Ancistrocladus tectorius Extract Inhibits Obesity by Promoting Thermogenesis and Mitochondrial Dynamics in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Root extracts of Ancistrocladus tectorius (AT), a shrub native to China, have been shown to have antiviral and antitumor activities, but the anti-obesity effects of AT aerial parts, mainly the leaves and stems, have not been investigated. This study is the first to investigate the anti-obesity effects and molecular mechanism of AT 70% ethanol extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with AT extract inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and decreased the expression of adipogenesis-related genes. AT extract also upregulated the mRNA expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. AT administration for 12 weeks reduced body weight and organ weights, including liver, pancreas, and white and brown adipose tissue, and improved plasma profiles such as glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol in HFD-fed mice. AT extract reduced HFD-induced hepatic steatosis with levels of liver TG and lipogenesis-related genes. AT extract upregulated thermogenesis-related genes such as Cidea, Pgc1α, Ucp1, Prdm16, Adrb1, and Adrb3 and mitochondrial dynamics-related genes such as Mff, Opa1, and Mfn2 in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Therefore, AT extract effectively reduced obesity by promoting thermogenesis and the mitochondrial dynamics of BAT in HFD-fed mice.

Palmitoleic acid-rich oleaginous yeast Scheffersomyces segobiensis DSM 27193 exerts anti-obesity effects by ameliorating hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue hypertrophy

BACKGROUND

Yeast biomass, encompassing fatty acids, terpenoids, vitamins, antioxidants, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds have been extensively utilized in food-related fields. The safety and potential bioactivities of Scheffersomyces segobiensis DSM 27193, an oleaginous yeast strain, are unclear.

RESULTS

Scheffersomyces segobiensis DSM 27193 accumulated large palmitoleic acid (POA) levels (43.4 g kg-1 biomass) according to the results of whole-cell components. We annotated the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and predicted the categories and host of the pathogen-host interactions (PHI) genes in S. segobiensis DSM 27193. However, S. segobiensis DSM 27193 did not exert toxic effects in mice. Administration of S. segobiensis DSM 27193 led to substantial weight reduction by diminishing food intake in an obesity mouse model. Additionally, it reversed hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue hypertrophy, and improved abnormalities in serum biochemical profiles such as triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6.

CONCLUSION

This study is the first to illustrate the safety and effects of S. segobiensis DSM 27193 against obesity and offers a scientific rationale for its application in functional food supplements. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary supplementation with probiotics promotes weight loss by reshaping the gut microbiome and energy metabolism in obese dogs

Obesity and overweight among companion animals are significant concerns, paralleling the issues observed in human populations. Recent research has highlighted the potential benefits of various probiotics in addressing weight-related changes, obesity, and associated pathologies. In this study, we delved into the beneficial probiotic mechanisms in high-fat-induced obese canines, revealing that Enterococcus faecium IDCC 2102 (IDCC 2102) and Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 (IDCC 4301) have the capacity to mitigate the increase in body weight and lipid accumulation in obese canines subjected to a high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain VS29. Both IDCC 2102 and IDCC 4301 demonstrated the ability to reduce systemic inflammation and hormonal disruptions induced by obesity. Notably, these probiotics induced modifications in the microbiota by promoting lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and S24-7, with concomitant activation of pyruvate metabolism. IDCC 4301, through the generation of bacterial short-chain fatty acids and carboxylic acids, facilitated glycolysis and contributed to ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, IDCC 2102 produced bacterial metabolites such as acetic acid and butyric acid, exhibiting a particular ability to stimulate dopamine synthesis in a canine model. This stimulation led to the restoration of eating behavior and improvements in glucose and insulin tolerance. In summary, we propose novel probiotics for the treatment of obese animals based on the modifications induced by IDCC 2102 and IDCC 4301. These probiotics enhanced systemic energy utilization in response to high caloric intake, thereby preventing lipid accumulation and restoring stability to the fecal microbiota. Consequently, this intervention resulted in a reduction in systemic inflammation caused by the high-fat diet.IMPORTANCEProbiotic supplementation affected commensal bacterial proliferation, and administering probiotics increased glycolysis and activated pyruvate metabolism in the body, which is related to propanate metabolism as a result of pyruvate metabolism activation boosting bacterial fatty acid production via dopamine and carboxylic acid specialized pathways, hence contributing to increased ATP synthesis and energy metabolism activity.

The Effects of Body Fat Reduction through the Metabolic Control of Steam-Processed Ginger Extract in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing globally due to behavioral and environmental changes. There are many therapeutic agents available for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, but the data on their efficacy and safety are lacking. Through a pilot study by our group, Zingiber officinale rhizomes used as a spice and functional food were selected as an anti-obesity candidate. In this study, steam-processed ginger extract (GGE) was used and we compared its efficacy at alleviating metabolic syndrome-related symptoms with that of conventional ginger extract (GE). Compared with GE, GGE (25-100 μg/mL) had an increased antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. GGE was better at suppressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and promoting glucose utilization in C2C12 cells than GE. In 16-week high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice, GGE (100 and 200 mg/kg) improved biochemical profiles, including lipid status and liver function, to a greater extent than GE (200 mg/kg). The supplementation of HFD-fed mice with GGE (200 mg/kg) resulted in the downregulation of SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression in the liver. Collectively, our results indicate that GGE is a promising therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Bacoside-A repressed the differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by modulating the expression of adipogenic genes

Obesity is one of the more complicated diseases, it can induce numerous life-threatening diseases mainly diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of bacoside-A (a dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin derived from the plant Bacopa monniera Linn.) on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Results of this study illustrated that bacoside-A decreased the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell, as evidenced by diminution of lipid droplets, which contains triglycerides and other lipids. During the differentiation process, transcription factors, which are mainly participating in adipogenesis such us CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), expressions were significantly suppressed by bacoside-A. In addition, bacoside-A showed a potent reduction in genes precise to adipocytes such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4), and leptin expressions. Further, bacoside-A stimulated the phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These results demonstrated that bacoside-A has anti-adipogenic effects by regulating the transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, bacoside-A might be considered as a potent therapeutic agent for alleviating obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Food Ingredients on Mice Adipose Tissues and Adipocytes

In 2021, we published three papers related to the anti-inflammatory effects of food ingredients. The present paper reports the effects of vitamin E homologs and sweet basil powder. In these papers, we investigated whether inflammation occurs in the adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 16 weeks. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was significantly higher in the epididymal fat of the high-fat and high-sucrose diet group than in that of the control diet group. However, the addition of α-tocopherol or δ-tocopherol to the diet could not restrain the inflammation of mice epididymal fats. Thereafter, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of α- and δ-tocopherols using the co-cultured cells. Consequently, we clarified that δ-tocopherol inhibited the increase in the gene expressions of inflammatory cytokines. We also examined the effect of sweet basil powder on a similar obese mice model. The final body weight in the high-fat and high-sucrose group that received sweet basil powder was significantly lower than that in the high-fat and high-sucrose diet group. Liver weights were also significantly lower in the high-fat and high-sucrose diet group that received sweet basil powder than in the high-fat and high-sucrose diet group, although adipose tissue weights were unchanged in both groups. Furthermore, sweet basil powder tended to inhibit in lipid synthesis in the mice livers. Therefore, we suggested that sweet basil powder inhibited fatty acid synthesis in mice livers, thereby suppressing liver enlargement, and resulting in body weight loss. Moreover, the gene expression of MCP-1 in the adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet added with sweet basil powder was significantly lower than that of mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 12 weeks. Therefore, sweet basil powder inhibited inflammation onset in the adipose tissue of mice. Taken together, the results suggested that food ingredients, especially vitamin E homologs and sweet basil powder, have anti-inflammatory effects on mice adipose tissue and mice adipocyte-induced inflammation.

Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Flavonoids and phenolic acid are two of the rich polyphenols found in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The effects of cinnamon extract on the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and prohibitory lipid accumulation in male mice fed a high-fat diet were examined. Upon treating 3T3-L1 cells with cinnamon for 3 days, the cinnamon inhibited lipid accumulation and increased gene expression levels, such as those of adiponectin and leptin. In in vivo experiments, mice were randomized into four groups after a one-week acclimation period, as follows: normal diet, normal diet + 1% cinnamon extract, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet + 1% cinnamon extract. After 14 weeks of supplementation, we found that cinnamon extract increased the expression of lipolysis-related proteins, such as AMPK, p-ACC, and CPT-1, and reduced the expression of lipid-synthesis-related proteins, such as SREBP-1c and FAS, in liver tissue. Our results show that cinnamon extract may exhibit anti-obesity effects via the inhibition of lipid synthesis and adipogenesis and the induction of lipolysis in both 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and mice fed a high-fat diet. Accordingly, cinnamon extract may have potential anti-obesity effects.

HMBA ameliorates obesity by MYH9- and ACTG1-dependent regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides

The global epidemic of obesity remains a daunting problem. Here, we report hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) as a potent anti-obesity compound. Peripheral and central administration of HMBA to diet-induced obese mice regulated the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides critical for energy balance, leading to beneficial metabolic effects such as anorexia and weight loss. We found that HMBA bound to MYH9 and ACTG1, which were required for the anti-obesity effects of HMBA in both NPY-expressing and POMC-expressing neurons. The binding of HMBA to MYH9 and ACTG1 elevated the expression of HEXIM1 and enhanced its interaction with MDM2, resulting in the dissociation of the HEXIM1-p53 complex in hypothalamic cells. Subsequently, the free HEXIM1 and p53 translocated to the nucleus, where they downregulated the transcription of orexigenic NPY, but p53 and acetylated histone 3 upregulated that of anorexigenic POMC. Our study points to a previously unappreciated efficacy of HMBA and reveals its mechanism of action in metabolic regulation, which may propose HMBA as a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity.

Hypolipidemic, Hypoglycemic, and Ameliorative Effects of Boiled Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Leaf Extracts in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Obesity is a major health concern associated with serious conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the potential anti-obesity effects of heat-treated parsley and mallow extracts (PE and ME, respectively) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The selected herbs underwent three heat treatments (boiling, blanching, and microwaving), and the most effective treatment was orally administered to the HFD rats for eight weeks. All three treatments effectively increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of the herbs, with boiling treatment exhibiting the most significant increase. Boiled herbs demonstrated approximately 29% higher TPC and an impressive 348% increase in antioxidant activity compared to the other treatments. Oral administration of the boiled herb extracts to the HFD rats resulted in significant reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels, while elevating the HDL cholesterol levels compared to the positive control rats. Additionally, the boiled herb extracts exhibited antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. Notably, PE displayed more significant anti-obesity properties compared to ME, potentially due to higher TPC and antioxidant activity observed in PE compared to ME. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential positive effects of boiled parsley against obesity and recommends boiling treatment as the preferred method when heat treatment is required for herbs.

Natural Chalcones for the Management of Obesity Disease

In the last decade, the incidence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide, reaching a dangerous pandemic spread. This condition has serious public health implications as it significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. The treatment of obesity is therefore the greatest health challenge of our time. Conventional therapeutic treatment of obesity is based on the use of various synthetic molecules belonging to the class of appetite suppressants, lipase inhibitors, hormones, metabolic regulators, and inhibitors of intestinal peptide receptors. The long-term use of these molecules is generally limited by various side effects and tolerance. For this reason, the search for natural alternatives to treat obesity is a current research goal. This review therefore examined the anti-obesity potential of natural chalcones based on available evidence from in vitro and animal studies. In particular, the results of the main in vitro studies describing the principal molecular therapeutic targets and the mechanism of action of the different chalcones investigated were described. In addition, the results of the most relevant animal studies were reported. Undoubtedly, future clinical studies are urgently needed to confirm and validate the potential of natural chalcones in the clinical prophylaxis of obesity.

Selegiline Modulates Lipid Metabolism by Activating AMPK Pathways of Epididymal White Adipose Tissues in HFD-Fed Obese Mice

Obesity, as a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, is among the most serious health problems. Increased monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been observed in the adipose tissue of obese humans and animals. Although previous studies have already demonstrated the potential of MAO-B inhibitors as a treatment for this condition, the mechanism of their effect has been insufficiently elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of selegiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, using in vivo animal models. The effect was evaluated through an assessment of body energy homeostasis, glucose tolerance tests, and biochemical analysis. Pharmacological inhibition of MAO-B by selegiline was observed to reduce body weight and fat accumulation, and improved glucose metabolism without a corresponding change in food intake, in HFD-fed obese mice. We also observed that both the expression of adipogenenic markers, including C/EBPα and FABP4, and lipogenic markers such as pACC were significantly reduced in epididymal white adipose tissues (eWATs). Conversely, increased expression of lipolytic markers such as ATGL and pHSL and AMPK phosphorylation were noted. Treating obese mice with selegiline significantly increased expression levels of UCP1 and promoted eWAT browning, indicating increased energy expenditure. These results suggest that selegiline, by inhibiting MAO-B activity, is a potential anti-obesity treatment.

Comparison of Efficacy of Fermented Garlic and Orlistat (Lipase Inhibitor) in Obesity Management Using an Experimental Rodent Model

BACKGROUND

Black garlic, also known as fermented garlic, is a useful food that may have therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of fermented garlic and orlistat therapy on obese rats.

METHODS

A total of 40 male albino rats (245-250 g) were fed either an HFD (n = 32) or a normal diet (n = 8) for 6 weeks; therefore we randomly assigned the rats into: group I (normal diet), group II (HFD), groups III and IV (HFD with fermented garlic), and group V (orlistat for) 6 weeks. Two different dosages of fermented garlic (481.2 mg/kg and 963.3 mg/kg) were administered. Afterward, blood was collected, body weight was measured, and tissue was collected for further analysis.

RESULTS

Both the orlistat and black garlic groups showed a significant reduction in BMI, lipid profiles, and insulin levels compared with the baseline. The orlistat group showed significant elevation (p < 0.005) in body weight, organ weight, lipids, and liver parameters, with histopathological findings. The administration of black garlic improved the inflammatory markers with all other parameters.

CONCLUSION

The fermented garlic and orlistat reinstated all of the investigated parameters significantly (p < 0.05), especially body weight and lipid profiles, and induced histopathological changes compared to the drug orlistat. Additionally, it showed anti-obesity-related therapeutic impacts compared with the orlistat drug. Black garlic provides a reliable and effective treatment for obesity compared to orlistat.

