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Foraster M, Esnaola M, López-Vicente M, Rivas I, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Persavento C, Sebastian-Galles N, Pujol J, Dadvand P, Sunyer J. Exposure to road traffic noise and cognitive development in schoolchildren in Barcelona, Spain: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004001. [PMID: 35653430 PMCID: PMC9162347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic noise is a prevalent and known health hazard. However, little is known yet about its effect on children's cognition. We aimed to study the association between exposure to road traffic noise and the development of working memory and attention in primary school children, considering school-outdoor and school-indoor annual average noise levels and noise fluctuation characteristics, as well as home-outdoor noise exposure. METHODS AND FINDINGS We followed up a population-based sample of 2,680 children aged 7 to 10 years from 38 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) between January 2012 to March 2013. Children underwent computerised cognitive tests 4 times (n = 10,112), for working memory (2-back task, detectability), complex working memory (3-back task, detectability), and inattentiveness (Attention Network Task, hit reaction time standard error, in milliseconds). Road traffic noise was measured indoors and outdoors at schools, at the start of the school year, using standard protocols to obtain A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels, i.e., annual average levels scaled to human hearing, for the daytime (daytime LAeq, in dB). We also derived fluctuation indicators out of the measurements (noise intermittency ratio, %; and number of noise events) and obtained individual estimated indoor noise levels (LAeq) correcting for classroom orientation and classroom change between years. Home-outdoor noise exposure at home (Lden, i.e., EU indicator for the 24-hour annual average levels) was estimated using Barcelona's noise map for year 2012, according to the European Noise Directive (2002). We used linear mixed models to evaluate the association between exposure to noise and cognitive development adjusting for age, sex, maternal education, socioeconomical vulnerability index at home, indoor or outdoor traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) for corresponding school models or outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for home models. Child and school were included as nested random effects. The median age (percentile 25, percentile 75) of children in visit 1 was 8.5 (7.8; 9.3) years, 49.9% were girls, and 50% of the schools were public. School-outdoor exposure to road traffic noise was associated with a slower development in working memory (2-back and 3-back) and greater inattentiveness over 1 year in children, both for the average noise level (e.g., ‒4.83 points [95% CI: ‒7.21, ‒2.45], p-value < 0.001, in 2-back detectability per 5 dB in street levels) and noise fluctuation (e.g., ‒4.38 [‒7.08, ‒1.67], p-value = 0.002, per 50 noise events at street level). Individual exposure to the road traffic average noise level in classrooms was only associated with inattentiveness (2.49 ms [0, 4.81], p-value = 0.050, per 5 dB), whereas indoor noise fluctuation was consistently associated with all outcomes. Home-outdoor noise exposure was not associated with the outcomes. Study limitations include a potential lack of generalizability (58% of mothers with university degree in our study versus 50% in the region) and the lack of past noise exposure assessment. CONCLUSIONS We observed that exposure to road traffic noise at school, but not at home, was associated with slower development of working memory, complex working memory, and attention in schoolchildren over 1 year. Associations with noise fluctuation indicators were more evident than with average noise levels in classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Foraster
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
- PHAGEX Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Science, Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ioar Rivas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Persavento
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEREsp), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Alemany S, Vilor-Tejedor N, García-Esteban R, Bustamante M, Dadvand P, Esnaola M, Mortamais M, Forns J, van Drooge BL, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Grimalt JO, Rivas I, Querol X, Pujol J, Sunyer J. Traffic-Related Air Pollution, APOEε4 Status, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among School Children Enrolled in the BREATHE Project (Catalonia, Spain). Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:087001. [PMID: 30073950 PMCID: PMC6108838 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic-related air pollution is emerging as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and impaired brain development. Individual differences in vulnerability to air pollution may involve the ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the primary genetic risk factor for AD. OBJECTIVE We analyzed whether the association between traffic air pollution and neurodevelopmental outcomes is modified by APOEε4 status in children. METHODS Data on parent-reported behavior problems (total difficulties scores, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), teacher-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom scores, cognitive performance trajectories (computerized tests of inattentiveness and working memory repeated 2-4 times during January 2012-March 2013), and APOE genotypes were obtained for 1,667 children age 7-11 y attending 39 schools in or near Barcelona. Basal ganglia volume (putamen, caudate, and globus pallidum) was measured in 163 of the children by MRI (October 