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Cassin J, Stamou MI, Keefe KW, Sung KE, Bojo CC, Tonsfeldt KJ, Rojas RA, Ferreira Lopes V, Plummer L, Salnikov KB, Keefe DL, Ozata M, Genel M, Georgopoulos NA, Hall JE, Crowley WF, Seminara SB, Mellon PL, Balasubramanian R. Heterozygous mutations in SOX2 may cause idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism via dominant-negative mechanisms. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164324. [PMID: 36602867 PMCID: PMC9977424 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) variants typically cause severe ocular defects within a SOX2 disorder spectrum that includes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We examined exome-sequencing data from a large, well-phenotyped cohort of patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) for pathogenic SOX2 variants to investigate the underlying pathogenic SOX2 spectrum and its associated phenotypes. We identified 8 IHH individuals harboring heterozygous pathogenic SOX2 variants with variable ocular phenotypes. These variant proteins were tested in vitro to determine whether a causal relationship between IHH and SOX2 exists. We found that Sox2 was highly expressed in the hypothalamus of adult mice and colocalized with kisspeptin 1 (KISS1) expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of adult female mice. In vitro, shRNA suppression of mouse SOX2 protein in Kiss-expressing cell lines increased the levels of human kisspeptin luciferase (hKiss-luc) transcription, while SOX2 overexpression repressed hKiss-luc transcription. Further, 4 of the identified SOX2 variants prevented this SOX2-mediated repression of hKiss-luc. Together, these data suggest that pathogenic SOX2 variants contribute to both anosmic and normosmic forms of IHH, attesting to hypothalamic defects in the SOX2 disorder spectrum. Our study describes potentially novel mechanisms contributing to SOX2-related disease and highlights the necessity of SOX2 screening in IHH genetic evaluation irrespective of associated ocular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cassin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria I. Stamou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly W. Keefe
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Sung
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
| | - Celine C. Bojo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
| | - Karen J. Tonsfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Rojas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Lopes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Salnikov
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David L. Keefe
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Myron Genel
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neoklis A. Georgopoulos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Janet E. Hall
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William F. Crowley
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine; and
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Center for Reproductive Medicine and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Gasco V, Matarazzo P, De Sanctis L, Ghigo E. Growth hormone deficiency in a case of septo-optic-dysplasia due to SOX2 mutation: should we re-test patients during the transition period? BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e251897. [PMID: 36581364 PMCID: PMC9806035 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations encoding transcription factors, including SOX2, have been associated with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and abnormal pituitary development. Guidelines on GHD management in the transition period state that patients with genetic-based childhood-onset GHD can skip retesting due to a high likelihood of permanent GHD. We describe a case of septo-optic-dysplasia due to SOX2 mutation characterised by childhood-onset GHD, which showed a normal somatotropic function at the transition period. This case raises the opportunity to retest for GHD during the transition period, even in patients with a known genetic cause, in order to avoid inappropriate GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gasco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Patrizia Matarazzo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Luisa De Sanctis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
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Szeliga A, Kunicki M, Maciejewska-Jeske M, Rzewuska N, Kostrzak A, Meczekalski B, Bala G, Smolarczyk R, Adashi EY. The Genetic Backdrop of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413241. [PMID: 34948037 PMCID: PMC8708611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is an organ of dual provenance: the anterior lobe is epithelial in origin, whereas the posterior lobe derives from the neural ectoderm. The pituitary gland is a pivotal element of the axis regulating reproductive function in mammals. It collects signals from the hypothalamus, and by secreting gonadotropins (FSH and LH) it stimulates the ovary into cyclic activity resulting in a menstrual cycle and in ovulation. Pituitary organogenesis is comprised of three main stages controlled by different signaling molecules: first, the initiation of pituitary organogenesis and subsequent formation of Rathke’s pouch; second, the migration of Rathke’s pouch cells and their proliferation; and third, lineage determination and cellular differentiation. Any disruption of this sequence, e.g., gene mutation, can lead to numerous developmental disorders. Gene mutations contributing to disordered pituitary development can themselves be classified: mutations affecting transcriptional determinants of pituitary development, mutations related to gonadotropin deficiency, mutations concerning the beta subunit of FSH and LH, and mutations in the DAX-1 gene as a cause of adrenal hypoplasia and disturbed responsiveness of the pituitary to GnRH. All these mutations lead to disruption in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and contribute to the development of primary amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szeliga
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (M.M.-J.); (A.K.)