A Recent Advance on Phytochemicals, Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Activities of Buckwheat

Buckwheat, a member of the Fagopyrum genus in the Polygonaceae family, is an ancient pseudocereal with noteworthy nutraceutical properties that have been relatively less explored. This crop holds great promise for the future due to its gluten-free protein, wellbalanced amino acid profile, and the presence of bioactive flavonoids that promote good health. With its gluten-free nature and a combination of beneficial nutritional components, buckwheat shows significant potential for a variety of health benefits. The objective of the present review aims to explore various nutritional and pharmacological properties of buckwheat. With the help of various search engines Pubmed, Google and Semantic Scholar, research and review papers. Data were analyzed and summarized in a comprehensive review. A fascinating spectrum of nutritional and pharmacological activities of common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat were explored such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, neurological disorders, antiobesity, anticancer, cardiovascular agents and many more. This review provides a concise overview of the current understanding of the chemical composition of both common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat and the captivating spectrum of pharmacological activity and also underscoring their immense potential for future advancements.

Anti-Obesity Effects of Chitosan and Its Derivatives

The number of obese people in the world is rising, leading to an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. The search for medications including natural compounds for the prevention of obesity is an urgent task. Chitosan polysaccharide obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, and its derivatives, including short-chain oligosaccharides (COS), have hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties. Chemical modifications of chitosan can produce derivatives with increased solubility under neutral conditions, making them potential therapeutic substances for use in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Multiple studies both in animals and clinical trials have demonstrated that chitosan improves the gut microbiota, restores intestinal barrier dysfunction, and regulates thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the effect of chitosan is rather mild, especially if used for a short periods, and is mostly independent of chitosan's physical characteristics. We hypothesized that the major mechanism of chitosan's anti-obesity effect is its flocculant properties, enabling it to collect the chyme in the gastrointestinal tract and facilitating the removal of extra food. This review summarizes the results of the use of COS, chitosan, and its derivatives in obesity control in terms of pathways of action and structural activity.

A Comprehensive Review of Phytonutrients as a Dietary Therapy for Obesity

Obesity is a complex medical condition mainly caused by eating habits, genetics, lifestyle, and medicine. The present study deals with traditional diets like the Mediterranean diet, Nordic diet, African Heritage diet, Asian diet, and DASH, as these are considered to be sustainable diets for curing obesity. However, the bioavailability of phytonutrients consumed in the diet may vary, depending on several factors such as digestion and absorption of phytonutrients, interaction with other substances, cooking processes, and individual differences. Hence, several phytochemicals, like polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, etc., have been investigated to assess their efficiencies and safety in the prevention and treatment of obesity. These phytochemicals have anti-obesity effects, mediated via modulation of many pathways, such as decreased lipogenesis, lipid absorption, accelerated lipolysis, energy intake, expenditure, and preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. Owing to these anti-obesity effects, new food formulations incorporating these phytonutrients were introduced that can be beneficial in reducing the prevalence of obesity and promoting public health.

A Review of the Potential Health Benefits of Nigella sativa on Obesity and Its Associated Complications

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and its prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. It is considered a major risk factor for the development of several comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Conventional treatments for obesity, such as dietary interventions, exercise and pharmacotherapy, have proven to have limited effectiveness and are often associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. Nigella sativa (NS), a medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological properties, has gained attention due to its potential role in the treatment of obesity and its associated complications. The aim of this review is therefore to assess the effects of NS on obesity and its complications and to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. From this review, NS appears to play a complementary or supportive role in the treatment of obesity and its complications. However, future studies are needed to verify the efficacy of NS in the treatment of obesity and its complications and to prove its safety so that it can be introduced in patients with obesity.

Non-Cardiotoxic Tetradecanoic Acid-2,4-Dinitrophenol Ester Nanomicelles in Microneedles Exert Potent Anti-Obesity Effect by Regulating Adipocyte Browning and Lipogenesis

Sustained oral uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) administration exerts prominent anti-obesity effects, but the adipose tissue off-target disadvantage leads to systemic adverse effects. A novel non-cardiotoxicity DNP delivery method using a biocompatible microneedles patch containing the amphiphilic tetradecanoic acid-DNP ester (TADNP) is described, which is synthesized via esterification on the phenolic hydroxyl of DNP. The TADNP is self-assembled as nanomicelles, which enhance the endocytosis rate of DNP by adipocytes and its permeation in isolated adipose tissues. The microenvironment of adipose tissues promotes the massive release of DNP and plasma and simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The microneedles-delivered TADNP nanomicelles (MN-TADNP) effectively deliver DNP in treated adipose tissues and reduce DNP content in off-target organs. Both oral and MN patch-delivered TADNP micelles effectively exert anti-obesity effects in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity; and noteworthily, MN-TADNP exhibit more satisfactory biosafety than oral administration. Here, a smart MN patch loaded with tetradecanoic acid-modified DNP is reported, which enhances its accumulation in adipose tissues and exerts an anti-obesity effect without causing any systemic toxicity.

Pharmaceutical efficacy of novel human-origin Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains on high-fat-diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic disorders in mice

Introduction

Obesity and related metabolic issues are a growing global health concern. Recently, the discovery of new probiotics with anti-obesity properties has gained interest.

Methods

In this study, four Faecalibacte-rium prausnitzii strains were isolated from healthy human feces and evaluated on a high-fat diet-induced mouse model for 12 weeks.

Results

The F. prausnitzii strains reduced body weight gain, liver and fat weights, and calorie intake while improving lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, as evidenced by regulating lipid metabolism-associated gene expression, including ACC1, FAS, SREBP1c, leptin, and adiponectin. Moreover, the F. prausnitzii strains inhibited low-grade inflammation, restored gut integrity, and ameliorated hepatic function and insulin resistance. Interestingly, the F. prausnitzii strains modulated gut and neural hormone secretion and reduced appetite by affecting the gut-brain axis. Supplementation with F. prausnitzii strains noticeably changed the gut microbiota composition.

Discussion

In summary, the novel isolated F. prausnitzii strains have therapeutic effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders through modulation of the gut-brain axis. Additionally, the effectiveness of different strains might not be achieved through identical mechanisms. Therefore, the present findings provide a reliable clue for developing novel therapeutic probiotics against obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract exerts anti-obesity effect in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6N mice

Kaempferia parviflora (KP) rhizome, also called black ginger, has been used as a herbal medicine for many centuries. This current study was aimed at exploring whether KP rhizome extract (KPE) had anti-obesity effects and the mechanism involved. Five-week-old C57BL/6N male mice were allocated into five groups for 8-week feeding with control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + 150 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day KPE (HFD+K150), HFD + 300 mg/kg BW/day KPE (HFD+K300), and HFD + 600 mg/kg BW/day KPE (HFD+K600). KPE decreased BW, body fat mass, adipose tissue weight, adipocyte size, and serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, and leptin in HFD-induced obese C57BL/6N mice. KPE inhibited adipogenesis by decreasing CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, ATP-citrate lyase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression. KPE improved lipolysis by increasing carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA expression. These results suggest that KPE may have inhibited HFD-induced obesity by regulating several pathways involved in decreasing adipogenesis and enhancing lipolysis. Thus, the results suggest that KPE (or KP) may be applicable as an anti-obesity agent.

