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Ban OH, Lee M, Bang WY, Nam EH, Jeon HJ, Shin M, Yang J, Jung YH. Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model by Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200385. [PMID: 36517937 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chronic hypernutrition promotes lipid accumulation in the body and excessive lipid accumulation leads to obesity. An increase in the number and size of adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity is closely associated with adipose dysfunction. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that probiotics may prevent this dysfunction by regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotics in obesity are not fully understood and their usage for treating obesity remains limited. METHODS AND RESULTS Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 is selected for its anti-obesity potential after evaluating inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol reducing activity. Next, this study investigates the roles of B. lactis IDCC 4301 on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. B. lactis IDCC 4301 inhibits cell differentiation and lipid accumulation by suppressing the expression of adipogenic enzymes in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, the administration of B. lactis IDCC 4301 decreases body and adipose tissue weight, improves serum lipid levels, and downregulates adipogenic mRNA expression in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, metabolomic analysis suggests that 2-ketobutyrate should be a possible target compound against obesity. CONCLUSIONS B. lactis IDCC 4301 may be used as an alternative treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea.,School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Lee
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yeong Bang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Eoun Ho Nam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Jeon
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Yu HY, Rhim DB, Kim SK, Ban OH, Oh SK, Seo J, Hong SK. Growth promotion effect of red ginseng dietary fiber to probiotics and transcriptome analysis of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:159-165. [PMID: 36644380 PMCID: PMC9834016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red ginseng marc, the residue of red ginseng left after water extraction, is rich in dietary fiber. Dietary fiber derived from fruits or vegetables can promote the proliferation of probiotics, and it is a key technology in the food industry to increase the productivity of probiotics by adding growth-enhancing substances such as dietary fiber. In this study, the effect of red ginseng dietary fiber (RGDF) on the growth of probiotic bacterial strains was investigated at the phenotypic and genetic levels. Methods We performed transcriptome profiling of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IDCC3501 in two phases of culture (logarithmic (L)-phase and stationary (S)-phase) in two culture conditions (with or without RGDF) using RNA-seq. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and classified according to Gene Ontology terms. Results The growth of L.plantarum IDCC3501 was enhanced in medium supplemented with RGDF up to 2%. As a result of DEG analysis, 29 genes were upregulated and 30 were downregulated in the RGDF-treated group in the L-phase. In the S-phase, 57 genes were upregulated and 126 were downregulated in the RGDF-treated group. Among the upregulated genes, 5 were upregulated only in the L-phase, 10 were upregulated only in the S-phase, and 3 were upregulated in both the L- and S-phases. Conclusions Transcriptome analysis could be a valuable tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which RGDF promotes the proliferation of L.plantarum IDCC3501. This growth-promoting effect of RGDF is important, since RGDF could be used as a prebiotic source without additional chemical or enzymatic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Yu
- Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Bin Rhim
- Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Sang-Kyu Kim, Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea.
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongteak, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Oh
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongteak, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Seo
- Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Hong
- Laboratory of Red Ginseng Products, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Bang WY, Kim H, Chae SA, Yang SY, Ban OH, Kim TY, Kwon HS, Jung YH, Yang J. A Quadruple Coating of Probiotics for Enhancing Intestinal Adhesion and Competitive Exclusion of Salmonella Typhimurium. J Med Food 2022; 25:213-218. [PMID: 35072526 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our group showed that a quadruple coating of probiotics resulted in higher survivability of probiotics under high acid, bile salt, and thermal stresses. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the quadruple coating of probiotics on adhesive properties as well as on competitive exclusion of Salmonella Typhimurium in Caco-2 cells. We found that the quadruple coating of probiotics exhibited an overall increased adhesion property (up to 10.8-fold) and increased competitive exclusion of Salmonella Typhimurium (up to 4.3-fold). Thus, this study has significant implications and can lead to the development of methods that can improve the adhesive ability of probiotics as well as the adhesive inhibition of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayoung Kim
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung A Chae