2012-April 2014.) Average annual outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), elemental carbon (EC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were estimated based on measurements at each school (two 1-wk campaigns conducted 6 months apart in 2012). RESULTS APOEε4 allele carriers had significantly higher behavior problem scores than noncarriers, and adverse associations with PAHs and NO2 were stronger or limited to ε4 carriers for behavior problem scores (P-interaction 0.03 and 0.04), caudate volume (P-interaction 0.04 and 0.03), and inattentiveness trajectories (P-interaction 0.15 and 0.08, respectively). Patterns of associations with the same outcomes were similar for EC. CONCLUSION PAHs, EC, and NO2 were associated with higher behavior problem scores, smaller reductions in inattentiveness over time, and smaller caudate volume in APOEε4 allele carriers in our study population, and corresponding associations were weak or absent among ε4 noncarriers. These findings support a potential role of APOE in biological mechanisms that may contribute to associations between air pollution and neurobehavioral outcomes in children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alemany
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Esteban
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marion Mortamais
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ioar Rivas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM G21), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Dadvand P, Pujol J, Macià D, Martínez-Vilavella G, Blanco-Hinojo L, Mortamais M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Fenoll R, Esnaola M, Dalmau-Bueno A, López-Vicente M, Basagaña X, Jerrett M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sunyer J. The Association between Lifelong Greenspace Exposure and 3-Dimensional Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Barcelona Schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:027012. [PMID: 29504939 PMCID: PMC6066357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proponents of the biophilia hypothesis believe that contact with nature, including green spaces, has a crucial role in brain development in children. Currently, however, we are not aware of evidence linking such exposure with potential effects on brain structure. OBJECTIVE We determined whether lifelong exposure to residential surrounding greenness is associated with regional differences in brain volume based on 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) among children attending primary school. METHODS We performed a series of analyses using data from a subcohort of 253 Barcelona schoolchildren from the Brain Development and Air Pollution Ultrafine Particles in School Children (BREATHE) project. We averaged satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across 100-m buffers around all residential addresses since birth to estimate each participant's lifelong exposure to residential surrounding greenness, and we used high-resolution 3D MRIs of brain anatomy to identify regional differences in voxel-wise brain volume associated with greenness exposure. In addition, we performed a supporting substudy to identify regional differences in brain volume associated with measures of working memory (d' from computerized n-back tests) and inattentiveness (hit reaction time standard error from the Attentional Network Task instrument) that were repeated four times over one year. We also performed a second supporting substudy to determine whether peak voxel tissue volumes in brain regions associated with residential greenness predicted cognitive function test scores. RESULTS Lifelong exposure to greenness was positively associated with gray matter volume in the left and right prefrontal cortex and in the left premotor cortex and with white matter volume in the right prefrontal region, in the left premotor region, and in both cerebellar hemispheres. Some of these regions partly overlapped with regions associated with cognitive test scores (prefrontal cortex and cerebellar and premotor white matter), and peak volumes in these regions predicted better working memory and reduced inattentiveness. CONCLUSION Our findings from a study population of urban schoolchildren in Barcelona require confirmation, but they suggest that being raised in greener neighborhoods may have beneficial effects on brain development and cognitive function. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1876.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dídac Macià
- MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Mortamais
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fenoll
- MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM-Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Suades-González E, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Cirach M, de Castro M, Esnaola M, Basagaña X, Dadvand P, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Sunyer J. Impact of commuting exposure to traffic-related air pollution on cognitive development in children walking to school. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:837-844. [PMID: 28866425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A few studies have found associations between the exposure to traffic-related air pollution at school and/or home and cognitive development. The impact on cognitive development of the exposure to air pollutants during commuting has not been explored. We aimed to assess the role of the exposure to traffic-related air pollutants during walking commute to school on cognitive development of children. We performed a longitudinal study of children (n = 1,234, aged 7-10 y) from 39 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) who commuted by foot to school. Children were tested four times during a 12-month follow-up to characterize their developmental trajectories of working memory (d' of the three-back numbers test) and inattentiveness (hit reaction time standard error of the Attention Network Test). Average particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), Black Carbon (BC) and NO2 concentrations were estimated using Land Use Regression for the shortest walking route to school. Differences in cognitive growth were evaluated by linear mixed effects models with age-by-pollutant interaction terms. Exposure to PM2.5 and BC from the commutes by foot was associated with a reduction in the growth of working memory (an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 and BC concentrations decreased the annual growth of working memory by 5.4 (95% CI [-10.2, -0.6]) and 4.6 (95% CI [-9.0, -0.1]) points, respectively). The findings for NO2 were not conclusive and none of the pollutants were associated with inattentiveness. Efforts should be made to implement pedestrian school pathways through low traffic streets in order to increase security and minimize children's exposure to air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ioar Rivas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mònica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Suades-González
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Forns J, Dadvand P, Esnaola M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, López-Vicente M, Garcia-Esteban R, Cirach M, Basagaña X, Guxens M, Sunyer J. Longitudinal association between air pollution exposure at school and cognitive development in school children over a period of 3.5 years. Environ Res 2017; 159:416-421. [PMID: 28858754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, we showed that exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) at school was negatively associated with cognitive development, specifically working memory and inattentiveness, in primary schoolchildren during a course of 12 months. The persistence of such associations over longer periods remains as an open question. OBJECTIVE To study the longitudinal association between TRAPs at school and cognitive development over a period of 3.5 years. METHODS Indoor and outdoor levels of TRAPs (elemental carbon (EC), dioxide nitrogen (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5) from traffic sources and ultrafine particles (UFP)) were measured at 39 schools across Barcelona during 2012/2013. Working memory, as a measure of cognitive development, was evaluated 4 times in 2012/2013 assessment and was re-evaluated one more time in 2015 using computerized n-back test (3-back d' as main outcome). Linear mixed effects models were used to test the association between TRAPs and 3-back d', adding child and school as random effects to account for the multilevel nature of the data, and school air pollutants levels (one at a time) as predictor. RESULTS We found detrimental associations between all TRAPs and annual change in 3-back d' (working memory) (i.e. slower development of working memory in children attending schools with higher levels of air pollution). The associations (per one interquartile range increase in exposure) were strongest for outdoor NO2 (Coefficient (Coef) = - 4.22, 95% confidence interval (CI), - 6.22, - 2.22) and indoor UFP (Coef = - 4.12, 95%CI, - 5.68, - 1.83). These reductions were equivalent to - 20% (95%CI, - 30.1, - 10.7) and - 19.9% (95%CI, - 31.5, - 8.4) change in annual working memory development associated with one interquartile range increase in outdoor NO2 and indoor UFP, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the persistence of the negative association between TRAPs exposure at school and cognitive trajectory measured by n-back test over a period of 3.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Forns
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mònica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Esteban
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal-Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Suades-González E, Forns J, García-Esteban R, López-Vicente M, Esnaola M, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Julvez J, Cáceres A, Basagaña X, López-Sala A, Sunyer J. A Longitudinal Study on Attention Development in Primary School Children with and without Teacher-Reported Symptoms of ADHD. Front Psychol 2017; 8:655. [PMID: 28559855 PMCID: PMC5432613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prospective longitudinal studies are essential in characterizing cognitive trajectories, yet few of them have been reported on the development of attention processes in children. We aimed to explore attention development in normal children and children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a repeated measures design using the attention network test (ANT). Methods: The population sample included 2,835 children (49.6% girls) aged 7-11 years from 39 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) who performed the ANT four times from January 2012 to March 2013. According to teacher ratings, 10.5% of the children presented ADHD symptoms. We performed multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models, adjusting for school and individual, to test the effects of age-related growth on the ANT networks: alerting, orienting and executive attention, and three measurements related to attentiveness: median of hit reaction time (HRT), hit reaction time standard error (HRT-SE) and variability. Results: We observed age-related growth in all the outcomes, except orienting. The curves were steeper at the younger groups, although for alertness the improvement was further at the oldest ages. Gender and ADHD symptoms interacted with age in executive attention, HRT and variability. Girls performed better in executive attention at young ages although boys reached females at around 10 years of age. For HRT, males showed faster HRT. However, girls had a more pronounced improvement and reached the levels of boys at age 11. Children with ADHD symptoms had significant differences in executive attention, HRT and variability compared to children without ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: We detected an ongoing development of some aspects of attention in primary school children, differentiating patterns by gender and ADHD symptoms. Our findings support the ANT for assessing attention processes in children in large epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Suades-González