Adiposity Reduction by Cucumis melo var. gaettongchamoe Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

This study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Cucumis melo var. gaettongchamoe (CG) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mice received CG water extract (CGWE) treatment for 8 weeks, and changes in body weight and serum lipid levels were analyzed. The HFD + vehicle group showed a significant increase in body weight compared to the control group, while the HFD + CGWE and HFD + positive (orlistat) groups exhibited reduced body weight. Lipid profile analysis revealed lower levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HFD + CGWE group compared to the HFD + vehicle group. The HFD + vehicle group had increased abdominal fat weight and fat content, whereas both HFD + CGWE groups showed significant reductions in abdominal fat content and adipocyte size. Additionally, CGWE administration downregulated mRNA expression of key proteins involved in neutral lipid metabolism. CGWE also promoted hepatic lipolysis, reducing lipid droplet accumulation in hepatic tissue and altering neutral lipid metabolism protein expression. Furthermore, CGWE treatment reduced inflammatory mediators and suppressed the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in hepatic tissue. In conclusion, CGWE shows promise as a therapeutic intervention for obesity and associated metabolic dysregulation, including alterations in body weight, serum lipid profiles, adipose tissue accumulation, hepatic lipolysis, and the inflammatory response. CGWE may serve as a potential natural anti-obesity agent.

Antiobesity pathways of pterostilbene and resveratrol: a comprehensive insight

It may not always be possible for obese individuals to limit energy intake or to provide and/or maintain greater energy expenditure through exercise and physical activity. Therefore, the search for effective methods for obesity continues. Recently, the anti-obesity effect of stilbenes has attracted attention. In this review, aim was evaluating the effect of pterostilbene and resveratrol against obesity and the possible mechanisms in this effect. Dietary phytochemicals can induce body weight loss by increasing basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis and/or altering lipid metabolism. Stilbenes are products of the plant phenylpropanoid pathway. Very important mechanisms for the anti-obesity impact belonging to resveratrol as well as pterostilbene include thermogenic activation in brown adipose tissue alongside the browning of white adipose tissue. Considering nutrition and dietary habits, which have an important place in lifestyle changes for both the prevention and the treatment of obesity, pterostilbene and resveratrol, which are polyphenols and stilbenes, are seen as promising. However, optimal dose, duration, mechanism, long-term safety, side effects, combination, elucidation of genomic interactions, and lifestyle modifications should be considered.

Albizia julibrissin Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects by Inducing the Browning of 3T3L1 White Adipocytes

This study investigated the effects of the Albizia julibrissin Leaf extracts (AJLE) on adipocytes using 3T3-L1 cells. AJLE inhibited adipogenesis by reducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) that regulate enzymes involved in fat synthesis and storage, and subsequently reduced intracellular lipid droplets, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and triglyceride (TG). AJLE also increased the expression of brown adipocyte markers, such as uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), PR/SET domain 16 (PRDM16), and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) by inducing the differentiation of brown adipocytes, as shown by a decrease in the lipid droplet sizes and increasing mitochondrial mass. AJLE increased the expression of transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and UCP-1 protein expression, all of which are key factors in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. AJLE-induced browning was shown to be regulated by the coordination of AMPK, p38, and SIRT1 signaling pathways. The ability of AJLE to inhibit adipogenesis and induce brown adipocyte differentiation may help treat obesity and related diseases.

New Insight on In Vitro Biological Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Ulvophyte Green Algae

Green algae are natural bioresources that have excellent bioactive potential, partly due to sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) which are still rarely explored for their biological activities. There is currently an urgent need for studies exploring the anticancer biological activity of SPs extracted from two Indonesian ulvophyte green algae: the sulfated polysaccharide of Caulerpa racemosa (SPCr) and the sulfated polysaccharide of Caulerpa lentillifera (SPCl). The method of isolating SPs and their assessment of biological activities in this study were based on previous and similar studies. The highest yield sulfate/total sugar ratio was presented by SPCr than that of SPCl. Overall, SPCr exhibits a strong antioxidant activity, as indicated by smaller EC₅₀ values obtained from a series of antioxidant activity assays compared to the EC₅₀ values of Trolox (control). As an anti-obesity and antidiabetic, the overall EC₅₀ value of both SPs was close to the EC₅₀ of the positive control (orlistat and acarbose). Even more interesting was that SPCl displayed wide-ranging anticancer effects on colorectal, hepatoma, breast cancer cell lines, and leukemia. Finally, this study reveals new insights in that SPs from two Indonesian green algae have the potential to be promising nutraceuticals as novel antioxidative actors, and to be able to fight obesity, diabetes, and even cancer.

Anti-obesity effects of Camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel) oil treatment on high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice

PURPOSE

In the current study, we investigated the effects of camellia oil and camellia oil infused with herbs (Camellia oleifera Abel) on obesity in obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).

METHODS

The antioxidant activity of camellia oil in scavenging free radicals was investigated. Additionally, body and organ weight changes, serum and liver marker parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, liver and epididymal fat histology, protein and gene expression associated with lipogenesis and hyperglycemia effect on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, were examined in HFD-induced obese mice.

RESULTS

The hepatic steatosis and epididymal fat were significantly reduced by the oral administration of camellia oil and herb-infused camellia oil. Moreover, hepatic and serum marker parameters such as total cholesterol, insulin, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase were beneficially impacted. Additionally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes also increased. Camellia oil and herb-infused camellia oil treatments reduced the expression of genes linked to hyperglycemia and lipogenesis via activation of AMPK phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION

For many people, exercise poses an obstacle in the daily routine due to lack of ease, difficulty in maintaining consistency, and hard work. Camellia oil combined with herbs has anti-obesity and antihyperglycemic effects. These findings indicate that treatment with herb-infused camellia oil is most beneficial for elderly individuals who do not prefer frequent exercise.

The synergistic effect of sea cucumber saponins and caffeine on preventing obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice by extending the action duration of caffeine

BACKGROUND

Sea cucumber saponins (SCSs) exhibit a unique structure and high bioactivities and might have specialized implications on caffeine metabolic process by altering the activity of N-demethylation enzyme CYP1A2. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of SCS on caffeine metabolism in vivo and in vitro, as well as the synergistic anti-obesity effect of SCS and caffeine on high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

RESULTS

Results found that SCS administration significantly postponed the elimination rate of caffeine and its metabolites in vivo, and further study found CYP1A2-mediated caffeine metabolism was remarkably inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The synergistic effect of the SCS and caffeine combination could decrease the total weight of white adipose tissue by 52% compared with high-fat diet-treated group.

CONCLUSION

SCS could prolong caffeine action time, and the combination of the two substances exhibited joint action on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. These findings might provide a basis for the development of functional foods and potential application using the combination of SCS and caffeine. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-Obesity Effects of SPY Fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 via Suppression of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

In this research, the potential anti-obesity efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 and its fermented product (named SPY) with mashed sweet potato paste were investigated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese mice. SPY (0-0.5 mg/mL) dose-dependently and significantly reduced lipid accumulation and TG content and the expression of adipogenic markers (C/EBPα, PPAR-γ, and aP2) and fatty acid synthetic pathway proteins (ACC and FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, demonstrating that SPY suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Oral administration of SPY (4 × 10⁷ CFU/kg body weight) to HD-induced obese mice for 12 weeks significantly reduced the body and liver weight, the size of adipocytes, and the weight of epididymal, visceral, and subcutaneous fat tissues. SPY was more effective in decreasing body weight gain in HD mice than in treatment with BST-L.601 alone. Administration of SPY or BST-L.601 also reduced the serum level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and leptin secretion at a similar level. These results revealed that both SPY and BST-L.601 effectively suppress HD-induced adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suggesting that these materials would be useful in the functional foods industry to ameliorate and/or prevent obesity.

