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Benhamouche-Trouillet S, O'Loughlin E, Liu CH, Polacheck W, Fitamant J, McKee M, El-Bardeesy N, Chen CS, McClatchey AI. Proliferation-independent role of NF2 (merlin) in limiting biliary morphogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev162123. [PMID: 29712669 PMCID: PMC10682933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of individual cells and cell collectives enables functional specification, a prominent example being the formation of epithelial tubes that transport fluid or gas in many organs. The intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) form a tubular network within the liver parenchyma that transports bile to the intestine. Aberrant biliary 'neoductulogenesis' is also a feature of several liver pathologies including tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism of biliary tube morphogenesis in development or disease is not known. Elimination of the neurofibromatosis type 2 protein (NF2; also known as merlin or neurofibromin 2) causes hepatomegaly due to massive biliary neoductulogenesis in the mouse liver. We show that this phenotype reflects unlimited biliary morphogenesis rather than proliferative expansion. Our studies suggest that NF2 normally limits biliary morphogenesis by coordinating lumen expansion and cell architecture. This work provides fundamental insight into how biliary fate and tubulogenesis are coordinated during development and will guide analyses of disease-associated and experimentally induced biliary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benhamouche-Trouillet
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Evan O'Loughlin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ching-Hui Liu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William Polacheck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Wyss Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julien Fitamant
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mary McKee
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Nabeel El-Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Wyss Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Human liver regeneration in advanced cirrhosis is organized by the portal tree. J Hepatol 2017; 66:778-786. [PMID: 27913222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In advanced cirrhosis new hepatocytic nodules are generated by budding of ductules in areas of parenchymal extinction. However, the vascular alterations in the areas of parenchymal extinction, the blood supply and the structure of the new hepatocytic nodules have not been analyzed in detail. METHODS Explanted human cirrhotic livers of three different etiologies and two experimental rat models of cirrhosis were thoroughly examined. 3D reconstruction of the immunohistochemically stained serial sections and casting of human and experimental cirrhotic livers have been used to reveal the structural organization of the regenerative buds. RESULTS In areas of parenchymal extinction the skeleton of the liver, the portal tree is preserved. The developing regenerative nodules are positioned along the portal tree and are directly supplied by terminal portal venules. The expanding nodules grow along the trunks of the portal vein. Casting of human and experimental cirrhotic livers by colored resin confirms that nodules are supplied by portal blood. The two other members of the portal triads become separated from the portal veins. CONCLUSIONS As the structure of the hepatocyte nodules (centrally located portal vein branches, bile ducts at the periphery, hepatic veins and arteries in the connective tissue) impedes the restoration of normal liver structure, the basic architecture of hepatic tissue suffers permanent damage. We suggest that "budding" may initiate the second, irreversible stage of cirrhosis. LAY SUMMARY Cirrhosis is the final common outcome of long lasting hepatic injury defined as the destruction of the normal liver architecture by scar tissue. In the late phase of cirrhosis stem cells-derived hepatocyte nodules appear along the branches of the portal vein suggesting an important role of this specially composed blood vessels (containing digestive end-products from the stomach and intestines) in liver regeneration. Our results contribute to a better understanding of this serious liver disease.
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Kopp JL, Grompe M, Sander M. Stem cells versus plasticity in liver and pancreas regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:238-45. [PMID: 26911907 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement in adult organs can be achieved through stem cell differentiation or the replication or transdifferentiation of existing cells. In the adult liver and pancreas, stem cells have been proposed to replace tissue cells, particularly following injury. Here we review how specialized cell types are produced in the adult liver and pancreas. Based on current evidence, we propose that the plasticity of differentiated cells, rather than stem cells, accounts for tissue repair in both organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, USA
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Michelotti GA, Tucker A, Swiderska-Syn M, Machado MV, Choi SS, Kruger L, Soderblom E, Thompson JW, Mayer-Salman M, Himburg HA, Moylan CA, Guy CD, Garman KS, Premont RT, Chute JP, Diehl AM. Pleiotrophin regulates the ductular reaction by controlling the migration of cells in liver progenitor niches. Gut 2016; 65:683-92. [PMID: 25596181 PMCID: PMC4504836 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ductular reaction (DR) involves mobilisation of reactive-appearing duct-like cells (RDC) along canals of Hering, and myofibroblastic (MF) differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in the space of Disse. Perivascular cells in stem cell niches produce pleiotrophin (PTN) to inactivate the PTN receptor, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta-1 (PTPRZ1), thereby augmenting phosphoprotein-dependent signalling. We hypothesised that the DR is regulated by PTN/PTPRZ1 signalling. DESIGN PTN-GFP, PTN-knockout (KO), PTPRZ1-KO, and wild type (WT) mice were examined before and after bile duct ligation (BDL) for PTN, PTPRZ1 and the DR. RDC and HSC from WT, PTN-KO, and PTPRZ1-KO mice were also treated with PTN to determine effects on downstream signaling phosphoproteins, gene expression, growth, and migration. Liver biopsies from patients with DRs were also interrogated. RESULTS Although quiescent HSC and RDC lines expressed PTN and PTPRZ1 mRNAs, neither PTN nor PTPRZ1 protein was demonstrated in healthy liver. BDL induced PTN in MF-HSC and increased PTPRZ1 in MF-HSC and RDC. In WT mice, BDL triggered a DR characterised by periportal accumulation of collagen, RDC and MF-HSC. All aspects of this DR were increased in PTN-KO mice and suppressed in PTPRZ1-KO mice. In vitro studies revealed PTN-dependent accumulation of phosphoproteins that control cell-cell adhesion and migration, with resultant inhibition of cell migration. PTPRZ1-positive cells were prominent in the DRs of patients with ductal plate defects and adult cholestatic diseases. CONCLUSIONS PTN, and its receptor, PTPRZ1, regulate the DR to liver injury by controlling the migration of resident cells in adult liver progenitor niches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anikia Tucker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Steve S Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Section of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leandi Kruger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik Soderblom
