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Goh KW, Abdul Kari Z, Wee W, Zakaria NNA, Rahman MM, Kabir MA, Abdul Hamid NK, Tahiluddin AB, Kamarudin AS, Téllez–Isaías G, Wei LS. Exploring the roles of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Edwardsiella tarda infection on fish: a mini-review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149514. [PMID: 37476823 PMCID: PMC10355809 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella tarda resulted in significant economic losses in aquaculture operations worldwide. This disease could infect a wide range of hosts, including freshwater, brackish water, and marine aquatic animals. Currently, antibiotics and vaccines are being used as prophylactic agents to overcome Edwardsiellosis in aquaculture. However, application of antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria, and the antibiotic residues pose a threat to public health. Meanwhile, the use of vaccines to combat Edwardsiellosis requires intensive labor work and high costs. Thus, phytobiotics were attempted to be used as antimicrobial agents to minimize the impact of Edwardsiellosis in aquaculture. These phytobiotics may also provide farmers with new options to manage aquaculture species' health. The impact of Edwardsiellosis in aquaculture worldwide was elaborated on and highlighted in this review study, as well as the recent application of phytobiotics in aquaculture and the status of vaccines to combat Edwardsiellosis. This review also focuses on the potential of phytobiotics in improving aquatic animal growth performance, enhancing immune system function, and stimulating disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wendy Wee
- Center of Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nur Azwanida Zakaria
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Agro-Based Industry, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Albaris B. Tahiluddin
- College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University-Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines
| | - Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Besut Campus, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Lee Seong Wei
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Sun XM, Yoshida A, Toutani F, Shimizu T, Oda T, Osatomi K. Cloning, DNA sequence, and expression of flagellins from high and low virulence strains of Edwardsiella tarda and their macrophage-stimulating activities. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:105993. [PMID: 36657690 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a causative pathogen of edwardsiellosis in fish. Our previous studies on high (NUF251) and low (NUF194) virulent strains of E. tarda demonstrated that NUF251 strain induced significantly higher levels of NO and TNF-α from fish and mouse macrophages than NUF194 strain. Subsequent studies suggested that a flagellin-like protein secreted from E. tarda might be a responsible factor for the macrophage-stimulating activities. To evaluate the activities of flagellins of E. tarda, in this study, the flagellin genes of NUF251 and NUF194 strains were isolated by PCR and cloned into pQE-30 and pCold I expression vectors, and then the recombinant flagellins of two strains were overexpressed in E. coli JM109 and pG-Tf/BL21, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified recombinant flagellins of NUF251 and NUF194 strains were estimated to be 45 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively on SDS-PAGE analysis. Referring the three-dimensional structure of Salmonella flagellin, which has been reported to have 4 domains (D0, D1, D2, and D3), high sequence homology between two flagellins of E. tarda was observed at conservative domain (D0 and D1) regions, whereas the sequences equivalent to D2 and D3 domains were different, and even equivalent to 57 amino acids were deleted in NUF194. Both recombinant flagellins induced NO production, mRNA expression level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and intercellular ROS production in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. Also, the secretion of TNF-α and its mRNA expression level were increased by treatment of both recombinant flagellins. These results indicate that the recombinant flagellins from different virulent E. tarda strains can stimulate macrophages with nearly equal levels as judged by the parameters tested, even though they are differences in the structure and molecular weight, suggesting that conservative D0 and D1 domains are sufficient structural elements for the recombinant flagellins to induce a certain level of macrophage-stimulation in vitro. Further studies are necessary focusing on the role of D2 and D3 domain regions of the recombinant flagellins as macrophage-stimulating agent as well as their influence on host immune system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mi Sun
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Asami Yoshida
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Fukutarou Toutani
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Fisheries and Ocean Technologies Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, 6-21-1 Hatami, Ondo, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-1207, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Osatomi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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NAUREEN ZAKIRA, BONETTI GABRIELE, MEDORI MARIACHIARA, AQUILANTI BARBARA, VELLUTI VALERIA, MATERA GIUSEPPINA, IACONELLI AMERIGO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Foods of the Mediterranean diet: lacto-fermented food, the food pyramid and food combinations. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E28-E35. [PMID: 36479486 PMCID: PMC9710393 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet proved to be one of the healthiest diets in the word. It has several beneficial effects and it prevents many non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity. Before being a culinary regime, the Mediterranean diet is characterized by specific cultural heritages and traditions, also influencing the lifestyle of the populations. The Mediterranean diet follows the so-called food pyramid, comprising several food combinations. Indeed, it is mainly composed by vegetables, fish and dairy products, while red meat and sweets are poorly consumed. Processed foods are mainly avoided, apart from lacto-fermented ones, the first processed foods consumed by humans. Food fermentation by microorganisms not only improves the functionality of bioactive metabolites, but also increases the shelf life and organoleptic properties of the food. Lactic acid bacteria play a vital role in transforming the food constituents, thereby enhancing their nutritional and functional properties. In addition, these foods introduce beneficial bacteria into gut microbiota, thus maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and corresponding gut-brain axis, thus providing an overall improvement in health and a reduced risk of non-communicable diseases and metabolic disorders. This review will focus on the Mediterranean diet, on its characterising food pyramid and food combinations, and on lacto-fermented foods, one of the components of the Mediterranean diet with the most beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | - BARBARA AQUILANTI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - VALERIA VELLUTI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - GIUSEPPINA MATERA
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - AMERIGO IACONELLI
- UOSD Medicina Bariatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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Li R, Qu J, Li H, Zhang Q. Genome-wide identification and analysis of scavenger receptors and their expression profiling in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104397. [PMID: 35307477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scavenger receptors (SRs) gene family, as one of pattern recognition receptors, participates in the innate immune response in diverse lineages. However, the systematic identification, characteristics and functions of SRs family are lacking in teleost. Here, we identified all 19 SRs family members in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) based on the genome and transcriptome data. Phylogenetic and Ka/Ks analysis demonstrated that these SRs genes were divided into five classes and all exhibited pronounced purified selection pressures. Whole genome duplication event was found in colec12, scarb2, and lamp1. Gene structure, functional domain and motif distribution analyses indicated that SRs within the different subfamilies are severely conservative. SRs genes showed diverse expression patterns in the embryogenesis and unchanged tissues. The regulations of 14 SRs genes in blood, gill and kidney after E. tarda infection suggested their roles in innate immune response. Meanwhile, ten SRs genes were differentially expressed after E. tarda stimulation in macrophages in vitro. Then we proved that PoSCARA3 could suppress the activity of NF-κB and AP-1 in HEK 293T cells by dual-luciferase assays. In summary, this study provided valuable basis for further functional characterization and immune functions of SRs genes in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangbo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hengshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, 572000, Sanya, Hainan, China.
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Monzón-Atienza L, Bravo J, Fernández-Montero Á, Charlie-Silva I, Montero D, Ramos-Vivas J, Galindo-Villegas J, Acosta F. Dietary supplementation of Bacillus velezensis improves Vibrio anguillarum clearance in European sea bass by activating essential innate immune mechanisms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:244-253. [PMID: 35421573 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. supplementation as probiotics in cultured fish diets has a long history of safe and effective use. Specifically, B. velezensis show great promise in fine-tuning the European sea bass disease resistance against the pathogenicity caused by several members of the Vibrio family. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms behind this response remain poorly understood. Here, to examine the inherent immune variations in sea bass, two equal groups were fed for 30 days with a steady diet, with one treatment supplemented with B. velezensis. The serum bactericidal capacity against live cells of Vibrio anguillarum strain 507 and the nitric oxide and lysozyme lytic activities were assayed. At the cellular level, the phagocytic response of peripheral blood leukocytes against inactivated Candida albicans was determined. Moreover, head-kidney (HK) total leukocytes were isolated from previously in vivo treated fish with LPS of V. anguillarum strain 507. Mechanistically, the expression of some essential proinflammatory genes (interleukin-1 (il1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfa), and cyclooxygenase 2 (cox2) and the sea bass specific antimicrobial peptide (AMP) dicentracin (dic) expressions were assessed. Surprisingly, the probiotic supplementation significantly increased all humoral lytic and cellular activities assayed in the treated sea bass. In addition, time-dependent differences were observed between the control and probiotic treated groups for all the HK genes markers subjected to the sublethal LPS dose. Although the il1b was the fastest responding gene to a significant level at 48 h post-injection (hpi), all the other genes followed 72 h in the probiotic supplemented group. Finally, an in vivo bacteria challenge against live V. anguillarum was conducted. The probiotic fed fish observed a significantly higher survival. Overall, our results provide clear vertical evidence on the beneficial immune effects of B. velezensis and unveil some fundamental immune mechanisms behind its application as a probiotic agent in intensively cultured European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Monzón-Atienza