Lysine Deprivation Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells: A Transcriptome Analysis

Growing evidence proves that amino acid restriction can reverse obesity by reducing adipose tissue mass. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signaling molecules in multiple biological pathways. The study of adipocytes' response to amino acid level changes is crucial. It has been reported that a low concentration of lysine suppresses lipid accumulation and transcription of several adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, the detailed lysine-deprivation-induced cellular transcriptomic changes and the altered pathways have yet to be fully studied. Here, using 3T3-L1 cells, we performed RNA sequencing on undifferentiated and differentiated cells, and differentiated cells under a lysine-free environment, and the data were subjected to KEGG enrichment. We found that the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes required the large-scale upregulation of metabolic pathways, mainly on the mitochondrial TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and downregulation of the lysosomal pathway. Single amino acid lysine depletion suppressed differentiation dose dependently. It disrupted the metabolism of cellular amino acids, which could be partially reflected in the changes in amino acid levels in the culture medium. It inhibited the mitochondria respiratory chain and upregulated the lysosomal pathway, which are essential for adipocyte differentiation. We also noticed that cellular interleukin 6 (IL6) expression and medium IL6 level were dramatically increased, which was one of the targets for suppressing adipogenesis induced by lysine depletion. Moreover, we showed that the depletion of some essential amino acids such as methionine and cystine could induce similar phenomena. This suggests that individual amino acid deprivation may share some common pathways. This descriptive study dissects the pathways for adipogenesis and how the cellular transcriptome was altered under lysine depletion.

Anti-Obesity Potential through Regulation of Carbohydrate Uptake and Gene Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by the Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MGEL20154 from Fermented Food

We investigated the probiotic characteristics and anti-obesity effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MGEL20154, a strain that possesses excellent intestinal adhesion and viability. The in vitro properties, e.g., gastrointestinal (GI) resistance, adhesion, and enzyme activity, demonstrated that MGEL20154 is a potential probiotic candidate. Oral administration of MGEL20154 to diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks resulted in a feed efficacy decrease by 44.7% compared to that of the high-fat diet (HFD) group. The reduction rate of weight gain was about 48.5% in the HFD+MGEL20154 group compared to that of the HFD group after 8 weeks, and the epididymal fat pad was also reduced in size by 25.2%. In addition, the upregulation of the zo-1, pparα, and erk2, and downregulation of the nf-κb and glut2 genes in Caco-2 cells by MGEL20154 were observed. Therefore, we propose that the anti-obesity effect of the strain is exerted by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption and regulating gene expression in the intestine.

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus as a promising anti-obesity treatment in Lep knockout mice

Introduction

The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (D. tuberculatus) extracts have been examined concerning inflammation, photoaging, and gastritis; however, their effect on obesity is still being investigated.

Methods

We administered a methanol extract of D. tuberculatus (MED) orally to Lep knockout (KO) mice for 4 weeks to investigate the therapeutic effects on obesity, weight gain, fat accumulation, lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and β-oxidation.

Results

In Lep KO mice, MED significantly reduced weight gains, food intake, and total cholesterol and glyceride levels. Similar reductions in fat weights and adipocyte sizes were also observed. Furthermore, MED treatment reduced liver weight, lipid droplet numbers, the expressions of adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related genes, and the expressions of lipolysis regulators in liver tissues. Moreover, the iNOS-mediated COX-2 induction pathway, the inflammasome pathway, and inflammatory cytokine levels were reduced, but β-oxidation was increased, in the livers of MED-treated Lep KO mice.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that MED ameliorates obesity and has considerable potential as an anti-obesity treatment.

Vachellia farnesiana Pods or a Polyphenolic Extract Derived from Them Exert Immunomodulatory, Metabolic, Renoprotective, and Prebiotic Effects in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Obesity causes systemic inflammation, hepatic and renal damage, as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis. Alternative vegetable sources rich in polyphenols are known to prevent or delay the progression of metabolic abnormalities during obesity. Vachellia farnesiana (VF) is a potent source of polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with potential anti-obesity effects. We performed an in vivo preventive or an interventional experimental study in mice and in vitro experiments with different cell types. In the preventive study, male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a Control diet, a high-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing either 0.1% methyl gallate, 10% powdered VFP, or 0.5%, 1%, or 2% of a polyphenolic extract (PE) derived from VFP (Vachellia farnesiana pods) for 14 weeks. In the intervention study, two groups of mice were fed for 14 weeks with a high-fat diet and then one switched to a high-fat diet with 10% powdered VFP for ten additional weeks. In the in vitro studies, we evaluated the effect of a VFPE (Vachellia farnesiana polyphenolic extract) on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E cells or of naringenin or methyl gallate on mitochondrial activity in primary hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes. VFP or a VFPE increased whole-body energy expenditure and mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle; prevented insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and kidney damage; exerted immunomodulatory effects; and reshaped fecal gut microbiota composition in mice fed a high-fat diet. VFPE decreased insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, and its isolated compounds naringenin and methyl gallate increased mitochondrial activity in primary hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes. In conclusion VFP or a VFPE prevented systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic and renal damage in mice fed a high-fat diet associated with increased energy expenditure, improved mitochondrial function, and reduction in insulin secretion.

Overview of the seized and examined pharmaceutical in the state of Minas Gerais-Brazil by the Civil Police from 2017 to 2022: A fundamental analysis of the recent impact over the drugs market

This work presents a data survey regarding the qualitative chemical analysis of drugs seized by the Police in the state of Minas Gerais between July 2017 and June 2022, including an evaluation of labeling of 265 samples of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) seized in 2020. The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) present in the samples were identified through chemical analysis and classified by system Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) methods. Analysis of the labeling information for 265 samples of AAS followed the guidance of legislation RDC 71 (2009) from ANVISA. For this study 6355 seized pharmaceuticals underwent qualitative chemical analysis that corresponded to 7739 APIs successfully identified and classified. Among the components studied AAS, psychostimulants, anesthetics, and analgesics were the most commonly examined. AAS seized and tested increased by over 100% and for the majority of the samples analyzed were found to not match the labeling on the packaging. In the meantime, anti-obesity drugs presented a prominent increase of 400% from 2020/1 to 2021/2, during covid-19 quarantine. Seized pharmaceuticals and tests can support information in the planning of public health and safety policies.

Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice

Plant extracts including secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity properties of fermented Artemisia annua (AW) and Salicornia herbacea (GW) in vitro and in mice. The metabolite profiling of AW and GW extracts was performed using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR for adipocyte difference factors. The anti-obesity effects in mice were measured using serum AST, ALT, glucose, TG, and cholesterol levels. Metabolites of the plant extracts after fermentation showed distinct differences with increasing anti-obesity active substances. The efficacy of inhibitory differentiation adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was better for GW than AW in a concentration-dependent manner. RT-PCR showed that the GW extract significantly reduced the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation (C/EBPα, PPARγ, and Fas). In C57BL/6 mice fed the HFD, the group supplemented with AW and GW showed reduced liver weight, NAS value, and fatty liver by suppressing liver fat accumulation. The GW group significantly reduced ALT, blood glucose, TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. This study displayed significant metabolite changes through biotransformation in vitro and the increasing anti-obesity effects of GW and AW in mice. GW may be applicable as functional additives for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Potential of Extracts Containing Phenols, Chlorophyll and Carotenoids from Mexican Wild Populations of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst

Some of the species of the genus Bacopa have been used in Pharmacopoeia worldwide. However, in Mexico, Bacopa monnieri has neither been extensively cultivated nor studied, nor has their use in traditional medicine been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the taxonomic verification of the four wild populations of B. monnieri, the chemical content of their pigments and phenols and to provide an analysis of their potential bioactivity. B. monnieri wild populations from Mexico were validated using molecular markers. Chromatographic profiling using HPLC-PDA revealed 21 compounds comprising 12 chlorophylls and nine carotenoids; of the latter, the major ones were lutein (0.921 ± 0.031 μg/mg of dry extract) and β-carotene (0.095 ± 0.003 μg/mg of dry extract). The total phenolic content, determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ranged from 54.8 ± 5.8 to 70.3 ± 2.2 µg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg. Plant extracts scavenged from the free radical DPPH in IC₅₀ ranged from 130.6 ± 3.0 to 249.9 ± 12.1 µg dry extract/mL. In terms of the anti-inflammatory potential, the most effective extract was from a soil-based plant from Jalisco (BS), reduced from nitric oxide in a RAW 264.7 culture medium, with an IC₅₀ value of 134 µg of dry extract/mL. The BS extract showed a significant neutral lipid-reducing activity in the zebrafish model, ranging from 3.13 μg/mL p < 0.05 to 100 μg/mL p < 0.0001. Overall, the extracts analyzed here for the first time seem promising for future use because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity potential.

Short-Term Effects of PJE Administration on Metabolic Parameters in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

The study investigated the effects of Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. extract (PJE) and fenofibrate on diet-induced obesity (DIO) in mice. PJE was found to contain various bio-active polyphenolic compounds, including kaempferol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaric acid, apigenin, and 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The results showed that PJE treatment up to 1000 μg/mL did not affect the viability of 3T3-L1 cell line, and it reduced the feed efficiency ratio in DIO mice. PJE administration also resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain and fat accumulation in the liver compared to the DIO control group. Additionally, PJE administration improved the levels of lipid and related parameters, including total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin, and atherogenic or cardiac indexes compared to the DIO control group. The study suggested that PJE may have a beneficial effect on insulin resistance, lipid profiles, atherogenesis, adipokines, and cardiac risk associated with diet-induced obesity.

Carotenoids Composition of Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa and Their Antidiabetic, Anti-Obesity, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Green alga Caulerpa racemosa is an underexploited species of macroalgae, even though it is characterized by a green color that indicates an abundance of bioactive pigments, such as chlorophyll and possibly xanthophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, which has been well explored, the composition of the carotenoids of C. racemosa and its biological activities have not been reported. Therefore, this study aims to look at the carotenoid profile and composition of C. racemose and determine their biological activities, which include antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity in vitro. The detected carotenoids were all xanthophylls, which included fucoxanthin, lutein, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin based on orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS) and a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) diode array detector. Of the seven carotenoids observed, it should be highlighted that β-carotene and canthaxanthin were the two most dominant carotenoids present in C. racemosa. Interestingly, the carotenoid extract of C. racemosa has good biological activity in inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPPH and ABTS, and the TNF-α and mTOR, as well as upregulating the AMPK, which makes it a drug candidate or functional antidiabetic food, a very promising anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory. More interestingly, the cytotoxicity value of the carotenoid extract of C. racemosa shows a level of safety in normal cells, which makes it a potential for the further development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

Safflower yellow and its main component hydroxysafflor yellow A alleviate hyperleptinemia in diet-induced obesity mice through a dual inhibition of the GIP-GIPR signaling axis

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by K cells in the small intestine and is considered an obesity-promoting factor. In this study, we systematically investigated the anti-obesity effects of intragastric safflower yellow (SY)/hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and the underlying mechanism for the first time. Our results showed that intragastric SY/HSYA, rather than an intraperitoneal injection, notably decreased serum GIP levels and GIP staining in the small intestine in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Moreover, intragastric SY/HSYA was also first found to significantly suppress GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling in both the hypothalamus and subcutaneous White adipose tissue. Our study is the first to show that intragastric SY/HSYA obviously reduced food intake and body weight gain in leptin sensitivity experiments and decreased serum leptin levels in DIO mice. Further experiments demonstrated that SY treatment also significantly reduced leptin levels, whereas the inhibitory effect of SY on leptin levels was reversed by activating GIPR in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, intragastric SY/HSYA had already significantly reduced serum GIP levels and GIPR expression before the serum leptin levels were notably changed in high-fat-diet-fed mice. These findings suggested that intragastric SY/HSYA may alleviate diet-induced obesity in mice by ameliorating hyperleptinemia via dual inhibition of the GIP-GIPR axis.

Gut microbiota mediates the anti-obesity effect of intermittent fasting by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption

The prevention and treatment of obesity have been one of the most difficult problems in the world. Intermittent fasting (IF) has received wide attention as an effective diet strategy. Existing studies have shown that IF could improve obesity and diabetes-related metabolic disorders. Here, we show that IF can change the composition and metabolic function of intestinal microbes, and reduce lipid absorption by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, with the participation of arginine. Arginine concentration in feces of fasted mice is inversely correlated with Akkermansia muciniphila abundance. Antibiotic-induced clearance of intestinal microbiota greatly inhibits the effect of IF. Furthermore, the colonization test of Akkermansia muciniphila again activates the browning of white adipose tissue and restores the improvement of metabolism to alleviate obesity. These phenomena indicate that every-other-day fasting regimen inhibits intestinal lipid absorption and promotes the browning of white adipose tissue in mice to ameliorate the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders through the microbial flora-metabolite-fat signaling axis. And the above results demonstrate new directions for the treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Bioactivity-based molecular networking-guided identification of guttiferone J from Garcinia cambogia as an anti-obesity candidate

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Pharmacological intervention to induce browning of white adipose tissue provides a promising anti-obesity therapy. The fruits of Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) have been widely applied to manage body weight; however, the chemical principles remain unclear. The current study aims to discover browning inducers from the fruits of G. cambogia and investigate the underlying mechanisms.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

The bioactivity-based molecular networking and Oil Red O staining on 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes were applied for guided isolation. High-fat diet-induced obese mice were recruited to evaluate the anti-obesity activity.

KEY RESULTS

The bioactivity-based molecular networking-guided isolation yielded several polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the fruits of G. cambogia with lipid-lowering effect in adipocytes, including guttiferone J (GOJ), garcinol and 14-deoxygarcinol. As the most potent one, GOJ (10 μM) reduced lipid accumulation by 70% and 76% in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, respectively. Furthermore, GOJ (2.5-10 μM) increased the expression of the deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and activated it, which, in turn, reduced the acetylation level of PPARγ coactivator-1α to boost mitochondrial biogenesis and promoted uncoupling protein 1 expression to enhance thermogenesis, resulting in browning of adipocytes. In high-fat diet-induced-obese mice, GOJ (10 and 20 mg·kg^-1 ·day^-1 for 12 weeks) protected against adiposity, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance and liver lipotoxicity, through boosting SIRT3-mediated browning of inguinal adipose tissue.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

GOJ represents a new scaffold of thermogenic inducer, which is responsible for the anti-obesity property of G. cambogia and can be further developed as a candidate for treating obesity and its related disorders.

