survival, disease resistance and transmission. The effects of temperature on immunity will be particularly profound in winter because cold and overwintering are important triggers and regulators of ectotherm immune activity. Low temperatures can both suppress and activate immune responses independent of parasites, which suggests that temperature not only affects the rate of immune responses but also provides information that allows overwintering ectotherms to balance investment in immunity and other physiological processes that underlie winter survival. Changing winter temperatures are now shifting ectotherm immunity, as well as the demand for energy conservation and protection against parasites. Whether an ectotherm can survive the winter will thus depend on whether new immune phenotypes will shift to match the conditions of the new environment, or leave ectotherms vulnerable to infection or energy depletion. Here, we synthesise patterns of overwintering immunity in ectotherms and examine how new winter conditions might affect ectotherm immunity. We then explore whether it is possible to predict the effects of changing winter conditions on ectotherm vulnerability to the direct and indirect effects of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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Makrinos DL, Bowden TJ. Natural environmental impacts on teleost immune function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:50-57. [PMID: 26973022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environment in which teleosts exist can experience considerable change. Short-term changes can occur in relation to tidal movements or adverse weather events. Long-term changes can be caused by anthropogenic impacts such as climate change, which can result in changes to temperature, acidity, salinity and oxygen capacity of aquatic environments. These changes can have important impacts on the physiology of an animal, including its immune system. This can have consequences on the well-being of the animal and its ability to protect against pathogens. This review will look at recent investigations of these types of environmental change on the immune response in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J Bowden
- School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Montassier HJ, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Proposed method for agglutinating antibody titer analysis and its use as indicator of acquired immunity in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:238-42. [PMID: 25055109 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - H J Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Tilapines are important for the sustainability of ecological systems and serve as the second most important group of farmed fish worldwide. Significant mortality of wild and cultured tilapia has been observed recently in Israel. The etiological agent of this disease, a novel RNA virus, is described here, and procedures allowing its isolation and detection are revealed. The virus, denominated tilapia lake virus (TiLV), was propagated in primary tilapia brain cells or in an E-11 cell line, and it induced a cytopathic effect at 5 to 10 days postinfection. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped icosahedral particles of 55 to 75 nm. Low-passage TiLV, injected intraperitoneally in tilapia, induced a disease resembling the natural disease, which typically presents with lethargy, ocular alterations, and skin erosions, with >80% mortality. Histological changes included congestion of the internal organs (kidneys and brain) with foci of gliosis and perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes in the brain cortex; ocular inflammation included endophthalmitis and cataractous changes of the lens. The cohabitation of healthy and diseased fish demonstrated that the disease is contagious and that mortalities (80 to 100%) occur within a few days. Fish surviving the initial mortality were immune to further TiLV infections, suggesting the mounting of a protective immune response. Screening cDNA libraries identified a TiLV-specific sequence, allowing the design of a PCR-based diagnostic test. This test enables the specific identification of TiLV in tilapines and should help control the spread of this virus worldwide.
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11
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Gómez E, Méndez J, Cascales D, Guijarro JA. Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccine development: a difficult task. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:414-23. [PMID: 25056179 PMCID: PMC4229322 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a globally distributed freshwater fish disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum. It is a particularly devastating infection in fry salmonids and may lead to high levels of mortality. In spite of its economic impact on fish farms, neither the biology of the bacterium nor the bacterium-host interactions are well understood. This review provides a synopsis of the major problems related to critical remaining questions about research into the use of vaccines against F. psychrophilum and the development of a commercial vaccine against this disease. Studies using sera from convalescent rainbow trout have shown the antigenic properties of different proteins such as OmpH, OmpA and FspA, as well as low and high molecular mass lipopolysaccharide of F. psychrophilum, which are potential candidates for subunit vaccines. Inactivated F. psychrophilum bacterins have been successfully tested as vaccines under laboratory conditions by both immersion and intraperitoneal routes. However, the efficacy and the practical usefulness of these preparations still have to be proved. The use of attenuated and wild-type strains to immunize fish showed that these systems offer high levels of protection. Nevertheless, their application clashes with the regulations for environmental protection in many countries. In conclusion, protective vaccines against BCWD are theoretically possible, but substantial efforts still have to be made in order to permit the development of a commercial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gómez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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12
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Mooventhan A, Nivethitha L. Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 6:199-209. [PMID: 24926444 PMCID: PMC4049052 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.132935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of water for various treatments (hydrotherapy) is probably as old as mankind. Hydrotherapy is one of the basic methods of treatment widely used in the system of natural medicine, which is also called as water therapy, aquatic therapy, pool therapy, and balneotherapy. Use of water in various forms and in various temperatures can produce different effects on different system of the body. Many studies/reviews reported the effects of hydrotherapy only on very few systems and there is lack of studies/reviews in reporting the evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems. We performed PubMed and PubMed central search to review relevant articles in English literature based on "effects of hydrotherapy/balneotherapy" on various systems of the body. Based on the available literature this review suggests that the hydrotherapy has a scientific evidence-based effect on various systems of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mooventhan
- Naturopathy Clinical, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, India
| | - L Nivethitha
- Department of Research and Development, S-VYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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