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Ildong Pharmaceutical, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Yang SY, Chae SA, Bang WY, Lee M, Ban OH, Kim SJ, Jung YH, Yang J. Anti-inflammatory potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IDCC 3501 and its safety evaluation. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2299-2306. [PMID: 34495527 PMCID: PMC8578256 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IDCC 3501 isolated from kimchi (Korean fermented food) and its safety. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with cell-free supernatant from L. plantarum IDCC 3501, the mRNA expression level of inflammatory markers (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) was significantly reduced. In addition, the decreased cell viability by LPS was recovered and NO production in LPS-induced cell was also decreased. For the safety assessment, the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance and virulence were not detected from the genome analysis of this strain. Consistent with this, minimal inhibitory concentrations against various antibiotics, biogenic amines, and D-lactate production, as well as enzymatic and hemolysis activities, indicated that L. plantarum IDCC 3501 did not produce any harmful compounds during fermentation. Furthermore, no acute toxicity and mortality were observed in a murine mouse model. Based on our findings, L. plantarum IDCC 3501 is safe and beneficial for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung A Chae
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yeong Bang
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Lee
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Integrative Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon H, Chae SH, Jung HJ, Shin HM, Ban OH, Yang J, Kim JH, Jeong JE, Jeon HM, Kang YW, Park CK, Won DD, Lee JK. The effect of probiotics supplementation in postoperative cancer patients: a prospective pilot study. Ann Surg Treat Res 2021; 101:281-290. [PMID: 34796144 PMCID: PMC8564079 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2021.101.5.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microbiota manipulation through selected probiotics may be a promising tool to prevent cancer development as well as onset, to improve clinical efficacy for cancer treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate change in microbiota composition after-probiotics supplementation and assessed the efficacy of probiotics in improving quality of life (QOL) in postoperative cancer patients. Methods Stool samples were collected from 30 cancer patients from February to October 2020 before (group I) and after (group II) 8 weeks of probiotics supplementation. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to evaluate differences in gut microbiota between groups by comparing gut microbiota diversity, overall composition, and taxonomic signature abundance. The health-related QOL was evaluated through the EORTC Quality of life Questionnaire Core 30 questionnaire. Results Statistically significant differences were noted in group II; increase of Shannon and Simpson index (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001), decrease of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria at the phylum level (P = 0.032 and P = 0.014, retrospectively), increased of beneficial bacteria such as Weissella (0.096% vs. 0.361%, P < 0.004), Lactococcus (0.023% vs. 0.16%, P < 0.001), and Catenibacterium (0.0% vs. 0.005%, P < 0.042) at the genus level. There was a significant improvement in sleep disturbance (P = 0.039) in group II. Conclusion Gut microbiota in cancer patients can be manipulated by specific probiotic strains, result in an altered microbiota. Microbiota modulation by probiotics can be considered as part of a supplement that helps to increase gut microbiota diversity and improve QOL in cancer patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Kwon
- Cancer Genomic Research Institute, Immunology Laboratory, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Hwa Chae
- Cancer Genomic Research Institute, Immunology Laboratory, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Jung
- Cancer Genomic Research Institute, Immunology Laboratory, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Min Shin
- Cancer Genomic Research Institute, Immunology Laboratory, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Jung Ha Kim
- Cancer Immune Clinic, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Pelvic Floor Center, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jeong
- Cancer Immune Clinic, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Myung Jeon
- Cancer Genomic Research Institute, Immunology Laboratory, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Immune Clinic, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Won Kang
- Department of Surgery, Pelvic Floor Center, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Kum Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daeyoun David Won
- Department of Surgery, Pelvic Floor Center, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kyun Lee
