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Lin P, Xu M, Yang Q, Chen M, Guo S. Inoculation of Freund's adjuvant in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) revealed key KEGG pathways and DEGs of host anti-Edwardsiella anguillarum infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108708. [PMID: 36997037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Freund's complete (FCA) and incomplete adjuvants (FIA), generally applied in subunit fishery vaccine, have not been explored on the molecular mechanism of the nonspecific immune enhancement. In this study, we examined the RNA-seq in the spleen of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) inoculated with FCA and FIA (FCIA group) to elucidate the key KEGG pathways and differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the process of Edwardsiella anguillarum infection and A. anguilla anti-E. anguillarum infection using genome-wide transcriptome. After eels were challenged by E. anguillarum at 28 d post the first inoculation (dpi), compared to the control uninfected eels (Con group), the control infected eels (Con_inf group) showed severe pathological changes in the liver, kidney and spleen, although infected eels post the inoculation of FCIA (FCIA_inf group) also formed slight bleeding. Compared to the FCIA_inf group, there was more than 10 times colony forming unit (cfu) in the Con_inf group per 100 μg spleen, kidney or blood, and the relative percent survival (RPS) of eels was 44.4% in FCIA_inf vs Con_inf. Compared to the Con group, the SOD activity in the FCIA group increased significantly in the liver and spleen. Using high-throughput transcriptomics, DEGs were identified and 29 genes were verified using fluorescence real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The result of DEGs clustering showed 9 samples in 3 groups of Con, FCIA and FCIA_inf were similar, contrast to distinct differences of 3 samples in the Con_inf group. We found 3795 up and 3548 down regulated DEGs in the compare of FCIA_inf vs Con_inf, of which 5 enriched KEGG pathways of "Lysosome", "Autophagy", "Apoptosis", "C-type lectin receptor signaling" and "Insulin signaling" were ascertained, and 26 of 30 top GO terms in the compare were significantly enriched. Finally, protein-protein interactions between the DEGs of the 5 KEGG pathways and other DEGs were explored using Cytoscape 3.9.1. The compare of FCIA_inf vs Con_inf showed 110 DEGs from the 5 pathways and 718 DEGs from other pathways formed total of 9747° in a network, of which 9 hub DEGs play vital roles in anti-infection or apoptosis. Together, the interaction networks revealed that 9 DEGs involved in the 5 pathways underlies the key process of A. anguilla anti-E. anguillarum infection or host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University /Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel, Ministry of Education of PRC, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University /Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel, Ministry of Education of PRC, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Minxia Chen
- Fisheries College, Jimei University /Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel, Ministry of Education of PRC, Xiamen, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University /Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel, Ministry of Education of PRC, Xiamen, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Dai W, Yang J, Liu X, Mei Q, Peng W, Hu X. Anti-colorectal cancer of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf. and targets prediction via network pharmacology and molecular docking study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 36624500 PMCID: PMC9827653 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf. (AGS), a Chinese folk medicine widely grows in the south of China and several studies reported that AGS could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer, liver cancer, and bladder cancer cell lines. However, little is known about its anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) efficiency. METHODS In the present study, a combination of MTT assay, network pharmacological analysis, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation study was used to investigate the active ingredients, and targets of AGS against CRC, as well as the potential mechanism. RESULTS MTT assay showed that three kinds of fractions from AGS, including the n-butanol extract (NBAGS), ethyl acetate fraction (EAAGS), and petroleum ether fraction (PEAGS) significantly inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells, with the IC50 values of 197.24, 264.85, 15.45 µg/mL on HCT116 cells, and 523.6, 323.59, 150.31 µg/mL on SW620 cells, respectively. Eleven active ingredients, including, 11-O-galloylbergenin, 11-O-protocatechuoylbergenin, 11-O-syringylbergenin, ardisiacrispin B, bergenin, epicatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid, quercetin, stigmasterol, stigmasterol-3-o-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified. A total of 173 targets related to the bioactive components and 21,572 targets related to CRC were picked out through database searching. Based on the crossover targets of AGS and CRC, a protein-protein interaction network was built up by the String database, from which it was concluded that the core targets would be SRC, MAPK1, ESR1, HSP90AA1, MAPK8. Besides, GO analysis showed that the numbers of biological process, cellular component, and molecular function of AGS against CRC were 1079, 44, and 132, respectively, and KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that 96 signaling pathways in all would probably be involved in AGS against CRC, among which MAPK signaling pathway, lipid, and atherosclerosis, proteoglycans in cancer, prostate cancer, adherens junction would probably be the major pathways. The docking study verified that AGS had multiple ingredients and multiple targets against CRC. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis showed that the binding would be stable via forming hydrogen bonds. CONCLUSION Our study showed that AGS had good anti-CRC potency with the characteristics of multi-ingredients, -targets, and -signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Dai