| | - Michal Kunicki
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, 00-019 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Marzena Maciejewska-Jeske
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (M.M.-J.); (A.K.)
| | - Natalia Rzewuska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Kostrzak
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (M.M.-J.); (A.K.)
| | - Blazej Meczekalski
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (M.M.-J.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-65-99-366; Fax: +48-61-65-99-454
| | - Gregory Bala
- Appletree Medical Group, Ottawa, ON K1R 5C1, Canada;
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (N.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Eli Y. Adashi
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 272 George St., Providence, RI 02906, USA;
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Hage C, Gan HW, Ibba A, Patti G, Dattani M, Loche S, Maghnie M, Salvatori R. Advances in differential diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in children. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:608-624. [PMID: 34417587 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children is defined as impaired production of GH by the pituitary gland that results in growth failure. This disease might be congenital or acquired, and occurs in isolation or in the setting of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Isolated GHD has an estimated prevalence of 1 patient per 4000-10,000 live births and can be due to multiple causes, some of which are yet to be determined. Establishing the correct diagnosis remains key in children with short stature, as initiating treatment with recombinant human GH can help them attain their genetically determined adult height. During the past two decades, our understanding of the benefits of continuing GH therapy throughout the transition period from childhood to adulthood has increased. Improvements in transitional care will help alleviate the consequent physical and psychological problems that can arise from adult GHD, although the consequences of a lack of hormone replacement are less severe in adults than in children. In this Review, we discuss the differential diagnosis in children with GHD, including details of clinical presentation, neuroimaging and genetic testing. Furthermore, we highlight advances and issues in the management of GHD, including details of transitional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hage
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hoong-Wei Gan
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Ibba
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sandro Loche
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Genetic Anomalies of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Pediatrics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:288-297. [PMID: 32621723 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200704144912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several different proteins regulate, directly or indirectly, the production of growth hormones from the pituitary gland, thereby complex genetics is involved. Defects in these genes are related to the deficiency of growth hormones solely, or deficiency of other hormones, secreted from the pituitary gland including growth hormones. These studies can aid clinicians to trace the pattern of the disease between the families, start early treatment and predict possible future consequences. This paper highlights some of the most common and novel genetic anomalies concerning growth hormones, which are responsible for various genetic defects in isolated growth and combined pituitary hormone deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Rare variant of the epigenetic regulator SMCHD1 in a patient with pituitary hormone deficiency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10985. [PMID: 32620854 PMCID: PMC7335161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), and septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) constitute a disease spectrum whose etiology remains largely unknown. This study aimed to clarify whether mutations in SMCHD1, an epigenetic regulator gene, might underlie this disease spectrum. SMCHD1 is a causative gene for Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome characterized by arhinia, microphthalmia and IHH. We performed mutation screening of SMCHD1 in patients with etiology-unknown IHH (n = 31) or CPHD (n = 43, 19 of whom also satisfied the SOD diagnostic criteria). Rare variants were subjected to in silico analyses and classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Consequently, a rare likely pathogenic variant, p.Asp398Asn, was identified in one patient. The patient with p.Asp398Asn exhibited CPHD, optic nerve hypoplasia, and a thin retinal nerve fiber layer, and therefore satisfied the criteria of SOD. This patient showed a relatively low DNA methylation level of the 52 SMCHD1-target CpG sites at the D4Z4 locus. Exome sequencing for the patient excluded additional variants in other IHH/CPHD-causative genes. In vitro assays suggested functional impairment of the p.Asp398Asn variant. These results provide the first indication that SMCHD1 mutations represent a rare genetic cause of the HH-related disease spectrum.
