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Sathyan KR, Premraj A, Chaudhary M, Ramachandran R, Thavarool Puthiyedathu S. Alternative splicing variants of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and their immune response against red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105062. [PMID: 37726038 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING, also known as MITA/ERYS/MPYS) is an adaptor molecule that plays a crucial role in the RLR pathway and responds to DNA and RNA viruses. In the present study, we have identified two novel isoforms of STING (the canonical form named as LcSTINGa and its alternative splicing isoform named as LcSTINGb) from teleost Lates calcarifer. LcSTINGa has an ORF of 1230 bp, encoding a 409 amino acid protein, while its alternative splicing variant, LcSTINGb, features an ORF of 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids. LcSTINGa is predicted to contain four transmembrane helices, whereas LcSTINGb has only two. The Lates STING protein showed about 86.85% identity with Perca flavescens, 86.45% with Seriola and 39.51% with Homo sapiens. The tissue distribution studies revealed that the STING variants were constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined, with the highest expression in blood. In-vivo upregulation of LcSTINGa and LcSTINGb mRNA following immune challenge with poly (I:C), Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and zymosan A suggests its significance in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Raji Sathyan
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India
| | - Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Centre, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box, 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Sajeevan Thavarool Puthiyedathu
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India; Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India.
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Liu R, Meng F, Li X, Li H, Yang G, Shan S. Characterization of STING from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) involved in spring viremia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109164. [PMID: 37839543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) serve as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein and modulates innate immune responses to viral contagion. Most investigations involving teleost STING antiviral immunity have examined DNA viruses. Therefore, fish STING signaling events against RNA viruses require additional exploration. Here, common carp STING (named CcSTING) was cloned and characterized. The bioinformatics analyses of CcSTING showed evolutionary conservations and were most closely related to other cyprinid STINGs. Immunofluorescence staining discovered that the CcSTING was chiefly placed in the cytoplasm, specifically within the ER. CcSTING was ubiquitously generated in all analyzed organs, with especially strong expression in the gills and head kidney. Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) stimulation and poly(I:C) infection induced the generation of CcSTING in immune-associated organs, as well as in peripheral blood leukocytes. Additional investigations revealed that CcSTING overexpression strongly suppressed SVCV replication in EPC cells. Mechanistically, CcSTING enhanced IFN-1 and ISGs expression following SVCV infection. CcSTING also substantially increased both IFN and NF-κB promoter luciferase activity via a dosage-dependent fashion. Lastly, CcSTING significantly up-regulated both TBK1 and p65 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the critical role and underlying mechanism of fish STING in response to RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Functional diversity of c-di-GMP receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:259. [PMID: 37749602 PMCID: PMC10519070 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic bis-(3', 5')-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is ubiquitous in many bacterial species, where it functions as a nucleotide-based secondary messenger and is a vital regulator of numerous biological processes. Due to its ubiquity, most bacterial species possess a wide range of downstream receptors that has a binding affinity to c-di-GMP and elicit output responses. In eukaryotes, several enzymes and riboswitches operate as receptors that interact with c-di-GMP and transduce cellular or environmental signals. This review examines the functional variety of receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems that exhibit distinct biological responses after interacting with c-di-GMP. Evolutionary relationships and similarities in distance among the c-di-GMP receptors in various bacterial species were evaluated to understand their specificities. Furthermore, residues of receptors involved in c-di-GMP binding are summarized. This review facilitates the understanding of how distinct receptors from different origins bind c-di-GMP equally well, yet fulfill diverse biological roles at the interspecies, intraspecies, and interkingdom levels. Furthermore, it also highlights c-di-GMP receptors as potential therapeutic targets, particularly those found in pathogenic microorganisms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Meng F, Liu R, Song M, Wei J, Li H, An L, Yang G, Shan S. Stimulator of interferon genes from Asian swamp eel (MaSTING) is involved in host defense against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108788. [PMID: 37150236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein that plays critical roles in innate immunity and pathogenesis of various diseases. To date, teleost STING against viral stimulation has been identified, whereas STING signaling events in fish against bacteria are not well understood. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of STING from Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) was cloned (named MaSTING) and its roles in bacterial infection were investigated. Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that MaSTING had conserved structures with mammalian STING and shared the closest relationship with mandarin fish STING. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MaSTING distributed in the whole cytoplasm and mainly co-localized with ER. Expression pattern analysis found that MaSTING was constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues with the highest expression in the liver and spleen. Post stimulation with bacteria and various PAMPs, the expression of MaSTING was induced at indicated time points in the immune-related organs and isolated peripheral blood leucocytes. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying MaSTING against bacterial infection was further studied. The qPCR analysis showed that MaSTING overexpression promoted 2'3'-cGAMP induced the expression of IFN-1, ISG15, Viperin, Mx, IL-1β and TNF-α. Western blotting assay suggested that MaSTING significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and p65. MaSTING also significantly increased the luciferase activity of IFN-1 and NF-κB promoters. Taken together, MaSTING is involved in host defense against bacterial infection by inducing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Meijiao Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jiayue Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Feng-Ying G, Mai-Xin L, Miao W, Zhi-Gang L, Xiao-Li K, De-Feng Z, Jian-Meng C. Nile tilapia DNA sensor STING is involved in the IFN-β and AP-1 signaling pathways in the immune response dependent on DDX41. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:27-39. [PMID: 36495771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays important roles in innate immunology. In this study, we isolated the STING gene in Nile tilapia, termed OnSTING. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we explored the expression patterns of the OnSTING gene. Using dual-luciferase reporter assays, we revealed the effect of STING overexpression on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IFN and AP activation in HEK 293 cells. Using coimmunoprecipitation, the interaction of STING and TRIF was studied. The effect of OnSTING overexpression on the antibacterial activity in tilapia was investigated. The results showed that upon stimulation with Streptococcus agalactiae, the OnSTING transcript was upregulated in all the tested tissues. OnSTING mRNA levels were very stable from 2.5 to 8.5 dpf. Moreover, OnSTING, OnIFN and IRF3 expression was induced by LPS, Poly (I:C), S. agalactiae WC1535 and DCPS in Nile tilapia macrophages. Overexpression of OnSTING and OnDDX41 increased NF-κB activation in HEK293T cells and slightly increased IFN-β activation but had no effect on AP-1 activation. OnSTING interacted with OnDDX41 and OnTBK1. However, OnSTING did not interact with TRIF. OnSTING overexpression in vivo decreased the sensitivity of tilapia to S. agalactiae infection. These results are helpful for clarifying the innate immune response against bacterial infection in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Feng-Ying
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Lu Mai-Xin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Wang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Liu Zhi-Gang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Ke Xiao-Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhang De-Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Cao Jian-Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Zhang W, Zhu C, Xiao F, Liu X, Xie A, Chen F, Dong P, Lin P, Zheng C, Zhang H, Gong H, Wu Y. pH-Controlled Release of Antigens Using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Delivery System for Developing a Fish Oral Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644396. [PMID: 33953716 PMCID: PMC8089398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines and delivery systems in aquaculture is a long-term challenge for controlling emerging and reemerging infections. Cost-efficient and advanced nanoparticle vaccines are of tremendous applicability in prevention of infectious diseases of fish. In this study, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) antigens of Vibrio alginolyticus were loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to compose the vaccine delivery system. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP55) was coated to provide protection of immunogen. The morphology, loading capacity, acid-base triggered release were characterized and the toxicity of nanoparticle vaccine was determined in vitro. Further, the vaccine immune effects were evaluated in large yellow croaker via oral administration. In vitro studies confirmed that the antigen could be stable in enzymes-rich artificial gastric fluid and released under artificial intestinal fluid environment. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated the vaccines within 120 μg/ml have good biocompatibility for large yellow croaker kidney cells. Our data confirmed that the nanoparticle vaccine in vivo could elicit innate and adaptive immune response, and provide good protection against Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. The MSN delivery system prepared may be a potential candidate carrier for fish vaccine via oral administration feeding. Further, we provide theoretical basis for developing convenient, high-performance, and cost-efficient vaccine against infectious diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fangnan Xiao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Anhua Xie
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fangman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Panpan Dong
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingdong Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zheng
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Zhang QJ, Luan JC, Song LB, Cong R, Ji CJ, Zhou X, Xia JD, Song NH. Age-Related Differences in Molecular Profiles for Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657575. [PMID: 33936087 PMCID: PMC8082107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have significantly improved the prognosis and shown considerable promise for cancer therapy; however, differences in ICB treatment efficacy between the elderly and young are unknown. We analyzed the studies enrolled in the meta-analysis using the deft approach, and found no difference in efficacy except melanoma patients receiving anti–PD-1 therapy. Similarly, higher treatment response rate and more favorable prognosis were observed in elderly patients in some cancer types (e.g., melanoma) with data from published ICB treatment clinical trials. In addition, we comprehensively compared immunotherapy-related molecular profiles between elderly and young patients from public trials and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and validated these findings in several independent datasets. We discovered a divergent age-biased immune profiling, including the properties of tumors (e.g., tumor mutation load) and immune features (e.g., immune cells), in a pancancer setting across 27 cancer types. We believe that ICB treatment efficacy might vary depending on specific cancer types and be determined by both the tumor internal features and external immune microenvironment. Considering the high mutational properties in elderly patients in many cancer types, modulating immune function could be beneficial to immunotherapy in the elderly, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao-Chen Luan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le-Bin Song
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Cong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Dong Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-Hong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Kezhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xinjiang, China
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