An Innovative Mei-Gin Formula Exerts Anti-Adipogenic and Anti-Obesity Effects in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

BACKGROUND

To investigate the potential anti-obesity properties of an innovative functional formula (called the Mei-Gin formula: MGF) consisting of bainiku-ekisu, Prunus mume (70% ethanol extract), black garlic (water extract), and Mesona procumbens Hemsl. (40% ethanol extract) for reducing lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and obese rats in vivo.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The prevention and regression of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by the intervention of Japan Mei-Gin, MGF-3 and -7, and positive health supplement powder were investigated in male Wistar rats. The anti-obesity effects of MGF-3 and -7 in rats with HFD-induced obesity were examined by analyzing the role of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the development of obesity.

RESULTS

The results indicated that MGF-1-7 significantly suppressed lipid accumulation and cell differentiation through the down-regulation of GPDH activity, as a key regulator in the synthesis of triglycerides. Additionally, MGF-3 and MGF-7 exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The high-fat diet increased body weight, liver weight, and total body fat (visceral and subcutaneous fat) in obese rats, while these alterations were effectively improved by the administration of MGF-3 and -7, especially MGF-7.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the role of the Mei-Gin formula, particularly MGF-7, in anti-obesity action, which has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of obesity.

The Differences of Mechanisms in Antihypertensive and Anti-Obesity Effects of Eucommia Leaf Extract between Rodents and Humans

In the 1970s, Eucommia leaf tea, known as Tochu-cha in Japanese, was developed from roasted Eucommia leaves in Japan and is considered as a healthy tea. The antihypertensive, diuretic, anti-stress, insulin resistance improving, and anti-obesity effects of Eucommia leaf extract have been reported. However, the identification and properties of the active components as well as the underlying mechanism of action are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize studies involving the oral administration of geniposidic acid, a major iridoid component of Eucommia leaf extract which increases plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the atria of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by activating the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). To achieve the antihypertensive effects of the Eucommia leaf extract through ANP secretion in humans, combining a potent cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitor, such as pinoresinol di-β-d-glucoside, with geniposidic acid may be necessary. Changes in the gut microbiota are an important aspect involved in the efficacy of asperuloside, another component of the Eucommia leaf extract, which improves obesity and related sequelae, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. There are species differences of mechanisms associated with the antihypertensive and anti-obesity effects between rodents and humans, and not all animal test results are consistent with that of human studies. This review is focused on the mechanisms in antihypertensive and anti-obesity effects of the Eucommia leaf extract and summarizes the differences of mechanisms in their effects on rodents and humans based on our studies and those of others.

Identification of a Novel Strain Lactobacillus Reuteri and Anti-Obesity Effect through Metabolite Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

The potentially beneficial effects of probiotics in the treatment of obesity have been generally demonstrated. In the present study, a new strain of Lactobacillus reuteri SY523 (L. reuteri SY523) with an anti-obesity effect was isolated from the fecal microbiota of diet-induced obese mice. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of mice serum showed that the significantly differential metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAId) was markedly elevated in the L. reuteri SY523-treated group, and interestingly, the abundance of 3-IAId was significantly negatively associated with obesity-related indicators. As expected, in the HepG2 cell induced by free fatty acids, the potential activity of 3-IAId in restraining lipid deposition was verified. Further, we found that 3-IAId was involved in the anti-obesity effect of L. reuteri SY523 mainly via regulating the cGMP/cAMP signaling pathway. The highlight of this study lies in clarifying the pivotal role of metabolite 3-IAId in the anti-obesity effect induced by L. reuteri SY523, which is conducive to the development of probiotics for anti-obesity agents.

Insights on Dietary Polyphenols as Agents against Metabolic Disorders: Obesity as a Target Disease

Obesity is a condition that leads to increased health problems associated with metabolic disorders. Synthetic drugs are available for obesity treatment, but some of these compounds have demonstrated considerable side effects that limit their use. Polyphenols are vital phytonutrients of plant origin that can be incorporated as functional food ingredients. This review presents recent developments in dietary polyphenols as anti-obesity agents. Evidence supporting the potential application of food-derived polyphenols as agents against obesity has been summarized. Literature evidence supports the effectiveness of plant polyphenols against obesity. The anti-obesity mechanisms of polyphenols have been explained by their potential to inhibit obesity-related digestive enzymes, modulate neurohormones/peptides involved in food intake, and their ability to improve the growth of beneficial gut microbes while inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic ones. Metabolism of polyphenols by gut microbes produces different metabolites with enhanced biological properties. Thus, research demonstrates that dietary polyphenols can offer a novel path to developing functional foods for treating obesity. Upcoming investigations need to explore novel techniques, such as nanocarriers, to improve the content of polyphenols in foods and their delivery and bioavailability at the target sites in the body.

Anti-Obesity Potential through Regulation of Carbohydrate Uptake and Gene Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by the Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MGEL20154 from Fermented Food

In this study we investigated the probiotic characteristics and anti-obesity effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MGEL20154, a strain that possesses excellent intestinal adhesion and viability. The in vitro properties, e.g., gastrointestinal (GI) resistance, adhesion, and enzyme activity, demonstrated that MGEL20154 is a potential probiotic candidate. Oral administration of MGEL20154 to diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks resulted in a feed efficacy decrease by 44.7% compared to that of the high-fat diet (HFD) group. The reduction rate of weight gain was about 48.5% in the HFD+MGEL20154 group compared to that of the HFD group after 8 weeks, and the epididymal fat pad was also reduced in size by 25.2%. In addition, the upregulation of the zo-1, pparα, and erk2, and downregulation of the nf-κb and glut2 genes in Caco-2 cells by MGEL20154 were observed. Therefore, we propose that the anti-obesity effect of the strain is exerted by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption and regulating gene expression in the intestine.

Scytosiphon lomentaria Extract Ameliorates Obesity and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

Scytosiphon lomentaria (SL) is a brown seaweed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on obesity are unknown. In this research, we investigated the anti-obesity properties and underlying mechanisms of the SL extract in vitro and in vivo. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, SL extract inhibited lipid accumulation, decreased the expression of Acc1, C/ebpa, Pparg mRNA and p-ACC1, and increased the expression of Ucp1 mRNA, UCP1 and p-AMPK. In animal experiments, mice were fed a chow diet, a high-fat diet (HF; 60% of calories as fat), and high-fat diet with SL extract (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for eight weeks (n = 10/group). SL extract reduced HF-induced weight gain, epididymal fat weight, fat cell size, LDL-C, leptin, fasting glucose, and glucose tolerance. In addition, SL extract had comparable effects on mRNA expression in WAT and liver to those observed in vitro, thereby inhibiting p-ACC1/ACC1 and increasing p-AMPK/AMPK and UCP1 expression. Furthermore, SL extract decreased HF-induced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and reversed HF-reduced Bacteroides spp., Bacteroides vulgatus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. These findings suggest that SL extract can aid in weight loss in mice fed a high-fat diet by altering adipogenic and thermogenic pathways, as well as gut microbiota composition.