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jimena Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ramos-Vivas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Félix Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Du C, Huo X, Gu H, Wu D, Hu Y. Acid resistance system CadBA is implicated in acid tolerance and biofilm formation and is identified as a new virulence factor of Edwardsiella tarda. Vet Res 2021; 52:117. [PMID: 34521475 PMCID: PMC8438976 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a facultative intracellular pathogen in humans and animals. The Gram-negative bacterium is widely considered a potentially important bacterial pathogen. Adaptation to acid stress is important for the transmission of intestinal microbes, so the acid-resistance (AR) system is essential. However, the AR systems of E. tarda are totally unknown. In this study, a lysine-dependent acid resistance (LDAR) system in E. tarda, CadBA, was characterized and identified. CadB is a membrane protein and shares high homology with the lysine/cadaverine antiporter. CadA contains a PLP-binding core domain and a pyridoxal phosphate-binding motif. It shares high homology with lysine decarboxylase. cadB and cadA are co-transcribed under one operon. To study the function of the cadBA operon, isogenic cadA, cadB and cadBA deletion mutant strains TX01ΔcadA, TX01ΔcadB and TX01ΔcadBA were constructed. When cultured under normal conditions, the wild type strain and three mutants exhibited the same growth performance. However, when cultured under acid conditions, the growth of three mutants, especially TX01ΔcadA, were obviously retarded, compared to the wild strain TX01, which indicates the important involvement of the cadBA operon in acid resistance. The deletion of cadB or cadA, especially cadBA, significantly attenuated bacterial activity of lysine decarboxylase, suggesting the vital participation of cadBA operon in lysine metabolism, which is closely related to acid resistance. The mutations of cadBA operon enhanced bacterial biofilm formation, especially under acid conditions. The deletions of the cadBA operon reduced bacterial adhesion and invasion to Hela cells. Consistently, the deficiency of cadBA operon abated bacterial survival and replication in macrophages, and decreased bacterial dissemination in fish tissues. Our results also show that the expression of cadBA operon and regulator cadC were up-regulated upon acid stress, and CadC rigorously regulated the expression of cadBA operon, especially under acid conditions. These findings demonstrate that the AR CadBA system was a requisite for the resistance of E. tarda against acid stress, and played a critical role in bacterial infection of host cells and in host tissues. This is the first study about the acid resistance system of E. tarda and provides new insights into the acid-resistance mechanism and pathogenesis of E. tarda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Du
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, 154007, Jiamusi, China.,Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, 571101, Haikou, China.,College of Life Science, Jiamusi University, 154007, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiaoping Huo
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, 571101, Haikou, China.,College of Life Science, Jiamusi University, 154007, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hanjie Gu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, 571101, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, 154007, Jiamusi, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Toxicology, 154007, Jiamusi, China.
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, 571101, Haikou, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266071, Qingdao, China. .,College of Life Science, Jiamusi University, 154007, Jiamusi, China. .,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, 571101, Haikou, China.
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Choi JH, Lee HJ, Park SE, Kim S, Seo KS, Kim KM. Cytotoxicity, metabolic enzyme inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory effect of Lentinula edodes fermented using probiotic lactobacteria. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13838. [PMID: 34212412 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We found that the fermented Lentinula edodes (FLE) products exhibited various differences in terms of proximate composition, free sugar, and amino acid. In particular, there were higher levels of ergosterol, and ergothioneine in FLE-Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP) and -Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) than in the L. edodes (LE) products. The survival rates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on artificial gastric juice, artificial bile, or heat (50-60°C) were observed to vary from 60%-66%, 60%-66%, to 42%-79%, respectively. The FLE products up to 300 μg/ml had no cytotoxicity on RAW264.7, AGS, and RBL-2H3 cells, but inhibited the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, as well as the production of nitrite, IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. Our findings suggest that FLE products have metabolic enzyme inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fermentation plays a critical role in improving the functional and nutritional properties of food. In addition, lactobacteria are the main microorganisms involved in the fermentation of food known to have a variety of biological activities. Therefore, the utilization of lactobacteria for research and development of mushroom food materials can be used as a key strategy to improve the biological activity characteristics of mushroom food materials and to increase their active ingredient content. The present results show that FLE products had promising inhibitory efficacies against the activities of obesity-related metabolic enzymes and LPS-induced inflammatory response. These suggest that FLE products have the potential to be developed as functional probiotic dietary supplements or food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sun Seo