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 528401 Zhongshan, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 528401 Zhongshan, PR China ,Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People’s Hospital, 528401 Zhongshan, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 528401 Zhongshan, PR China
| | - Quanxi Mei
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, 518101 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Weijie Peng
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 528401 Zhongshan, PR China
| | - Xianjing Hu
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 523808 Dongguan, PR China
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Boamah GA, Huang Z, Shen Y, Lu Y, Wang Z, Su Y, Xu C, Luo X, Ke C, You W. Transcriptome analysis reveals fluid shear stress (FSS) and atherosclerosis pathway as a candidate molecular mechanism of short-term low salinity stress tolerance in abalone. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:392. [PMID: 35606721 PMCID: PMC9128277 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptome sequencing is an effective tool to reveal the essential genes and pathways underlying countless biotic and abiotic stress adaptation mechanisms. Although severely challenged by diverse environmental conditions, the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai remains a high-value aquaculture mollusk and a Chinese predominantly cultured abalone species. Salinity is one of such environmental factors whose fluctuation could significantly affect the abalone’s cellular and molecular immune responses and result in high mortality and reduced growth rate during prolonged exposure. Meanwhile, hybrids have shown superiority in tolerating diverse environmental stresses over their purebred counterparts and have gained admiration in the Chinese abalone aquaculture industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of low salinity adaptation in abalone. Therefore, this study used transcriptome analysis of the gill tissues and flow cytometric analysis of hemolymph of H. discus hannai (DD) and interspecific hybrid H. discus hannai ♀ x H. fulgens ♂ (DF) during low salinity exposure. Also, the survival and growth rate of the species under various salinities were assessed. Results The transcriptome data revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched on the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis (FSS) pathway. Meanwhile, the expression profiles of some essential genes involved in this pathway suggest that abalone significantly up-regulated calmodulin-4 (CaM-4) and heat-shock protein90 (HSP90), and significantly down-regulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF), bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). Also, the hybrid DF showed significantly higher and sustained expression of CaM and HSP90, significantly higher phagocytosis, significantly lower hemocyte mortality, and significantly higher survival at low salinity, suggesting a more active molecular and hemocyte-mediated immune response and a more efficient capacity to tolerate low salinity than DD. Conclusions Our study argues that the abalone CaM gene might be necessary to maintain ion equilibrium while HSP90 can offset the adverse changes caused by low salinity, thereby preventing damage to gill epithelial cells (ECs). The data reveal a potential molecular mechanism by which abalone responds to low salinity and confirms that hybridization could be a method for breeding more stress-resilient aquatic species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08611-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Afumwaa Boamah
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisha Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Changan Xu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Comparison between short-term stress and long-term adaptive responses reveal common paths to molecular adaptation. iScience 2022; 25:103899. [PMID: 35243257 PMCID: PMC8873613 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity in responses to short-term stress can provide clues for understanding the adaptive fixation mechanism of genetic variation during long-term exposure to extreme environments. However, few studies have compared short-term stress responses with long-term evolutionary patterns; in particular, no interactions between the two processes have been evaluated in high-altitude environment. We performed RNA sequencing in embryo fibroblasts derived from great tits and mice to explore transcriptional responses after exposure to simulated high-altitude environmental stresses. Transcriptional changes of genes associated with metabolic pathways were identified in both bird and mice cells after short-term stress responses. Genomic comparisons among long-term highland tits and mammals and their lowland relatives revealed similar pathways (e.g., metabolic pathways) with that initiated under short-term stress transcriptional responses in vitro. These findings highlight the indicative roles of short-term stress in the long-term adaptation, and adopt common paths to molecular adaptation in mouse and bird cells. Short-term stress and long-term adaptations share the common metabolic pathways Phenotypic plasticity can promote adaptive evolution Adopt common paths to molecular adaptation in mouse and bird cells