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Parkin K, Kapoor R, Bhat R, Greenough A. Genetic causes of hypopituitarism. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:27-33. [PMID: 32051702 PMCID: PMC6963153 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.91285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopituitarism in neonates is rare, but has life-threatening complications if untreated. This review describes the features of hypopituitarism and the evidence for which infants in whom a genetic cause should be suspected. Importantly, neonates are often asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms. Hypopituitarism can be due to abnormal gland development as a result of genetic defects, which result from mutations in gene coding for transcription factors which regulate pituitary development. The mutations can be divided into those causing isolated hypopituitarism or those causing syndromes with associated hypopituitarism. The latter involve mutations in transcription factors which regulate pituitary, as well as extra-pituitary development. There is a paucity of evidence as to which patients should be investigated for genetic mutations, but detailed clinical and biochemical phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland could help target those in whom genetic investigations would be most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Parkin
- King’s College London, Guy’s King’s and St Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritika Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Bhat
- Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Greenough
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, United Kingdom
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Bosch I Ara L, Katugampola H, Dattani MT. Congenital Hypopituitarism During the Neonatal Period: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Options, and Outcome. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:600962. [PMID: 33634051 PMCID: PMC7902025 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.600962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is characterized by a deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, metabolism, and reproduction. The anterior pituitary produces and secretes growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. The posterior pituitary hormone secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Epidemiology: The incidence is 1 in 4,000-1 in 10,000. The majority of CH cases are sporadic; however, a small number of familial cases have been identified. In the latter, a molecular basis has frequently been identified. Between 80-90% of CH cases remain unsolved in terms of molecular genetics. Pathogenesis: Several transcription factors and signaling molecules are involved in the development of the pituitary gland. Mutations in any of these genes may result in CH including HESX1, PROP1, POU1F1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX2, SOX3, OTX2, PAX6, FGFR1, GLI2, and FGF8. Over the last 5 years, several novel genes have been identified in association with CH, but it is likely that many genes remain to be identified, as the majority of patients with CH do not have an identified mutation. Clinical manifestations: Genotype-phenotype correlations are difficult to establish. There is a high phenotypic variability associated with different genetic mutations. The clinical spectrum includes severe midline developmental disorders, hypopituitarism (in isolation or combined with other congenital abnormalities), and isolated hormone deficiencies. Diagnosis and treatment: Key investigations include MRI and baseline and dynamic pituitary function tests. However, dynamic tests of GH secretion cannot be performed in the neonatal period, and a diagnosis of GH deficiency may be based on auxology, MRI findings, and low growth factor concentrations. Once a hormone deficit is confirmed, hormone replacement should be started. If onset is acute with hypoglycaemia, cortisol deficiency should be excluded, and if identified this should be rapidly treated, as should TSH deficiency. This review aims to give an overview of CH including management of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bosch I Ara
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harshini Katugampola
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.,Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Gergics P. Pituitary Transcription Factor Mutations Leading to Hypopituitarism. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:263-298. [PMID: 31588536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Congenital pituitary hormone deficiency is a disabling condition. It is part of a spectrum of disorders including craniofacial midline developmental defects ranging from holoprosencephaly through septo-optic dysplasia to combined and isolated pituitary hormone deficiency. The first genes discovered in the human disease were based on mouse models of dwarfism due to mutations in transcription factor genes. High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies enabled clinicians and researchers to find novel genetic causes of hypopituitarism for the more than three quarters of patients without a known genetic diagnosis to date. Transcription factor (TF) genes are at the forefront of the functional analysis of novel variants of unknown significance due to the relative ease in in vitro testing in a research lab. Genetic testing in hypopituitarism is of high importance to the individual and their family to predict phenotype composition, disease progression and to avoid life-threatening complications such as secondary adrenal insufficiency.This chapter aims to highlight our current understanding about (1) the contribution of TF genes to pituitary development (2) the diversity of inheritance and phenotype features in combined and select isolated pituitary hormone deficiency and (3) provide an initial assessment on how to approach variants of unknown significance in human hypopituitarism. Our better understanding on how transcription factor gene variants lead to hypopituitarism is a meaningful step to plan advanced therapies to specific genetic changes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Slavotinek A. Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 2: Syndromes associated with anophthalmia-microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2018; 138:831-846. [PMID: 30374660 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As new genes for A/M are identified in the genomic era, the number of syndromes associated with A/M has greatly expanded. In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the clinical presentation and molecular genetic etiology of previously characterized pathways involved in A/M, including the Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2) and Paired box protein-6 (PAX6) genes, and the Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (STRA6), Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A3 (ALDH1A3), and RA Receptor Beta (RARβ) genes that are involved in retinoic acid synthesis. Less common genetic causes of A/M, including genes involved in BMP signaling [Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) and SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1)], genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex [Holocytochrome c-type synthase (HCCS), Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 7B (COX7B), and NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase subunit B11 (NDUFB11)], the BCL-6 corepressor gene (BCOR), Yes-Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and Transcription Factor AP-2 Alpha (TFAP2α), are more briefly discussed. We also review several recently described genes and pathways associated with A/M, including Smoothened (SMO) that is involved in Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, Structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1) and Solute carrier family 25 member 24 (SLC25A24), emphasizing phenotype-genotype correlations and shared pathways where relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Room RH384C, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94143-2711, USA.
