1
|
Ceccatelli Berti C, di Punzio G, Dallabona C, Baruffini E, Goffrini P, Lodi T, Donnini C. The Power of Yeast in Modelling Human Nuclear Mutations Associated with Mitochondrial Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:300. [PMID: 33672627 PMCID: PMC7924180 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of next generation sequencing approaches to the analysis of human exome and whole genome data has enabled the identification of novel variants and new genes involved in mitochondrial diseases. The ability of surviving in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial genome makes the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae an excellent model system for investigating the role of these new variants in mitochondrial-related conditions and dissecting the molecular mechanisms associated with these diseases. The aim of this review was to highlight the main advantages offered by this model for the study of mitochondrial diseases, from the validation and characterisation of novel mutations to the dissection of the role played by genes in mitochondrial functionality and the discovery of potential therapeutic molecules. The review also provides a summary of the main contributions to the understanding of mitochondrial diseases emerged from the study of this simple eukaryotic organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.C.B.); (G.d.P.); (C.D.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mitochondrial Genome Variation Affects Multiple Respiration and Nonrespiration Phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2018; 211:773-786. [PMID: 30498022 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome variation and its effects on phenotypes have been widely analyzed in higher eukaryotes but less so in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae Here, we describe mitochondrial genome variation in 96 diverse S. cerevisiae strains and assess associations between mitochondrial genotype and phenotypes as well as nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis. We associate sensitivity to the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin with SNPs in the mitochondrially encoded ATP6 gene. We describe the use of iso-nuclear F1 pairs, the mitochondrial genome equivalent of reciprocal hemizygosity analysis, to identify and analyze mitochondrial genotype-dependent phenotypes. Using iso-nuclear F1 pairs, we analyze the oligomycin phenotype-ATP6 association and find extensive nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis. Similarly, in iso-nuclear F1 pairs, we identify many additional mitochondrial genotype-dependent respiration phenotypes, for which there was no association in the 96 strains, and again find extensive nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis that likely contributes to the lack of association in the 96 strains. Finally, in iso-nuclear F1 pairs, we identify novel mitochondrial genotype-dependent nonrespiration phenotypes: resistance to cycloheximide, ketoconazole, and copper. We discuss potential mechanisms and the implications of mitochondrial genotype and of nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis effects on respiratory and nonrespiratory quantitative traits.
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Nottia M, Montanari A, Verrigni D, Oliva R, Torraco A, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Diodato D, Rizza T, Bianchi M, Catteruccia M, Zeviani M, Dionisi-Vici C, Francisci S, Bertini E, Carrozzo R. Novel mutation in mitochondrial Elongation Factor EF-Tu associated to dysplastic leukoencephalopathy and defective mitochondrial DNA translation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:961-967. [PMID: 28132884 PMCID: PMC5335904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu), encoded by the TUFM gene, is a highly conserved GTPase, which is part of the mitochondrial protein translation machinery. In its activated form it delivers the aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site of the mitochondrial ribosome. We report here on a baby girl with severe infantile macrocystic leukodystrophy with micropolygyria and a combined defect of complexes I and IV in muscle biopsy, caused by a novel mutation identified in TUFM. Using human mutant cells and the yeast model, we demonstrate the pathological role of the novel variant. Moreover, results of a molecular modeling study suggest that the mutant is inactive in mitochondrial polypeptide chain elongation, probably as a consequence of its reduced ability to bind mitochondrial aa-tRNAs. Four patients have so far been described with mutations in TUFM, and, following the first description of the disease in a single patient, we describe similar clinical and neuroradiological features in an additional patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Nottia
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Montanari
- Pasteur Institute Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Verrigni
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Oliva
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, I-80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daria Diodato
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rizza
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Catteruccia
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Francisci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Francisci S, Montanari A. Mitochondrial diseases: Yeast as a model for the study of suppressors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:666-673. [PMID: 28089773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) tRNA gene mutations are an important cause of human morbidity and are associated with different syndromes. We have previously shown that the mitochondrial protein synthesis elongation factor EF-Tu and isolated sequences from the carboxy-terminal domain of yeast and human mt leucyl-tRNA synthetases (LeuRS), have a wide range of suppression capability among different yeast mt tRNA mutants having defective respiratory phenotype. Here we show that the rescuing capability can be restricted to a specific sequence of six amino acids from the carboxy-terminal domain of mt LeuRS. On the other hand by overexpressing a mutated version of mt EF-Tu in a yeast strain deleted for the endogenous nuclear gene we identified the specific region involved in suppression. Results support the possibility that a small peptide could correct defects associated with many mt tRNA mutations, suggesting a novel therapy for mitochondrial diseases treatment. The involvement of the mt EF-Tu in cellular heat stress response has also been suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Francisci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Montanari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biolistic Transformation for Delivering DNA into the Mitochondria. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial genome can cause a wide range of clinical disorders, mainly neuromuscular diseases. Various strategies have been proposed to address these pathologies; unfortunately no efficient treatment is currently available. In some cases, defects may be rescued by targeting into mitochondria nuclear DNA-expressed counterparts of the affected molecules. Another strategy is based on the induced shift of the heteroplasmy, meaning that wild type and mutated mtDNA can coexist in a single cell. The occurrence and severity of the disease depend on the heteroplasmy level, therefore, several approaches have been recently proposed to selectively reduce the levels of mutant mtDNA. Here we describe the experimental systems used to study the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunctions: the respiratory deficient yeast strains, mammalian trans-mitochondrial cybrid cells and mice models, and overview the recent advances in development of various therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tonin