Perilla Pomace, a By-product of Oil Extraction, Is Rich in Nutrients and Can Favorably Modulate Lipid Metabolism in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Perilla pomace, a by-product of oil extraction, is rich in nutrients, such as proteins, but it has not been used for purposes other than livestock feeding. The aim of this study was to determine how perilla pomace modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats. Dried perilla pomace was added to diet at a concentration of 16%. One experimental group was administered perilla oil equivalent to that in the perilla pomace. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized, and biochemical parameters were measured. Two experiments were conducted using a low-fat (7% by weight) and a high-fat (21% by weight) diet. Regardless of the level of fat in the diets, no differences in food intake were found among the groups. In the low-fat diet-fed rats (Experiment 1), epididymal adipose tissue weight was slightly, but not significantly, lower in perilla pomace-fed rats than in those fed the control diet. Hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by perilla pomace compared to those in the control group. Serum lipid profiles (triglycerides and cholesterol) were similar to those in the liver, without statistically significant differences. Perilla pomace significantly diminished hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. In high-fat diet-fed rats (Experiment 2), pomace did not significantly lower epididymal adipose tissue weight. Hepatic cholesterol levels were lower in rats on the perilla oil than in control rats. The activity of hepatic enzymes involved in fat oxidation was significantly higher in rats fed the perilla pomace than in those fed the control diet. Collectively, these results show that perilla pomace favorably modulates fat metabolism, and the specific effects depend on the fat content in the diet.

Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model by Regulating Lipid Metabolism

SCOPE

Chronic hypernutrition promotes lipid accumulation in the body and excessive lipid accumulation leads to obesity. An increase in the number and size of adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity is closely associated with adipose dysfunction. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that probiotics may prevent this dysfunction by regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotics in obesity are not fully understood and their usage for treating obesity remains limited.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 is selected for its anti-obesity potential after evaluating inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol reducing activity. Next, this study investigates the roles of B. lactis IDCC 4301 on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. B. lactis IDCC 4301 inhibits cell differentiation and lipid accumulation by suppressing the expression of adipogenic enzymes in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, the administration of B. lactis IDCC 4301 decreases body and adipose tissue weight, improves serum lipid levels, and downregulates adipogenic mRNA expression in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, metabolomic analysis suggests that 2-ketobutyrate should be a possible target compound against obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

B. lactis IDCC 4301 may be used as an alternative treatment for obesity.

Ulvophyte Green Algae Caulerpa lentillifera: Metabolites Profile and Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-Obesity, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Properties

Marine algae have excellent bioresource properties with potential nutritional and bioactive therapeutic benefits, but studies regarding Caulerpa lentillifera are limited. This study aims to explore the metabolites profile and the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-obesity, and in vitro cytotoxicity properties of fractionated ethanolic extract of C. lentillifera using two maceration and soxhlet extraction methods. Dried simplicia of C. lentillifera was mashed and extracted in ethanol solvent, concentrated and evaporated, then sequentially partitioned with equal volumes of ethyl acetate and n-Hexane. Six samples were used in this study, consisting of ME (Maceration-Ethanol), MEA (Maceration-Ethyl Acetate), MH (Maceration-n-Hexane), SE (Soxhletation-Ethanol), SEA (Soxhletation-Ethyl Acetate), and SH (Soxhletation-n-Hexane). Non-targeted metabolomic profiling was determined using LC-HRMS, while antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anticancer cytotoxicity were determined using DPPH and ABTS, lipase inhibition, and MTT assay, respectively. This study demonstrates that C. lentillifera has several functional metabolites, antioxidant capacity (EC₅₀ MH is very close to EC₅₀ of Trolox), as well as anti-obesity properties (EC₅₀ MH < EC₅₀ orlistat, an inhibitor of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes), which are useful as precursors for new therapeutic approaches in improving obesity-related diseases. More interestingly, ME, MH, and SE are novel bioresource agents for anticancer drugs, especially for hepatoma, breast, colorectal, and leukemia cancers. Finally, C. lentillifera can be a nutraceutical with great therapeutic benefits.

L-Fucose Suppresses Lipid Accumulation via the AMPK Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

L-fucose (Fuc), a monosaccharide with different biological functions in various organisms, exhibits potent anti-obesity effects in obese mice. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-obesity effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Fuc on lipid metabolism and insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that Fuc treatment suppressed lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, Fuc treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and its downstream pathways, responsible for the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis. Furthermore, Fuc-induced activation of the AMPK pathway was diminished by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C, and Fuc treatment considerably promoted glucose uptake via Akt activation in an insulin-resistant state. These findings provide a basis for elucidating the mechanism underlying the anti-obesity effect of Fuc, which may, in the future, be considered as a therapeutic compound for treating obesity and related diseases.

Combination of marine bioactive compounds and extracts for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases

Background

In recent years, marine-based functional foods and combination therapy are receiving greater recognition for their roles in healthy lifestyle applications and are being investigated as viable and effective strategies for disease treatment or prevention.

Aim of the review

This review article presents and discusses the relevant scientific publications that have studied the synergistic and additive effects of natural marine bioactive compounds and extract combinations with anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive activities in the last two decades. The paper presents the mechanism of action and health benefits of developed combinations and discusses the limitation of the studies. Furthermore, it recommends alternatives and directions for future studies. Finally, it highlights the factors for developing novel combinations of marine bioactive compounds.

Key scientific concepts of review

Combination of marine bioactive compounds or extracts affords synergistic or additive effects by multiple means, such as multi-target effects, enhancing the bioavailability, boosting the bioactivity, and neutralizing adverse effects of compounds in the mixture. For the development of marine-based combinations, there are key points for consideration and issues to address: knowledge of the mechanism of action of individual compounds and their combinations, optimum ratio and dosing of compounds, and experimental models must all be taken into account. Strategies to increase the number and diversity of marine combinations, and further development of marine-based functional foods, are available. However, only a small number of natural marine bioactive combinations have been assessed, and most research has been focused on fish oil and carotenoid synergy. Therefore, more research and resources should be spent on developing novel marine bioactive combinations as functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Anti-obesity effect of Angelica keiskei Jiaosu prepared by yeast fermentation on high-fat diet-fed mice

In this study, an Angelica keiskei (A. keiskei) Jiaosu (FAK) was prepared by yeast fermentation to investigate its anti-obesity effect on high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. 70 SPF grade male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 10): blank control group (N), high-fat model group (M), positive control group (Orl), unfermented control group (NF), high-dose intervention group (FH), medium-dose intervention group (FM), and low-dose intervention group (FL). The results showed that FAK intervention significantly reduced the body weight, Lee's index and liver index of HFD-fed mice (P < 0.05). Compared with M group, the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and glucose (GLU) in FH group were remarkably decreased and that of interleukin-27 (IL-27) were increased (P < 0.05). The levels of TG, and TC in the liver of mice were also markedly decreased in the FH group (P < 0.05). HE staining results showed that the liver cells in the three intervention groups had less degeneration and fatty vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and the liver cords were orderly arranged compared with that of M group. Furthermore, FAK significantly inhibited epididymal adipose tissue cell expansion induced by HFD. FAK up-regulated the protein expression levels of p-AMPK and PPARα to promote lipolysis and down-regulated the expression of PPARγ to reduce lipid synthesis (P < 0.05). Additionally, the results of gut microbiota showed that after the intervention, a decrease trend of F/B value and Deferribacterota was noticed in the FH group compared with M group. At the genus level, FAK intervention significantly increased that of Ileiobacterium compared to the M group (p < 0.05). A rising trend of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium were also observed in the HF group. Conclusively, these findings demonstrated that FAK intervention can effectively improve obesity in mice caused by HFD and the potential mechanisms was related to the regulation of serum levels of leptin and IL-27, lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue and gut microbiota composition.