- Jangheung County Mushroom Research Institute, Jangheung, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Man Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Improved Stability and Activity of a Marine Peptide-N6NH2 against Edwardsiella tarda and Its Preliminary Application in Fish. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120650. [PMID: 33348729 PMCID: PMC7766155 DOI: 10.3390/md18120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda can cause fatal gastro-/extraintestinal diseases in fish and humans. Overuse of antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance and contamination in the environment, which highlights the need to find new antimicrobial agents. In this study, the marine peptide-N6 was amidated at its C-terminus to generate N6NH2. The antibacterial activity of N6 and N6NH2 against E. tarda was evaluated in vitro and in vivo; their stability, toxicity and mode of action were also determined. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of N6 and N6NH2 against E. tarda were 1.29–3.2 μM. Both N6 and N6NH2 killed bacteria by destroying the cell membrane of E. tarda and binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and genomic DNA. In contrast with N6, N6NH2 improved the stability toward trypsin, reduced hemolysis (by 0.19% at a concentration of 256 μg/mL) and enhanced the ability to penetrate the bacterial outer and inner membrane. In the model of fish peritonitis caused by E. tarda, superior to norfloxacin, N6NH2 improved the survival rate of fish, reduced the bacterial load on the organs, alleviated the organ injury and regulated the immunity of the liver and kidney. These data suggest that the marine peptide N6NH2 may be a candidate for novel antimicrobial agents against E. tarda infections.
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López Nadal A, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Sipkema D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Forlenza M, Wiegertjes GF, Brugman S. Feed, Microbiota, and Gut Immunity: Using the Zebrafish Model to Understand Fish Health. Front Immunol 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 32117265 PMCID: PMC7014991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquafeed companies aim to provide solutions to the various challenges related to nutrition and health in aquaculture. Solutions to promote feed efficiency and growth, as well as improving the fish health or protect the fish gut from inflammation may include dietary additives such as prebiotics and probiotics. The general assumption is that feed additives can alter the fish microbiota which, in turn, interacts with the host immune system. However, the exact mechanisms by which feed influences host-microbe-immune interactions in fish still remain largely unexplored. Zebrafish rapidly have become a well-recognized animal model to study host-microbe-immune interactions because of the diverse set of research tools available for these small cyprinids. Genome editing technologies can create specific gene-deficient zebrafish that may contribute to our understanding of immune functions. Zebrafish larvae are optically transparent, which allows for in vivo imaging of specific (immune) cell populations in whole transgenic organisms. Germ-free individuals can be reared to study host-microbe interactions. Altogether, these unique zebrafish features may help shed light on the mechanisms by which feed influences host-microbe-immune interactions and ultimately fish health. In this review, we first describe the anatomy and function of the zebrafish gut: the main surface where feed influences host-microbe-immune interactions. Then, we further describe what is currently known about the molecular pathways that underlie this interaction in the zebrafish gut. Finally, we summarize and critically review most of the recent research on prebiotics and probiotics in relation to alterations of zebrafish microbiota and immune responses. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the zebrafish as an animal model for other fish species to study feed effects on host-microbe-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià López Nadal
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wakako Ikeda-Ohtsubo
- Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - David Peggs
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Tang X, Gong J, Zeng C, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Dynamic distribution of formalin-inactivated Edwardsiella tarda in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) post intraperitoneal vaccination. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:393-402. [PMID: 30980915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the dynamic distribution of antigen in different tissues post vaccination, an absolute real-time quantitative PCR was employed to detect the amount of antigen in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) post intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with three concentrations (107, 108, 109 CFU ml-1) of formalin-inactivated Edwardsiella tarda bacterin. The results showed that the amount of uptaken antigen quickly increased and then decreased in different tissues. The peak occurred first in the spleen and head kidney at 6-9 h after injection, and in the liver and blood at 9-15 h, then in the gill, intestine and skin at 15-24 h, finally in the muscle at 24-36 h. The amount of antigen was highest in the spleen and head kidney, followed by the blood, liver and gill, and lowest in the intestine, skin and muscle. Among the three concentration groups, the amount of antigen increased with the increasing concentration of the vaccine in the blood, liver, gill, intestine, skin and muscle, except for the spleen and head kidney, in which more antigens were found in the 108 CFU ml-1 group than that in 109 CFU ml-1 group. Moreover, IIFA and western blotting was performed to examine the tissue distribution of antigen at 9 h after vaccination with 108 CFU ml-1 formalin-inactivated E. tarda. The bacteria were mainly observed in the spleen and head kidney, then the liver, gill and blood, and least in the intestine, skin and muscle, which was roughly in accordance with the results of absolute qPCR. Furthermore, the expressions of CD4-1, MHC IIα, CD8α and MHC Iα in different tissues were detected by RT-qPCR, and the expression levels of these genes were highest in the spleen and head kidney, then in the blood, gill, liver, and lowest in the intestine, skin and muscle. All these results provided useful information for dynamic transportation of antigen uptake post vaccination, and also deepened the understanding of immune response to the injection vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiaojiao Gong