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Esteban
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain.,Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBoston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Anna López-Sala
- Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
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7
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Dadvand P, Sunyer J, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Dalmau-Bueno A, Esnaola M, Gascon M, De Castro Pascual M, Basagaña X, Morgan IG, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Green spaces and spectacles use in schoolchildren in Barcelona. Environ Res 2017; 152:256-262. [PMID: 27816006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is one of the major causes of low visual acuity during childhood, and hence of the need for spectacles. It is generally more prevalent in urban areas where children are often less exposed to green spaces than in rural areas. This study evaluated the association between exposure to green space and use of spectacles (as a surrogate measure for myopia) in a cohort of 2727 schoolchildren (7-10 years old) recruited from 39 primary schools in Barcelona (2012-2015). We assessed exposure to green spaces by characterizing outdoor surrounding greenness at home and school and during commuting using satellite data on greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). We also obtained data on the annual average time children spent playing in green spaces through questionnaires. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted based on prevalent cases of spectacles use at baseline data collection campaign and longitudinal analyses based on incident cases of spectacles use during the three-year period between the baseline and last data collection campaigns. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure to green space at home (500m buffer) and school and during commuting was associated with respectively 14% (95% CI: 2%, 26%), 27% (95% CI: 6%, 44%), and 20% (95% CI: 5%, 33%) decrease in spectacles use in cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, we observed a reduction of 23% (95% CI: 4%, 39%) and 34% (95% CI: 2%, 55%) associated with an IQR increase in greenness at home and school, respectively. Moreover, an IQR increase in time playing in green spaces was associated with a 28% (95% CI: 7%, 45%) reduction in the risk of spectacles use in the longitudinal analysis. Our observed reduced risk of spectacles use associated with higher contact with green space calls for more refined studies of the association between green spaces and refractive errors of visions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; IMIM-Parc Salut Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascon
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat De Castro Pascual
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Basagaña X, Esnaola M, Rivas I, Amato F, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Forns J, López-Vicente M, Pujol J, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Querol X, Sunyer J. Neurodevelopmental Deceleration by Urban Fine Particles from Different Emission Sources: A Longitudinal Observational Study. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:1630-1636. [PMID: 27128166 PMCID: PMC5047777 DOI: 10.1289/ehp209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies have reported associations between traffic-related air pollution exposure at schools and cognitive development. The role of PM components or sources other than traffic on cognitive development has been little explored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the role of PM sources in school air on cognitive development. METHODS A cohort of 2,618 schoolchildren (average age, 8.5 years) belonging to 39 schools in Barcelona (Spain) was followed up for a year. Children completed computerized tests assessing working memory, superior working memory, and inattentiveness during four visits. Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) was measured during two 1-week campaigns in each school, both outdoors and in the classroom. Source apportionment resulted in nine sources: mineral, organic/textile/chalk, traffic, secondary sulfate and organics, secondary nitrate, road dust, metallurgy, sea spray, and heavy oil combustion. Differences in cognitive growth trajectories were assessed with mixed models with age-by-source interaction terms. RESULTS An interquartile range increase in indoor traffic-related PM2.5 was associated with reductions in cognitive growth equivalent to 22% (95% CI: 2%, 42%) of the annual change in working memory, 30% (95% CI: 6%, 54%) of the annual change in superior working memory, and 11% (95% CI: 0%, 22%) of the annual change in the inattentiveness scale. None of the other PM2.5 sources was associated with adverse effects on cognitive development. CONCLUSIONS Traffic was the only source of fine particles associated with a reduction in cognitive development. Reducing air pollution from traffic at primary schools may result in beneficial effects on cognition. CITATION Basagaña X, Esnaola M, Rivas I, Amato F, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Forns J, López-Vicente M, Pujol J, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Querol X, Sunyer J. 2016. Neurodevelopmental deceleration by urban fine particles from different emission sources: a longitudinal observational study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1630-1636; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Address correspondence to X. Basagaña, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), c/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Telephone: (34) 932147306. E-mail:
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mònica López-Vicente
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM G21), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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9
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Rivas I, Donaire‐Gonzalez D, Bouso L, Esnaola M, Pandolfi M, de Castro M, Viana M, Àlvarez‐Pedrerol M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Querol X. Spatiotemporally resolved black carbon concentration, schoolchildren's exposure and dose in Barcelona. Indoor Air 2016; 26:391-402. [PMID: 25924870 PMCID: PMC5008221 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
At city level, personal monitoring is the best way to assess people's exposure. However, it is usually estimated from a few monitoring stations. Our aim was to determine the exposure to black carbon (BC) and BC dose for 45 schoolchildren with portable microaethalometers and to evaluate the relationship between personal monitoring and fixed stations at schools (indoor and outdoor) and in an urban background (UB) site. Personal BC concentra-tions were 20% higher than in fixed stations at schools. Linear mixed-effect models showed low R(2) between personal measurements and fixed stations at schools (R(2) ≤ 0.28), increasing to R(2) ≥ 0.70 if considering only periods when children were at schools. For the UB station, the respective R(2) were 0.18 and 0.45, indicating the importance of the distance to the monitoring station when assessing exposure. During the warm season, the fixed stations agreed better with personal measurements than during the cold one. Children spent 6% of their time on commuting but received 20% of their daily BC dose, due to co-occurrence with road traffic rush hours and the close proximity to the source. Children received 37% of their daily-integrated BC dose at school. Indoor environments (classroom and home) were responsible for the 56% BC dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Rivas
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia AmbientalsUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)Edifici C Campus de la UABBellaterra CerdanyolaSpain
| | - D. Donaire‐Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - L. Bouso
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - M. Esnaola
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - M. Pandolfi
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - M. de Castro
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - M. Viana
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - M. Àlvarez‐Pedrerol
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - M. Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - A. Alastuey
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - J. Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - X. Querol
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
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López-Vicente M, Forns J, Suades-González E, Esnaola M, García-Esteban R, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Júlvez J, Burgaleta M, Sebastián-Gallés N, Sunyer J. Developmental Trajectories in Primary Schoolchildren Using n-Back Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:716. [PMID: 27242625 PMCID: PMC4866535 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuropsychological instruments to assess cognitive trajectories during childhood in epidemiological studies are needed. This would improve neurodevelopment characterization in order to identify its potential determinants. We aimed to study whether repeated measures of n-back, a working memory task, detect developmental trajectories in schoolchildren during a 1-year follow-up. Methods: We administered the n-back task to 2897 healthy children aged 7–11 years old from 39 schools in Barcelona (Spain). The task consisted of 2 levels of complexity or loads (2- and 3-back) and 2 different stimuli (numbers and words). Participants performed the task four times from January 2012 to March 2013. To study the trajectories during the follow-up, we performed linear mixed-effects models including school, individual and age as random effects. Results: We observed improvements related to age in n-back outcomes d′, HRT and accuracy, as well as reduced cognitive growth at older ages in d′ and HRT. Greater improvements in performance were observed at younger ages, in 2-back, in verbal rather than numerical stimuli and in girls compared to boys. Boys responded faster at baseline, while girls showed increased growth in 2-back numbers. Children with ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms (15% of boys and 6% of girls) had a lower working memory at baseline, but they showed similar cognitive growth trajectories in numbers variants of the task, as compared to children without ADHD symptoms. However, the age-related improvement in response speed was not observed in children with ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: Changes in n-back outcomes reflected developmental trajectories in 1-year follow-up. The present results suggest that the repeated administration of this task can be used to study the factors that may alter the cognitive development during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Elisabet Suades-González
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Esteban
