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Wu H, Fu Q, Teng Y, Mu P, Chen J, Chen X. The identification and expression of an interleukin-21 receptor in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10121-10129. [PMID: 37921979 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified a homologue of IL-21R (LcIL-21R) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea, Lc). Our investigation focused on understanding the molecular structural features and immune function of LcIL-21R. METHODS We cloned the LcIL-21R gene from the genome of Larimichthys crocea by RT‒PCR, and the molecular and structural characteristics of LcIL-21R were analyzed by a series of protein analysis tools. We used real-time PCR to investigate the tissue distribution of LcIL-21R, and LcIL-21R gene expression regulation was also measured in head kidney leukocytes under trivalent bacterial vaccine or poly (I:C) stimulation. RESULTS The open reading frame (ORF) of the LcIL-21R gene is 1629 bp long and encodes a precursor protein of 542 amino acids (aa), with a 23-aa signal peptide and a 519-aa mature peptide containing four putative N-glycosylation sites. LcIL-21R has two fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like domains (D1 and D2), a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region. A conserved WSXWS motif was also found in the D2 domain. The predicted structure of the extracellular region of LcIL-21R (LcIL-21R-Ex) is highly similar to that of human IL-21R. LcIL-21R was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, and LcIL-21R mRNA levels were increased in the head kidney and spleen upon inactivated trivalent bacterial vaccine or poly(I:C) stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LcIL-21R shares structural and functional properties with IL-21Rs found in other vertebrates, indicating its potential involvement in the IL-21-mediated immune response to pathogenic infections. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary conservation of IL-21 signaling and its role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengfei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Dimitrakopoulou D, Khwatenge CN, James-Zorn C, Paiola M, Bellin EW, Tian Y, Sundararaj N, Polak EJ, Grayfer L, Barnard D, Ohta Y, Horb M, Sang Y, Robert J. Advances in the Xenopus immunome: Diversification, expansion, and contraction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104734. [PMID: 37172665 PMCID: PMC10230362 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus is a genus of African clawed frogs including two species, X. tropicalis and X. laevis that are extensively used in experimental biology, immunology, and biomedical studies. The availability of fully sequenced and annotated Xenopus genomes is strengthening genome-wide analyses of gene families and transgenesis to model human diseases. However, inaccuracies in genome annotation for genes involved in the immune system (i.e., immunome) hamper immunogenetic studies. Furthermore, advanced genome technologies (e.g., single-cell and RNA-Seq) rely on well-annotated genomes. The annotation problems of Xenopus immunome include a lack of established orthology across taxa, merged gene models, poor representation in gene pages on Xenbase, misannotated genes and missing gene IDs. The Xenopus Research Resource for Immunobiology in collaboration with Xenbase and a group of investigators are working to resolve these issues in the latest versions of genome browsers. In this review, we summarize the current problems of previously misannotated gene families that we have recently resolved. We also highlight the expansion, contraction, and diversification of previously misannotated gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Collins N Khwatenge
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Xenbase, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnti Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthieu Paiola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eleanor Wise Bellin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nivitha Sundararaj
- Xenbase, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnti Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emma J Polak
- Biology Department, Worcester State University, MA, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daron Barnard
- Biology Department, Worcester State University, MA, USA
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marko Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Mu P, Huo J, Li X, Li W, Li X, Ao J, Chen X. IL-2 Signaling Couples the MAPK and mTORC1 Axes to Promote T Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in Teleosts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1616-1631. [PMID: 35321881 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is critical for T cell immunity. Although the IL-2-mediated regulation of T cell immunity in mammals is relatively well understood, it remains largely unknown whether and how IL-2 regulates T cell immunity in lower vertebrates. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the role played by IL-2 in the regulation of T cell response, as well as the associated underlying mechanisms in a teleost fish, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). We found that large yellow croaker (L. crocea) IL-2 (LcIL-2) significantly promoted T cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro; significantly induced the differentiation of Th1, Th2, regulatory T, and cytotoxic T cells while inhibiting Th17 differentiation; and participated in the elimination of invading pathogenic bacteria. Mechanistically, the binding of LcIL-2 to its heterotrimer receptor complex (LcIL-15Rα/LcIL-2Rβ/Lcγc) triggered the conserved JAK-STAT5 pathway, which in turn regulated the expression of genes involved in T cell expansion, differentiation, and biological function. The MAPK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) axes, which are involved in TCR-mediated signaling, were also required for LcIL-2-mediated T cell response. Collectively, our results demonstrated that fish IL-2 plays a comprehensive regulatory role in T cell response and highlighted the complex and delicate network regulating T cell-driven immune response. We propose that T cell immunity is regulated by the interplay between TCR signaling and cytokine signaling, and that this basic strategy evolved before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying T cell response in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Jieying Huo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Yuan X, Rong Y, Chen Y, Ren C, Meng Y, Mu Y, Chen X. Molecular characterization, expression analysis and cellular location of IL-4/13 receptors in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:45-55. [PMID: 34774733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are closely related class I cytokines that play key roles in the T helper (Th)-2 immune response via heterodimeric receptors. IL-4 signals via both the type I (IL-4Rα/γc) and type II (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1) receptor complexes, while IL-13 signals only via the type II receptor complex. IL-13Rα2 is traditionally considered a "decoy" receptor for IL-13. However, the IL-4/13 system and its response to pathogenic infection are still not fully understood in fish. In this study, we identified four IL-4/13 receptor subunit genes in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea): LcIL-4Rα1, LcIL-4Rα2, LcIL-13Rα1, and LcIL-13Rα2. Sequence analysis showed that these receptors possessed typical characteristic domains, including a signal peptide, two fibronectin type III (FN III)-like domains, and a transmembrane domain, but their cytoplasmic regions were not well conserved. The mRNA and protein of the four IL-4/13 receptors were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues of large yellow croaker. Their mRNAs were also detected in primary head kidney macrophages (PKMs), primary head kidney granulocytes (PKGs), and primary head kidney lymphocytes (PKLs). Immunofluorescence assay further showed that LcIL-4Rα and LcIL-13Rα1 were expressed on the membrane of IgM + B cells. After stimulation by Vibrio alginolyticus and poly (I:C) (a viral dsRNA mimic), the mRNA levels of LcIL-4/13 receptors were significantly upregulated in the head kidney and spleen. Their mRNA levels were also upregulated in head kidney leukocytes in response to poly (I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Moreover, both recombinant LcIL-4/13A and LcIL-4/13B upregulated LcIL-4Rα1 and LcIL-4Rα2 in primary leukocytes, but only recombinant LcIL-4/13A upregulated LcIL-13Rα1 and LcIL-13Rα2. These results indicated that LcIL-4/13 receptors, containing conserved functional domains, may be involved in the IL-4/13-mediated immune response to pathogenic infections in the large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - You Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chaoqun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yufan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Li W, Li J, He N, Dai X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ni X, Zeng D, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Pan K. Molecular mechanism of enhancing the immune effect of the Newcastle disease virus vaccine in broilers fed with Bacillus cereus PAS38. Food Funct 2021; 12:10903-10916. [PMID: 34647113 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of enhancing the immune effect of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in broilers fed with Bacillus cereus PAS38. The results showed that the NDV antibody titer of broilers in the treatment group supplemented with B. cereus PAS38 was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was significant at 28 days of age (P < 0.05). The spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of 42-day-old broilers were quickly collected to construct a differentially expressed gene library of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A total of 31 immune-related differentially expressed genes were screened from three immune organs, of which 15 were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated. After silencing the up-regulated genes MIF, CD74, DOCK2 and KLHL6, the expression levels of cytokines (Akirin2, NF-κB, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α) in lymphocytes were reduced to varying degrees. B. cereus PAS38 might be involved in the proliferation, differentiation, activation, migration of B lymphocytes and vaccine antigen presentation by up-regulating the expression of MIF, CD74, DOCK2, KLHL6 and other genes. Moreover, it also stimulated plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins and specific antibodies, thereby improving the humoral immune function of broilers and enhancing the immune effect of the NDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Nianjia He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xixi Dai
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, 404155, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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