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chuili Zeng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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11
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Kim IH, Choi JW, Lee MK, Kwon CJ, Nam TJ. Anti-obesity effects of pectinase and cellulase enzyme‑treated Ecklonia cava extract in high‑fat diet‑fed C57BL/6N mice. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:924-934. [PMID: 29207025 PMCID: PMC5752156 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti‑obesity effects of enzyme‑treated Ecklonia cava extract (EEc) in C57BL/6N mice with high‑fat diet (HFD)‑induced obesity. The EEc was separated and purified with the digestive enzymes pectinase (Rapidase X‑Press L) and cellulase (Rohament CL) and its effects on the progression of HFD‑induced obesity were examined over 10 weeks. The mice were divided into 6 groups (n=10/group) as follows: Normal diet group, HFD group, mice fed a HFD with 25 mg/kg/day Garcinia cambogia extract and mice fed a HFD with 5, 25 or 150 mg/kg/day EEc (EHD groups). Changes in body weight, fat, serum lipid levels and lipogenic enzyme levels were determined. The body weight and liver weight were increased in the HFD group compared with those in the ND group, which was significantly reduced by EEc supplementation. In addition, significant reductions in epididymal, perirenal and mesenteric white adipose tissues were present in the EHD groups and all three EHD groups exhibited decreases in insulin, leptin and glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels compared with those in the HFD group. In addition, EEc treatment significantly decreased the serum and hepatic triglyceride levels compared with those in the HFD group. However, the levels of high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol ration increased significantly in EHD‑25 and ‑150 groups compared with those in the HFD group. Changes in adipogenic and lipogenic protein expression in the liver was assessed by western blot analysis. The EHD‑25 and -150 groups exhibited reduced levels of CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ. However, the phosphorylation ratios of AMP‑activated protein kinase and acetyl‑CoA carboxylase were significantly increased in the liver tissue obtained from the EHD (5, ‑25 and ‑150 mg/kg/day) groups compared with those in the HFD group. EEc supplementation reduced levels of sterol regulatory element‑binding protein‑1c, adipose fatty acid‑binding protein, fatty acid synthase and leptin, while it significantly increased glucose transporter type 4 and adiponectin protein levels in the liver tissues of all three EHD groups compared with those in the HFD group. Taken together, these results suggest that EEc exerts anti‑obesity effects by reducing body weight and the serum and hepatic levels of obesity‑associated factors. Thus, EEc supplementation reduces HFD‑induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice and has the potential to prevent obesity and subsequent metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Gijang-gun 46041
| | - Jung-Wook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
| | - Chang-Ju Kwon
- Ju Yeong NS Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24232, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Gijang-gun 46041
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
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12
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Koirala P, Jung HA, Choi JS. Recent advances in pharmacological research on Ecklonia species: a review. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:981-1005. [PMID: 28840539 PMCID: PMC7090987 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Ecklonia (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae), commonly called kelp (brown algae), is abundant on the coasts of Japan and Korea. During the past few decades, Ecklonia species have received tremendous attention for their wide range of therapeutic properties and multiple health benefits, such as great nutritional value and being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, proteins, and polysaccharides. Several novel functional ingredients with diversified biological activities have been isolated and possess antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant therapeutic properties. The present review discusses the phytochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic, nutritional, and health benefits of different species of genus Ecklonia, as well as their use in the prevention of disease and maintenance of good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Huynh TG, Shiu YL, Nguyen TP, Truong QP, Chen JC, Liu CH. Current applications, selection, and possible mechanisms of actions of synbiotics in improving the growth and health status in aquaculture: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:367-382. [PMID: 28336489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotics, a conjunction between prebiotics and probiotics, have been used in aquaculture for over 10 years. However, the mechanisms of how synbiotics work as growth and immunity promoters are far from being unraveled. Here, we show that a prebiotic as part of a synbiotic is hydrolyzed to mono- or disaccharides