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Kamiya S, Shimizu K, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Induction of Serum Amyloid A3 in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061548. [PMID: 34070499 PMCID: PMC8230092 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein present in mammals and birds. Based on the amino acid sequence, SAA has been classified into isoforms SAA1–4 in mice. Previously, it was reported that after the stimulation with bacterial antigens, the expression of the Saa3 mRNA was induced more strongly than that of the Saa1 mRNA in mouse epithelia, including colonic and alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that SAA3 plays a role in the local response. However, the contribution of SAA3 to the local response in mouse mammary epithelium, where mastitis occurs due to bacterial infection, has not been completely determined yet. In this study, to clarify whether mouse SAA3 has a role in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium, normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LPS and LTA significantly enhanced mRNA expression level of the Saa3 gene but not that of Saa1. Furthermore, LPS induced SAA3 protein expression more strongly than LTA. Our data indicate that SAA3 expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells was increased by the stimulation with bacterial antigens, suggesting that SAA3 is involved in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium. Abstract In this study, to establish whether serum amyloid A (SAA) 3 plays a role in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium, normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LPS and LTA significantly enhanced mRNA expression level of the Saa3 gene, whereas no significant change was observed in the Saa1 mRNA level. Furthermore, LPS induced SAA3 protein expression more strongly than LTA, whereas neither LPS nor LTA significantly affected SAA1 protein expression. These data indicate that the expression of SAA3 in mouse mammary epithelial cells was increased by the stimulation with bacterial antigens. SAA3 has been reported to stimulate neutrophils in the intestinal epithelium and increase interleukin-22 expression, which induces activation of the innate immune system and production of antibacterial proteins, such as antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, collectively, these data suggest that SAA3 is involved in the defense against bacterial infection in mouse mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sato Kamiya
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (K.S.); (A.O.)
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-293-2863
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Moretti R, Soglia D, Chessa S, Sartore S, Finocchiaro R, Rasero R, Sacchi P. Identification of SNPs Associated with Somatic Cell Score in Candidate Genes in Italian Holstein Friesian Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:366. [PMID: 33535694 PMCID: PMC7912858 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an infectious disease affecting the mammary gland, leading to inflammatory reactions and to heavy economic losses due to milk production decrease. One possible way to tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue stemming from antimicrobial therapy is to select animals with a genetic resistance to this disease. Therefore, aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of the SNPs found in candidate genes related to mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesian bulls. Target regions were amplified, sequenced by Next-Generation Sequencing technology on the Illumina® MiSeq, and then analyzed to find correlation with mastitis related phenotypes in 95 Italian Holstein bulls chosen with the aid of a selective genotyping approach. On a total of 557 detected mutations, 61 showed different genotype distribution in the tails of the deregressed EBVs for SCS and 15 were identified as significantly associated with the phenotype using two different approaches. The significant SNPs were identified in intergenic or intronic regions of six genes, known to be key components in the immune system (namely CXCR1, DCK, NOD2, MBL2, MBL1 and M-SAA3.2). These SNPs could be considered as candidates for a future genetic selection for mastitis resistance, although further studies are required to assess their presence in other dairy cattle breeds and their possible negative correlation with other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Dominga Soglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Stefania Chessa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Stefano Sartore
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Raffaella Finocchiaro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Razza Frisona e Jersey Italiana—ANAFIJ, 26100 Cremona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Rasero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Sacchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (R.M.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (P.S.)