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Júlvez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain; Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBoston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Burgaleta
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Sebastián-Gallés
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental EpidemiologyBarcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
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11
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Forns J, Dadvand P, Foraster M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Suades-Gonzalez E, Garcia-Esteban R, Esnaola M, Cirach M, Grellier J, Basagaña X, Querol X, Guxens M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sunyer J. Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Noise at School, and Behavioral Problems in Barcelona Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:529-35. [PMID: 26241036 PMCID: PMC4829987 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The available evidence of the effects of air pollution and noise on behavioral development is limited, and it overlooks exposure at schools, where children spend a considerable amount of time. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the associations of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) and noise at school on behavioral development of schoolchildren. METHODS We evaluated children 7-11 years of age in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) during 2012-2013 within the BREATHE project. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured at schools in two separate 1-week campaigns. In one campaign we also measured noise levels inside classrooms. Parents filled out the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to assess child behavioral development, while teachers completed the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder criteria of the DSM-IV (ADHD-DSM-IV) list to assess specific ADHD symptomatology. Negative binomial mixed-effects models were used to estimate associations between the exposures and behavioral development scores. RESULTS Interquartile range (IQR) increases in indoor and outdoor EC, BC, and NO2 concentrations were positively associated with SDQ total difficulties scores (suggesting more frequent behavioral problems) in adjusted multivariate models, whereas noise was significantly associated with ADHD-DSM-IV scores. CONCLUSION In our study population of 7- to 11-year-old children residing in Barcelona, exposure to TRAPs at school was associated with increased behavioral problems in schoolchildren. Noise exposure at school was associated with more ADHD symptoms. CITATION Forns J, Dadvand P, Foraster M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Suades-Gonzalez E, Garcia-Esteban R, Esnaola M, Cirach M, Grellier J, Basagaña X, Querol X, Guxens M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sunyer J. 2016. Traffic-related air pollution, noise at school, and behavioral problems in Barcelona schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Perspect 124:529-535; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409449.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Forns
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Address correspondence to J. Forns, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C. Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Telephone: 34 93 214 73 11. E-mail:
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Foraster
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mònica López-Vicente
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabet Suades-Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Esteban
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - James Grellier
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Julvez J, Méndez M, Fernandez-Barres S, Romaguera D, Vioque J, Llop S, Ibarluzea J, Guxens M, Avella-Garcia C, Tardón A, Riaño I, Andiarena A, Robinson O, Arija V, Esnaola M, Ballester F, Sunyer J. Maternal Consumption of Seafood in Pregnancy and Child Neuropsychological Development: A Longitudinal Study Based on a Population With High Consumption Levels. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:169-82. [PMID: 26740026 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood consumption during pregnancy is thought to be beneficial for child neuropsychological development, but to our knowledge no large cohort studies with high fatty fish consumption have analyzed the association by seafood subtype. We evaluated 1,892 and 1,589 mother-child pairs at the ages of 14 months and 5 years, respectively, in a population-based Spanish birth cohort established during 2004-2008. Bayley and McCarthy scales and the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test were used to assess neuropsychological development. Results from multivariate linear regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and further adjusted for umbilical cord blood mercury or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Overall, consumption of seafood above the recommended limit of 340 g/week was associated with 10-g/week increments in neuropsychological scores. By subtype, in addition to lean fish, consumption of large fatty fish showed a positive association; offspring of persons within the highest quantile (>238 g/week) had an adjusted increase of 2.29 points in McCarthy general cognitive score (95% confidence interval: 0.42, 4.16). Similar findings were observed for the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test. Beta coefficients diminished 15%-30% after adjustment for mercury or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Consumption of large fatty fish during pregnancy presents moderate child neuropsychological benefits, including improvements in cognitive functioning and some protection from autism-spectrum traits.