as the sole carbon source with diverse mechanisms, thereby increasing biomass and colonization that is established by specific crosstalk between probiotic bacteria and the surface of intestinal epithelial cells of the host. Synbiotics may indirectly and directly promote the growth of aquatic animals through releasing extracellular bacterial enzymes and bioactive products from synbiotic metabolic processes. These compounds may activate precursors of digestive enzymes of the host and augment the nutritional absorptive ability that contributes to the efficacy of food utilization. In fish immune systems, synbiotics cause intestinal epithelial cells to secrete cytokines which modulate immune functional cells as of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and induce the ability of lipopolysaccharides to trigger tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor 2 gene transcription leading to increased respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production. In shellfish, synbiotics stimulate the proliferation and degranulation of hemocytes of shrimp due to the presence of bacterial cell walls. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are subsequently recognized and bound by specific pattern-recognition proteins, triggering melanization and phagocytosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Ya-Li Shiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Quoc-Phu Truong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Kim IH, Nam TJ. Enzyme-treated Ecklonia cava extract inhibits adipogenesis through the downregulation of C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:636-644. [PMID: 28204815 PMCID: PMC5360387 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of enzyme- treated Ecklonia cava (EEc) extract on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The components of Ecklonia cava (E. cava) were first separated and purified using the digestive enzymes pectinase (Rapidase® X‑Press L) and cellulase (Rohament® CL). We found that the EEc extract contained three distinct phlorotannins: eckol, dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol was the most abundant in the EEc extract at 16 mg/g. Then we examined the inhibitory effects of EEc extract treatment on differentiation‑related transcription factors and on adipogenesis‑related gene expression in vitro using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3‑L1 pre‑adipocytes were used to determine the concentrations of the EEc extract and Garcinia cambogia (Gar) extract that did not result in cytotoxicity. Glucose utilization and triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the EEc‑treated adipocytes were similarly inhibited by 50 µg/ml EEc and 200 µg/ml Gar, and these results were confirmed by Oil Red O staining. Protein expression of adipogenesis differentiation‑related transcription factors following treatment with the EEc extract was also examined. Only the expression of CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein (C/EBP)α was decreased, while there was no effect on the expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Treatment with the EEc extract decreased the expression levels of adipogenesis‑related genes, in particular sterol regulatory element binding protein‑1c (SREBP‑1c), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A‑FABP), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and adiponectin. These results suggest that EEc extract treatment has an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis, specifically by affecting the activation of the C/EBPα signaling pathway and the resulting adipogenesis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lee W, Kang N, Kim EA, Yang HW, Oh JY, Fernando IPS, Kim KN, Ahn G, Jeon YJ. Radioprotective effects of a polysaccharide purified from Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented Ishige okamurae against oxidative stress caused by gamma ray-irradiation in zebrafish in vivo model. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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16
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Li H, Chu X, Peng B, Peng XX. DNA shuffling approach for recombinant polyvalent OmpAs against V. alginolyticus and E. tarda infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:508-513. [PMID: 27697557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular breeding via DNA shuffling directs the evolution of vaccines with desired traits. In the present study, polyvalent OmpA vaccines were generated by DNA shuffling of five ompA genes from four species of bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda and Escherichia coli. First, a new hybrid OmpA was constructed using VA0764 primers and used for construction of a prokaryotic expressing library PompAs-FV containing 84 ompAs, which were validated by PCR and SDS/PAGE. Then, the 84 ompAs were used to construct a eukaryotic expressing library EompAs-FV for preparing DNA vaccines. Third, extracellular bacterium V. alginolyticus challenge post active immunization using these DNA vaccines was carried out to identify genes with high immunoprotection. Among the 84 ompAs, 17 showed higher or equal immune protection against infection caused by V. alginolyticus than control VA0764. Finally, immune protection against infection caused by intracellular bacterium Edwardsiella tarda was assessed further using the top seven out of the 17 ompAs. This led to identification of three efficient polyvalent vaccines against infections caused by the extracellular bacterium V. alginolyticus and intracellular bacterium E. tarda. In addition, we sequenced genes for understanding mechanisms of the polyvalent vaccines, but association of immune protection with mutation of gene and amino acids is not determined. These results indicate that DNA shuffling is an efficient way to develop polyvalent vaccines against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Chu
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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