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Cai B, Li M, Zheng Y, Yin Y, Jin F, Li X, Dong J, Jiao X, Liu X, Zhang K, Li D, Wang J, Yin G. MicroRNA-149-mediated MAPK1/ERK2 Suppression Attenuates Hair Follicle stem Cell Differentiation. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:625-637. [PMID: 35171714 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are responsible for hair growth and hair follicle (HF) regeneration. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in the differentiation of HFSCs. Thus, present study aimed to explore the potential role of miR-149 in the differentiation of HFSCs. The isolated HFSCs were identified by flow cytometric sorting. miR-149 expression was determined during differentiation of HFSCs. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were conducted to explore the roles of miR-149, MAPK1/ERK2, and FGF2/c-MYC in colony formation and proliferation of HFSCs. Furthermore, in vivo assays were undertaken in miR-149 knockout mice to confirm their roles in HFSC differentiation. miR-149 was found to be down-regulated during HFSC differentiation, and overexpressed miR-149 restricted the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs. miR-149 was confirmed to target and inhibit MAPK1/ERK2, which was highly expressed in and positively associated with HFSC differentiation. The MAPK1/ERK2 promotion in HFSC differentiation was achieved by augmenting expression of FGF2 and c-MYC. The in vitro effects of miR-149 were validated in in vivo experiments. Taken together, up-regulated miR-149 restricted HFSC differentiation and hair growth by targeting MAPK1/ERK2 to reduce expression of FGF2 and c-MYC, which sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanism on hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Min Li
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, 87803, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Yunpeng Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Yakun Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Fangcao Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Xuyang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Juan Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Henan Province Medical Instrument Testing Institute, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Kun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Dongqin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Junmin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China, 450000;
| | - Guangwen Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
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Beltran CGG, Coyne VE. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic profiling of the immune response of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:130-143. [PMID: 32045637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The South African abalone Haliotis midae is a commercially important species farmed at high densities in land-based aquaculture systems. Disease outbreaks have had a severe financial impact on the abalone industry yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of H. midae remain obscure. In this study, a comparative shotgun proteomics approach using iTRAQ coupled with LC-MS/MS was employed to investigate H. midae proteome changes in response to Vibrio anguillarum challenge. A total of 118 non-redundant, unique haemocyte proteins were identified and quantified, with 16 proteins significantly regulated. Hierarchical clustering and pathway analysis uncovered a coordinated response dominated by calcium and cAMP signalling via activation of MAPK cascades. Early up-regulated biological processes involve phagocytosis, nitric oxide production and ATP-synthesis, whilst down-regulated responses were predominantly involved in the regulation of apoptosis. The late up-regulated response involved protein kinase activity and detoxification processes. Expression of selected proteins was validated by Western blot. A putative allograft inflammatory factor-1 protein was further selected to establish its functional molecular role in haemocytes. Confocal imaging revealed that allograft inflammatory factor-1 regulates phagocytosis via a functional interaction with filamentous actin. This is the first time a high-throughput proteomics approach has been used to investigate the immune response of H. midae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G G Beltran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Vernon E Coyne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Edsbagge J, Ulfenborg B, Andersson TB, Björquist P, Andersson CX, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Comparative transcriptomics of hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and adult human liver tissue. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:430-446. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HEP) have the potential to replace presently used hepatocyte sources applied in liver disease treatment and models of drug discovery and development. Established hepatocyte differentiation protocols are effective and generate hepatocytes, which recapitulate some key features of their in vivo counterparts. However, generating mature hPSC-HEP remains a challenge. In this study, we applied transcriptomics to investigate the progress of in vitro hepatic differentiation of hPSCs at the developmental stages, definitive endoderm, hepatoblasts, early hPSC-HEP, and mature hPSC-HEP, to identify functional targets that enhance efficient hepatocyte differentiation. Using functional annotation, pathway and protein interaction network analyses, we observed the grouping of differentially expressed genes in specific clusters representing typical developmental stages of hepatic differentiation. In addition, we identified hub proteins and modules that were involved in the cell cycle process at early differentiation stages. We also identified hub proteins that differed in expression levels between hPSC-HEP and the liver tissue controls. Moreover, we identified a module of genes that were expressed at higher levels in the liver tissue samples than in the hPSC-HEP. Considering that hub proteins and modules generally are essential and have important roles in the protein-protein interactions, further investigation of these genes and their regulators may contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation process. This may suggest novel target pathways and molecules for improvement of hPSC-HEP functionality, having the potential to finally bring this technology to a wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Ulfenborg
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Global Medicines Development Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Global Medicines Development Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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