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13
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Sunyer J, Esnaola M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Forns J, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Suades-González E, Foraster M, Garcia-Esteban R, Basagaña X, Viana M, Cirach M, Moreno T, Alastuey A, Sebastian-Galles N, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Querol X. Association between traffic-related air pollution in schools and cognitive development in primary school children: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001792. [PMID: 25734425 PMCID: PMC4348510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a suspected developmental neurotoxicant. Many schools are located in close proximity to busy roads, and traffic air pollution peaks when children are at school. We aimed to assess whether exposure of children in primary school to traffic-related air pollutants is associated with impaired cognitive development. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a prospective study of children (n = 2,715, aged 7 to 10 y) from 39 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) exposed to high and low traffic-related air pollution, paired by school socioeconomic index; children were tested four times (i.e., to assess the 12-mo developmental trajectories) via computerized tests (n = 10,112). Chronic traffic air pollution (elemental carbon [EC], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and ultrafine particle number [UFP; 10-700 nm]) was measured twice during 1-wk campaigns both in the courtyard (outdoor) and inside the classroom (indoor) simultaneously in each school pair. Cognitive development was assessed with the n-back and the attentional network tests, in particular, working memory (two-back detectability), superior working memory (three-back detectability), and inattentiveness (hit reaction time standard error). Linear mixed effects models were adjusted for age, sex, maternal education, socioeconomic status, and air pollution exposure at home. Children from highly polluted schools had a smaller growth in cognitive development than children from the paired lowly polluted schools, both in crude and adjusted models (e.g., 7.4% [95% CI 5.6%-8.8%] versus 11.5% [95% CI 8.9%-12.5%] improvement in working memory, p = 0.0024). Cogently, children attending schools with higher levels of EC, NO2, and UFP both indoors and outdoors experienced substantially smaller growth in all the cognitive measurements; for example, a change from the first to the fourth quartile in indoor EC reduced the gain in working memory by 13.0% (95% CI 4.2%-23.1%). Residual confounding for social class could not be discarded completely; however, the associations remained in stratified analyses (e.g., for type of school or high-/low-polluted area) and after additional adjustments (e.g., for commuting, educational quality, or smoking at home), contradicting a potential residual confounding explanation. CONCLUSIONS Children attending schools with higher traffic-related air pollution had a smaller improvement in cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques–Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mònica López-Vicente
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Suades-González
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Foraster
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Esteban
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Forns J, Esnaola M, López-Vicente M, Suades-González E, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Julvez J, Grellier J, Sebastián-Gallés N, Sunyer J. The n-back Test and the Attentional Network Task as measures of child neuropsychological development in epidemiological studies. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:519-29. [DOI: 10.1037/neu0000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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15
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González JR, Cáceres A, Esko T, Cuscó I, Puig M, Esnaola M, Reina J, Siroux V, Bouzigon E, Nadif R, Reinmaa E, Milani L, Bustamante M, Jarvis D, Antó JM, Sunyer J, Demenais F, Kogevinas M, Metspalu A, Cáceres M, Pérez-Jurado LA. A common 16p11.2 inversion underlies the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:361-72. [PMID: 24560518 PMCID: PMC3951940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma and obesity is increasing worldwide, and obesity is a well-documented risk factor for asthma. The mechanisms underlying this association and parallel time trends remain largely unknown but genetic factors may be involved. Here, we report on a common ~0.45 Mb genomic inversion at 16p11.2 that can be accurately genotyped via SNP array data. We show that the inversion allele protects against the joint occurrence of asthma and obesity in five large independent studies (combined sample size of 317 cases and 543 controls drawn from a total of 5,809 samples; combined OR = 