- UMR 7156, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 21, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 21, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Micco P, Fazzi D'Orsi M, Morea V, Frontali L, Francisci S, Montanari A. The yeast model suggests the use of short peptides derived from mt LeuRS for the therapy of diseases due to mutations in several mt tRNAs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:3065-74. [PMID: 25261707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have previously established a yeast model of mitochondrial (mt) diseases. We showed that defective respiratory phenotypes due to point-mutations in mt tRNA(Leu(UUR)), tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Val) could be relieved by overexpression of both cognate and non-cognate nuclearly encoded mt aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) LeuRS, IleRS and ValRS. More recently, we showed that the isolated carboxy-terminal domain (Cterm) of yeast mt LeuRS, and even short peptides derived from the human Cterm, have the same suppressing abilities as the whole enzymes. In this work, we extend these results by investigating the activity of a number of mt aaRS from either class I or II towards a panel of mt tRNAs. The Cterm of both human and yeast mt LeuRS has the same spectrum of activity as mt aaRS belonging to class I and subclass a, which is the most extensive among the whole enzymes. Yeast Cterm is demonstrated to be endowed with mt targeting activity. Importantly, peptide fragments β30_31 and β32_33, derived from the human Cterm, have even higher efficiency as well as wider spectrum of activity, thus opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Bind-shifting experiments show that the β30_31 peptide directly interacts with human mt tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and tRNA(Ile), suggesting that the rescuing activity of isolated peptide fragments is mediated by a chaperone-like mechanism. Wide-range suppression appears to be idiosyncratic of LeuRS and its fragments, since it is not shared by Cterminal regions derived from human mt IleRS or ValRS, which are expected to have very different structures and interactions with tRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Di Micco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fazzi D'Orsi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Morea
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology (IBMN), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Frontali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Francisci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Montanari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montanari A, Francisci S, Fazzi D'Orsi M, Bianchi MM. Strain-specific nuclear genetic background differentially affects mitochondria-related phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:288-98. [PMID: 24700775 PMCID: PMC4082703 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of our studies on mitochondrial defects, we have observed important phenotypic variations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains suggesting that a better characterization of the genetic variability will be essential to define the relationship between the mitochondrial efficiency and the presence of different nuclear backgrounds. In this manuscript, we have extended the study of such relations by comparing phenotypic assays related to mitochondrial functions of three wild-type laboratory strains. In addition to the phenotypic variability among the wild-type strains, important differences have been observed among strains bearing identical mitochondrial tRNA mutations that could be related only to the different nuclear background of the cells. Results showed that strains exhibited an intrinsic variability in the severity of the effects of the mitochondrial mutations and that specific strains might be used preferentially to evaluate the phenotypic effect of mitochondrial mutations on carbon metabolism, stress responses, and mitochondrial DNA stability. In particular, while W303-1B and MCC123 strains should be used to study the effect of severe mitochondrial tRNA mutations, D273-10B/A1 strain is rather suitable for studying the effects of milder mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Montanari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy; Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
González JR, Cáceres A, Esko T, Cuscó I, Puig M, Esnaola M, Reina J, Siroux V, Bouzigon E, Nadif R, Reinmaa E, Milani L, Bustamante M, Jarvis D, Antó JM, Sunyer J, Demenais F, Kogevinas M, Metspalu A, Cáceres M, Pérez-Jurado LA. A common 16p11.2 inversion underlies the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:361-72. [PMID: 24560518 PMCID: PMC3951940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma and obesity is increasing worldwide, and obesity is a well-documented risk factor for asthma. The mechanisms underlying this association and parallel time trends remain largely unknown but genetic factors may be involved. Here, we report on a common ~0.45 Mb genomic inversion at 16p11.2 that can be accurately genotyped via SNP array data. We show that the inversion allele protects against the joint occurrence of asthma and obesity in five large independent studies (combined sample size of 317 cases and 543 controls drawn from a total of 5,809 samples; combined OR = 0.48, p = 5.5 × 10(-6)). Allele frequencies show remarkable worldwide population stratification, ranging from 10% in East Africa to 49% in Northern Europe, consistent with discordant and extreme genetic drifts or adaptive selections after human migration out of Africa. Inversion alleles strongly correlate with expression levels of neighboring genes, especially TUFM (p = 3.0 × 10(-40)) that encodes a mitochondrial protein regulator of energy balance and inhibitor of type 1 interferon, and other candidates for asthma (IL27) and obesity (APOB48R and SH2B1). Therefore, by affecting gene expression, the ~0.45 Mb 16p11.2 inversion provides a genetic basis for the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity, with a population attributable risk of 39.7%. Differential mitochondrial function and basal energy balance of inversion alleles might also underlie the potential selection signature that led to their uneven distribution in world populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan R González
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marta Puig
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Judith Reina
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerie Siroux
- INSERM-UJF, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourier - BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bouzigon
- INSERM, UMRS-946, Genetic Variation of Human Diseases Unit, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Nadif
- INSERM, U1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, 94807 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Genes and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josep M Antó
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, UMRS-946, Genetic Variation of Human Diseases Unit, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens 115 21, Greece
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Mario Cáceres
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pathological Mutations of the Mitochondrial Human Genome: the Instrumental Role of the Yeast S. cerevisiae. Diseases 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/diseases2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|