- Proteomics Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Heather A Himburg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cynthia A Moylan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Section of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia D Guy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine S Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Section of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P Chute
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Hao PP, Lee MJ, Yu GR, Kim IH, Cho YG, Kim DG. Isolation of EpCAM(+)/CD133 (-) hepatic progenitor cells. Mol Cells 2013; 36:424-31. [PMID: 24293012 PMCID: PMC3887933 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progenitor cell-derived hepatocytes are critical for hepatocyte replenishment. Therefore, we established a line of human hepatic progenitor (HNK1) cells and determined their biological characteristics for experimental and therapeutic applications. HNK1 cells, isolated from human noncirrhotic liver samples with septal fibrosis, showed high expression of the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) markers EpCAM, CK7, CK19, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CD90 (Thy1), and EFNA1. Expression of CD133 was very low. Ductular reactions at the periphery of cirrhotic nodules were immunohistochemically positive for these HPC markers, including EFNA1. Sodium butyrate, a differentiation inducer, induced hepatocyte-like morphological changes in HNK1 cells. It resulted in down-regulation of the hepatic progenitor cell markers EpCAM, CK7, CK19, AFP, and EFNA1 and up-regulation of mature hepatocyte markers, including albumin, CK8, and CK18. Furthermore, sodium butyrate treatment and a serial passage of HNK1 cells resulted in enhanced albumin secretion, ureagenesis, and CYP enzyme activity, all of which are indicators of differentiation in hepatocytes. However, HNK1 cells at passage 50 did not exhibit anchorage-independent growth capability and caused no tumors in immunodeficient mice, suggesting that they had no spontaneous malignant transformation ability. From this evidence, HNK1 cells were found to be EpCAM(+)/CD133(-) hepatic progenitor cells without spontaneous malignant transformation ability. We therefore conclude that HNK1 cells could be useful for experimental and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Hao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - Mi-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - Goung-Ran Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - In-Hee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Dae-Ghon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Internal Medicine
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Theise ND, Dollé L, Kuwahara R. Low hepatocyte repopulation from stem cells: a matter of hepatobiliary linkage not massive production. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:253-254. [PMID: 23727488 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Theise
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Department of Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Reiichiro Kuwahara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Isse K, Lesniak A, Grama K, Maier J, Specht S, Castillo-Rama M, Lunz J, Roysam B, Michalopoulos G, Demetris AJ. Preexisting epithelial diversity in normal human livers: a tissue-tethered cytometric analysis in portal/periportal epithelial cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:1632-43. [PMID: 23150208 PMCID: PMC3612393 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Routine light microscopy identifies two distinct epithelial cell populations in normal human livers: hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Considerable epithelial diversity, however, arises during disease states when a variety of hepatocyte-BEC hybrid cells appear. This has been attributed to activation and differentiation of putative hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) residing in the canals of Hering and/or metaplasia of preexisting mature epithelial cells. A novel analytic approach consisting of multiplex labeling, high-resolution whole-slide imaging (WSI), and automated image analysis was used to determine if more complex epithelial cell phenotypes preexist in normal adult human livers, which might provide an alternative explanation for disease-induced epithelial diversity. "Virtually digested" WSI enabled quantitative cytometric analyses of individual cells displayed in a variety of formats (e.g., scatterplots) while still tethered to the WSI and tissue structure. We employed biomarkers specifically associated with mature epithelial forms (HNF4α for hepatocytes, CK19 and HNF1β for BEC) and explored for the presence of cells with hybrid biomarker phenotypes. The results showed abundant hybrid cells in portal bile duct BEC, canals of Hering, and immediate periportal hepatocytes. These bipotential cells likely serve as a reservoir for the epithelial diversity of ductular reactions, appearance of hepatocytes in bile ducts, and the rapid and fluid transition of BEC to hepatocytes, and vice versa. CONCLUSION Novel imaging and computational tools enable increased information extraction from tissue samples and quantify the considerable preexistent hybrid epithelial diversity in normal human liver. This computationally enabled tissue analysis approach offers much broader potential beyond the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Andrew Lesniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Kedar Grama
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston
| | - John Maier
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Susan Specht
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Marcela Castillo-Rama
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - John Lunz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston
| | | | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
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