0.48, p = 5.5 × 10(-6)). Allele frequencies show remarkable worldwide population stratification, ranging from 10% in East Africa to 49% in Northern Europe, consistent with discordant and extreme genetic drifts or adaptive selections after human migration out of Africa. Inversion alleles strongly correlate with expression levels of neighboring genes, especially TUFM (p = 3.0 × 10(-40)) that encodes a mitochondrial protein regulator of energy balance and inhibitor of type 1 interferon, and other candidates for asthma (IL27) and obesity (APOB48R and SH2B1). Therefore, by affecting gene expression, the ~0.45 Mb 16p11.2 inversion provides a genetic basis for the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity, with a population attributable risk of 39.7%. Differential mitochondrial function and basal energy balance of inversion alleles might also underlie the potential selection signature that led to their uneven distribution in world populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R González
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marta Puig
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Judith Reina
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerie Siroux
- INSERM-UJF, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourier - BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bouzigon
- INSERM, UMRS-946, Genetic Variation of Human Diseases Unit, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Nadif
- INSERM, U1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, 94807 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Genes and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josep M Antó
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, UMRS-946, Genetic Variation of Human Diseases Unit, 75010 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona 08003, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens 115 21, Greece
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Mario Cáceres
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Esnaola M, Puig P, Gonzalez D, Castelo R, Gonzalez JR. A flexible count data model to fit the wide diversity of expression profiles arising from extensively replicated RNA-seq experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:254. [PMID: 23965047 PMCID: PMC3849762 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) offers unprecedented power to capture the real dynamics of gene expression. Experimental designs with extensive biological replication present a unique opportunity to exploit this feature and distinguish expression profiles with higher resolution. RNA-seq data analysis methods so far have been mostly applied to data sets with few replicates and their default settings try to provide the best performance under this constraint. These methods are based on two well-known count data distributions: the Poisson and the negative binomial. The way to properly calibrate them with large RNA-seq data sets is not trivial for the non-expert bioinformatics user. Results Here we show that expression profiles produced by extensively-replicated RNA-seq experiments lead to a rich diversity of count data distributions beyond the Poisson and the negative binomial, such as Poisson-Inverse Gaussian or Pólya-Aeppli, which can be captured by a more general family of count data distributions called the Poisson-Tweedie. The flexibility of the Poisson-Tweedie family enables a direct fitting of emerging features of large expression profiles, such as heavy-tails or zero-inflation, without the need to alter a single configuration parameter. We provide a software package for R called tweeDEseq implementing a new test for differential expression based on the Poisson-Tweedie family. Using simulations on synthetic and real RNA-seq data we show that tweeDEseq yields P-values that are equally or more accurate than competing methods under different configuration parameters. By surveying the tiny fraction of sex-specific gene expression changes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, we also show that tweeDEseq accurately detects differentially expressed genes in a real large RNA-seq data set with improved performance and reproducibility over the previously compared methodologies. Finally, we compared the results with those obtained from microarrays in order to check for reproducibility. Conclusions RNA-seq data with many replicates leads to a handful of count data distributions which can be accurately estimated with the statistical model illustrated in this paper. This method provides a better fit to the underlying biological variability; this may be critical when comparing groups of RNA-seq samples with markedly different count data distributions. The tweeDEseq package forms part of the Bioconductor project and it is available for download at http://www.bioconductor.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Esnaola
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
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