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Reczyńska D, Zalewska M, Czopowicz M, Kaba J, Zwierzchowski L, Bagnicka E. Small ruminant lentivirus infection influences expression of acute phase proteins and cathelicidin genes in milk somatic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes of dairy goats. Vet Res 2018; 49:113. [PMID: 30424807 PMCID: PMC6234539 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze acute phase protein and cathelicidin gene responses to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection in goats. In uninfected goats, we found higher Cp and lower Fbγ mRNA levels in blood leucocytes (BL) than in milk somatic cells (MSC), as well as lower SAA, Hp, and CRP and higher Cp and AGP concentrations in blood serum than in milk. In SRLV-infected goats, we found higher Fbγ and MAP28 and lower Cp expression in MSC than in BL, and higher SAA, Hp, Fb, and MAP28 and lower AGP concentrations in milk than in blood serum. Higher SAA and Hp expressions in BL and Hp expression in MSC were found in SRLV-infected goats. In SRLV-infected goats, we observed a higher concentration of SAA in blood serum, while in milk, lower SAA, Cp, and MAP28 and higher MAP34 concentrations were observed. The expression profiles of the studied genes differed between BL/serum and MSC/milk. The elevated SAA concentration in blood serum was accompanied by a decreased concentration of SAA and Cp in the milk of infected goats. No differences in the expression of the other studied genes may mean that the SRLV has the ability to evade the immune system, continuing to replicate. The elevated concentration of SAA in blood serum may promote viral multiplication. This higher concentration of SAA in blood serum and simultaneous reduced concentration of SAA and Cp in milk may be additive indicators of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Reczyńska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lech Zwierzchowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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Gaffney PM, Barr B, Rowe JD, Bett C, Drygiannakis I, Giannitti F, Trejo M, Ghassemian M, Martin P, Masliah E, Sigurdson CJ. Protein profiling of isolated uterine AA amyloidosis causing fetal death in goats. FASEB J 2014; 29:911-9. [PMID: 25422367 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-256081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathologic amyloid accumulates in the CNS or in peripheral organs, yet the mechanism underlying the targeting of systemic amyloid deposits is unclear. Serum amyloid A (SAA) 1 and 2 are produced predominantly by the liver and form amyloid most commonly in the spleen, liver, and kidney. In contrast, SAA3 is produced primarily extrahepatically and has no causal link to amyloid formation. Here, we identified 8 amyloidosis cases with amyloid composed of SAA3 expanding the uterine wall of goats with near-term fetuses. Uterine amyloid accumulated in the endometrium, only at the site of placental attachment, compromising maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange and leading to fetal ischemia and death. No other organ contained amyloid. SAA3 mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium were as high as SAA2 in the liver, yet mass spectrometry of the insoluble uterine peptides identified SAA3 as the predominant protein, and not SAA1 or SAA2. These findings suggest that high local SAA3 production led to deposition at this unusual site. Although amyloid A (AA) amyloid deposits typically consist of an N-terminal fragment of SAA1 or SAA2, here, abundant C-terminal peptides indicated that the uterine amyloid was largely composed of full-length SAA3. The exclusive deposition of SAA3 amyloid in the uterus, together with elevated uterine SAA3 transcripts, suggests that the uterine amyloid deposits were due to locally produced SAA3. This is the first report of SAA3 as a cause of amyloidosis and of AA amyloid deposited exclusively in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Gaffney
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bradd Barr
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joan D Rowe
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cyrus Bett
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Margarita Trejo
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patrice Martin
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christina J Sigurdson
- Departments of *Pathology, Neuroscience, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology and Population Health & Reproduction, and California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and INRA, UMR1313 Unité Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Meade KG, O'Gorman GM, Hill EW, Narciandi F, Agaba M, Kemp SJ, O'Farrelly C, MacHugh DE. Divergent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and acute phase protein (APP) responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:196-204. [PMID: 19889461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic across Sub-Saharan African and is a major constraint to livestock production. The ability of certain cattle breeds to remain productive despite infection is known as trypanotolerance; however, the underlying immune mechanisms contributing to this trait remain poorly understood. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and acute phase proteins (APPs) are evolutionarily conserved effector molecules of the innate immune system that have important roles in the resolution of infection and activation of the adaptive immune response. Expression levels of AMP genes (TAP, LAP, BNBD4, DEFB1, DEFB5 and LEAP2) and APP genes (HP, CP, AGP, LBP, SAA3 and CRP) were investigated using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from two breeds of African cattle (trypanotolerant N'Dama and trypanosusceptible Boran), experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) were also measured in plasma using quantitative protein assays. Results demonstrated that tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) gene expression increased by 32-fold in Boran, compared to only 3-fold in N'Dama, by 14 days post-infection (dpi) and rising to 136-fold at 29 dpi in Boran, compared to 47-fold in N'Dama (P<0.05). Protein expression levels of SAA are elevated in N'Dama, rising to 163 microg/ml at 14 dpi compared with 72 microg/ml in Boran. The SAA expression profile mirrors the wave of parasitaemia detected in N'Dama. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the promoter regions of the SAA3 and SAA4 genes, which are predicted to affect transcription factor binding and thereby contributing to the differential patterns of expression detected between the breeds. Whereas elevated TAP expression is a conserved component of the innate immune response to infection in both breeds, higher SAA expression levels may contribute toward trypanotolerance in N'Dama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Meade
- Animal Bioscience Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
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