1
|
Zhang W, Qin P, Gong X, Huang L, Wang C, Chen G, Chen J, Wang L, Lv Z. Identification of circRNAs in the Liver of Whitespotted Bamboo Shark ( Chiloscyllium plagiosum). Front Genet 2020; 11:596308. [PMID: 33362857 PMCID: PMC7759564 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.596308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), a member of the cartilaginous fish family, has an extremely large liver and demonstrates a strong regeneration ability and immune regulation. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) is an important class of non-coding RNAs. Increasing evidences suggest that circRNAs are a kind of potential regulators. Recently, researchers have isolated and identified different circRNAs from various species, while few reports were on the circRNAs of C. plagiosum. In this study, we have identified a total of 4,558 circRNAs in the liver of C. plagiosum. This finding suggests that circRNAs are not evenly distributed in the chromosomes and follow the GT-AG rule during cyclization. Alternative back-splicing might exist in shark circRNAs as shown by the authenticity identification of predicted circRNAs. The binding strength of circRNAs (<2,000 bp) and the detected miRNAs in shark liver were simultaneously analyzed to construct an mRNA–miRNA–circRNA network for the Glutathione S-transferase P1 gene, and the circRNA authenticity was simultaneously verified. Our data provide not only novel insights into the rich existence of circRNAs in marine animals, but also a basis for characterizing functions of identified circRNAs in the liver homeostasis of C. plagiosum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Hangzhou Hongqiao Sino-Science Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Wang Q, Chen Y, Wang L, Zhao A, Sha Z. Cloning, expression profile of the complement component C9 gene and influence of the recombinant C9 protein on peripheral mononuclear leukocytes transcriptome in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:101-110. [PMID: 32464273 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ninth complement component (C9) is a terminal complement component (TCC) that is involved in creating the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the target cell surface. In this study, the CsC9 (C9 of Cynoglossus semilaevis) cDNA sequence was cloned and characterized. The full-length CsC9 cDNA measured 2,150 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,803 bp, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 24 bp and a 3'-UTR of 323 bp. A domain search revealed that the CsC9 protein contains five domains, including two TSP1s, an LDLRA, an EGF, and a MACPF. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that CsC9 at the mRNA level was expressed in all the tested tissues, with the highest expression being observed in the liver. CsC9 expression is significantly upregulated in the tested tissues after challenge with Vibrio anguillarum. To further characterize the role of CsC9, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of C. semilaevis were used for transcriptome analysis after incubation with recombinant CsC9 (rCsC9) protein. A total of 3,775 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control and the rCsC9-treated group, including 2,063 upregulated genes and 1,712 downregulated genes. KEGG analyses revealed that the DEGs were enriched in cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, T cell receptor signaling pathways, B cell receptor signaling pathways and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. The results of this study indicate that in addition to participating in MAC formation, CsC9 might play multiple roles in the innate and adaptive immunity of C. semilaevis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wang
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhenxia Sha
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hua XT, Fan K, Zhang Z, Li X, Xia Y, Liu PF, Liu Y. Characterization and expression analysis of the C8α and C9 terminal complement components from pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103634. [PMID: 32004542 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
C8α and C9 mediate the membrane attack complex formation and bacterial lysis and are important components in the complement system. The cDNA sequences of the C8α and C9 genes were cloned from Takifugu rubripes. The full-length cDNA of Tr-C8α was 1893 bp and included a 5'-UTR of 69 bp and 3'-UTR of 83 bp. The full-length cDNA of Tr-C9 was 2083 bp and included a 5'-UTR of 72 bp and 3'-UTR of 250 bp. The expression of Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 was detected in newly fertilized eggs of T. rubripes. The expression of these two genes was at a higher level in the liver than in other tissues tested. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, the gene expression of Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 increased more significantly in the liver. With these combined results, we further understood how Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 function in the innate immunity of pufferfish. Our findings could deepen the understanding of immune regulation in pufferfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Hua
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kunpeng Fan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaohao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liyanage DS, Omeka WKM, Godahewa GI, Lee S, Nam BH, Lee J. Membrane attack complex-associated molecules from redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila): Molecular characterization and transcriptional evidence of C6, C7, C8β, and C9 in innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:1-9. [PMID: 29981471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila) is one of the most economically important fish in Korea and other East Asian countries; it is susceptible to infections by pathogens such as Lactococcus garvieae, Argulus spp., Trichodina spp., and Vibrio spp. Learning about the mechanisms of the complement system of the innate immunity of redlip mullet is important for efforts towards eradicating pathogens. Here, we report a comprehensive study of the terminal complement complex (TCC) components that form the membrane attack complex (MAC) through in-silico characterization and comparative spatial and temporal expression profiling. Five conserved domains (TSP1, LDLa, MACPF, CCP, and FIMAC) were detected in the TCC components, but the CCP and FIMAC domains were absent in MuC8β and MuC9. Expression analysis of four TCC genes from healthy redlip mullets showed the highest expression levels in the liver, whereas limited expression was observed in other tissues; immune-induced expression in the head kidney and spleen revealed significant responses against Lactococcus garvieae and poly I:C injection, suggesting their involvement in MAC formation in response to harmful pathogenic infections. Furthermore, the response to poly I:C may suggest the role of TCC components in the breakdown of the membrane of enveloped viruses. These findings may help to elucidate the mechanisms behind the complement system of the teleosts innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goshima M, Sekiguchi R, Matsushita M, Nonaka M. The complement system of elasmobranches revealed by liver transcriptome analysis of a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna zygaena. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:13-24. [PMID: 26987526 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies of the complement genes in basal vertebrates have revealed that cyclostomes have apparently primitive complement systems whereas bony fish have well-developed complement systems comparable to those of mammals. Here we have performed liver transcriptome analysis of a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna zygaeana, to elucidate the early history of vertebrate complement evolution. Identified genes were; one C1qB, one C1r, one C1s, one MASP-1/-3, one MASP-2, two factor B/C2, one C3, three C4, one C5, one C6, one C7, one C8A, three C8B, one C8G, one C9, two factor I and one S protein. No MBL, ficolin, C1qA or C1qC were found. These results indicate that the lectin, classical, alternative and lytic pathways were established in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. In addition to the absence of MBL and ficolin, the MASP transcripts lacked the serine protease domain, suggesting that the lectin pathway was lost in the hammerhead shark lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Goshima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Japan
| | - Reo Sekiguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Japan
| | - Masaru Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim H, Hwang D, Han J, Lee HK, Yang WJ, Jin J, Kim KH, Kim SI, Yoo DK, Kim S, Chung J. Genetic Polymorphism in Proteins of the Complement System. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2016. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2016.30.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyori Kim
- Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dobeen Hwang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungwon Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duck-Kyun Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular Characterization and Expression Analyses of the Complement Component C8α, C8β and C9 Genes in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after the Aeromonas hydrophila Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:345. [PMID: 27005612 PMCID: PMC4813206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement components C8α, C8β and C9 have important roles in the innate immune system against invading microorganisms. Partial cDNA sequences of the Pf_C8α, Pf_C8β and Pf_C9 genes (Pf: abbreviation of Pelteobagrusfulvidraco) were cloned from yellow catfish. The Pf_C8α, Pf_C8β and Pf_C9 genes showed the greatest amino acid similarity to C8α (54%) and C8β (62%) of zebrafish and to C9 (52%) of grass carp, respectively. Ontogenetic expression analyses using real-time quantitative PCR suggested that the three genes may play crucial roles during embryonic and early larval development. The mRNA expressions of the three genes were all at the highest levels in liver tissue, and at lower or much lower levels in 16 other tissues, demonstrating that the liver is the primary site for the protein synthesis of Pf_C8α, Pf_C8β and Pf_C9. Injection of Aeromonashydrophila led to up-regulation of the three genes in the spleen, head kidney, kidney, liver and blood tissues, indicating that the three genes may contribute to the host’s defense against invading pathogenic microbes. An increased understanding of the functions of the Pf_C8α, Pf_C8β and Pf_C9 genes in the innate immunity of yellow catfish will help enhance production of this valuable freshwater species.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Chen B, Ke Y, Wang C, Ye B. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the complement factor I (CpFI) in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:414-423. [PMID: 25108086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor I (FI) is a plasma serine proteinase that plays an essential role in the modulation of the complement cascade. In the presence of substrate modulating cofactors (Factor H, C4bp, CR1, etc), FI cleaves the activation products of C3 (i.e. C3b) and C4 (i.e. C4b) to limit complement activity. In this study, the full length cDNA of factor I (CpFI) is isolated from the liver of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). The CpFI cDNA is 2326 bp in length, encoding a protein of 671 amino acids, which shares 72-80% identity with FI molecules of other sharks, higher than the teleosts (37-40%) and mammals (44-47%). The sequence alignment and comparative analysis indicates the FI proteins are well conserved, with the typical modular architecture and identical active sites throughout vertebrate evolution, suggesting the conserved function. However, the additional sequence present between the leader peptide (LP) and the factor I membrane attack complex (FIMAC) domain in other fishes is also found in CpFI, which consists of two kind of tandem repeats. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that CpFI belongs to the elasmobranch clade, in parallel with the higher vertebrates, to form a sister taxa to teleosts. Expression analysis revealed that CpFI is ubiquitously distributed in a variety of tissues, with the constitutive expression in liver, which might reflect the species-specific distribution patterns of FI. Together with earlier reports, the presence of FI in various sharks might suggest the existence of a well-developed complement regulation mechanism in cartilaginous fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Biao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Ke
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100027, PR China
| | - Conghui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Boping Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang C, Ye B, Hua Z. Molecular cloning of the alpha subunit of complement component C8 (CpC8α) of whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1993-2000. [PMID: 24076167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Complement-mediated cytolysis is the important effect of immune response, which results from the assembly of terminal complement components (C5b-9). Among them, α subunit of C8 (C8α) is the first protein that traverses the lipid bilayer, and then initiates the recruitment of C9 molecules to form pore on target membranes. In this article, a full-length cDNA of C8α (CpC8α) is identified from the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) by RACE. The CpC8α cDNA is 2183 bp in length, encoding a protein of 591 amino acids. The deduced CpC8α exhibits 89%, 49% and 44% identity with nurse shark, frog and human orthologs, respectively. Sequence alignment indicates that the C8α is well conserved during the evolution process from sharks to mammals, with the same modular architecture as well as the identical cysteine composition in the mature protein. Phylogenetic analysis places CpC8α and nurse shark C8α in cartilaginous fish clade, in parallel with the teleost taxa, to form the C8α cluster with higher vertebrates. Hydrophobicity analysis also indicates a similar hydrophobicity of CpC8α to mammals. Finally, expression analysis revealed CpC8α transcripts were constitutively highly expressed in shark liver, with much less expression in other tissues. The well conserved structure and properties suggests an analogous function of CpC8α to mammalian C8α, though it remains to be confirmed by further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|