- Cancer Immune Clinic, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Pelvic Floor Center, Seoul Song Do Colorectal Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Choi IY, Kim J, Kim SH, Ban OH, Yang J, Park MK. Safety Evaluation of Bifidobacterium breve IDCC4401 Isolated from Infant Feces for Use as a Commercial Probiotic. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:949-955. [PMID: 34024895 PMCID: PMC9706084 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our research group isolated Bifidobacterium breve IDCC4401 from infant feces as a potential probiotic. For this study, we evaluated the safety of B. breve IDCC4401 using genomic and phenotypic analyses. Whole genome sequencing was performed to identify genomic characteristics and investigate the potential presence of genes encoding virulence, antibiotic resistance, and mobile genetic elements. Phenotypic analyses including antibiotic susceptibility, enzyme activity, production of biogenic amines (BAs), and proportion of D-/L-lactate were evaluated using E-test, API ZYM test, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and D-/L-lactic acid assay respectively. The genome of B. breve IDCC4401 consists of 2,426,499 bp with a GC content of 58.70% and 2,016 coding regions. Confirmation of the genome as B. breve was provided by its 98.93% similarity with B. breve DSM20213. Furthermore, B. breve IDCC4401 genes encoding virulence and antibiotic resistance were not identified. Although B. breve IDCC4401 showed antibiotic resistance against vancomycin, we confirmed that this was an intrinsic feature since the antibiotic resistance gene was not present. B. breve IDCC4401 showed leucine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, and α-glucosidase activities, whereas it did not show production of harmful enzymes such as β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase. In addition, B. breve IDCC4401 did not produce any tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, or 2-phenethylamine, which are frequently detected BAs during fermentation. B. breve IDCC4401 produced 95.08% of L-lactate and 4.92% of Dlactate. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the safety of B. breve IDCC 4401 as a potential probiotic for use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Choi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Drug Information Platform Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong BioScience, Pyeongtaek 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong BioScience, Pyeongtaek 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-53-950-5776 Fax: +82-53-950-6772 E-mail:
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Bang WY, Ban OH, Lee BS, Oh S, Park C, Park MK, Jung SK, Yang J, Jung YH. Genomic-, phenotypic-, and toxicity-based safety assessment and probiotic potency of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6255437. [PMID: 33904924 PMCID: PMC9113417 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms, and the evaluation of their safety for human use in the food industry has become critical. This study examines the safety of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt by analyzing its genomic and phenotypic characteristics and determining its toxicity. The presence of antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genes and gene transferability were investigated using whole-genome analysis. The strain's hemolytic and enzyme activities, minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, and biogenic amine and D-lactate production were also examined. Furthermore, the principal properties of B. coagulans IDCC 1201 as probiotics, such as resistance to abiotic stress and intestinal adhesion, were studied. The whole-genome analysis demonstrated that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 had no antibiotic resistance or toxigenic genes; the strain was susceptible to the nine antibiotics proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Moreover, this strain lacked hemolytic and β-glucuronidase activities. Additionally, it was confirmed that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 produced undesirable metabolites, including biogenic amines or D-lactate, at a safe level. Finally, the strain exhibited functional potential as a probiotic in terms of abiotic tolerance, such as bile tolerance and intestinal adhesion in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, B. coagulans IDCC 1201 can be considered as a safe probiotic with regard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Yeong Bang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Som Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Oh
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmi Park
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Fermentation Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Lee BS, Ban OH, Bang WY, Chae SA, Oh S, Park C, Lee M, Kim SJ, Yang J, Jung YH. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 based on phenotypic and genomic analysis. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Lactobacillus reuteri is one of the most largely studied human-commensal bacteria and widely used as a form of probiotics. Safety of probiotics has become increasingly important for human consumption due to increasing health-concerns in food industry. In this study, the safety of L. reuteri IDCC 3701 isolated from human breast milk was thoroughly investigated.
Methods
Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed to identify antibiotic resistance and toxigenicity of L. reuteri IDCC 3701. Phenotypic analysis such as minimal inhibitory concentration, β-hemolysis, extracellular enzyme activity, and the production of biological amines and L/D-lactate, was investigated. Finally, acute oral toxicity test was performed to access L. reuteri IDCC 3701 safety.
Results
Although multiple resistances to gentamicin and kanamycin were observed in L. reuteri IDCC 3701, it was revealed that these resistances are intrinsic and not transferable through whole-genome analysis. In addition, various phenotypic analysis concerning hemolysis, enzyme activity, and D-lactate production did not show any negative results. Although L. reuteri IDCC 3701 harbors a histidine decarboxylase gene, no biogenic amines were detected. Finally, L. reuteri IDCC 3701 exhibited no evidence of acute toxicity according to an in vivo study.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that L. reuteri IDCC 3701 is considered to be safe for human consumption as probiotics based on the in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies.
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