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Vidya NG, Ganatra D, Vasavada AR, Rajkumar S. Association of FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala and PITX3-p.Ile95Ile Polymorphisms with Congenital Cataract and Microphthalmia. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2018; 13:397-402. [PMID: 30479708 PMCID: PMC6210873 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_193_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the association of FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala (rs34082359) and PITX3-p.Ile95Ile (rs2281983) polymorphisms with congenital cataract and microphthalmia in a western Indian population. Methods: FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala (c.510C>T) and PITX3-p.Ile95Ile (c.285C>T) polymorphisms were genotyped in 561 subjects consisting of 242 cases with congenital cataract, 52 with microphthalmia, and 267 controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Approximately 10% of samples were randomly sequenced for each single nucleotide polymorphism to confirm the genotypes. The prediction of mRNA secondary structure for polymorphism FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala and PITX3-p.Ile95Ile was performed. Results: A significantly high frequency of T allele and a borderline significance in the frequency of TT genotype of FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala was observed in microphthalmia cases, as compared to controls [T allele: OR: [CI] = 1.8 [1.15-2.72], P = 0.0115; TT: OR [CI] = 2.9 [1.14-7.16], P = 0.0291). The frequency of CC genotype was significantly low in microphthalmia cases when compared to controls (CC: OR [CI] = 0.5 [0.24-0.86, P = 0.0150). There was no significant difference in the allele and genotype frequencies of PITX3-p.Ile95Ile between cases and controls. A slight free energy change was observed in the secondary structure of mRNA between the FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala C-allele (-917.60 kcal/mol) and T-allele (-916.80 kcal/mol) and between PITX3-p.Ile95Ile C-allele (-659.80 kcal/mol) and T-allele (-658.40 kcal/mol). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala ‘T’ allele and ‘TT’ genotype could be predisposing factors for microphthalmia while ‘CC’ genotype might play a protective role against it. A reduction in the free energy change associated with FOXE3-p.Ala170Ala ‘T’ allele could further contribute towards disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair Gopinathan Vidya
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,PhD Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Darshini Ganatra
- PhD Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhay R Vasavada
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Raghudeep Eye Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Xie Y, Dorsky RI. Development of the hypothalamus: conservation, modification and innovation. Development 2017; 144:1588-1599. [PMID: 28465334 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus, which regulates fundamental aspects of physiological homeostasis and behavior, is a brain region that exhibits highly conserved anatomy across vertebrate species. Its development involves conserved basic mechanisms of induction and patterning, combined with a more plastic process of neuronal fate specification, to produce brain circuits that mediate physiology and behavior according to the needs of each species. Here, we review the factors involved in the induction, patterning and neuronal differentiation of the hypothalamus, highlighting recent evidence that illustrates how changes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling during development may lead to species-specific form and function of this important brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Richard I Dorsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Zheng J, Mao J, Xu H, Wang X, Huang B, Liu Z, Cui M, Xiong S, Ma W, Min L, Kaiser UB, Nie M, Wu X. Pulsatile GnRH Therapy May Restore Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis Function in Patients With Congenital Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: A Prospective, Self-Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2291-2300. [PMID: 28368486 PMCID: PMC5505206 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The effectiveness of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy in patients with congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CCPHD) has not been investigated because of the limited number of patients, as well as these patients' presumed pituitary hypoplasia, poor gonadotrophic cell reserve, and impaired gonadotrophic response to GnRH. OBJECTIVE To assess the pituitary response to pulsatile GnRH therapy in men with CCPHD. DESIGN Prospective, self-controlled, 3-month clinical trial. SETTINGS University endocrine clinic. PATIENTS Men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by CCPHD. INTERVENTION Pulsatile GnRH was administered subcutaneously for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary endpoints were total serum testosterone, testicular volume, and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Secondary endpoints included occurrence of spermatogenesis. RESULTS A total of 40 men with CCPHD completed the study. Of these, 60% (24 of 40) showed a good response to pulsatile GnRH treatment (response group). At 3 months, their LH and FSH levels increased to within the normal range and their testosterone levels increased to 8.67 ± 4.83 nmol/L. Of the patients in the response group, 33.3% (8 of 24) of them achieved spermatogenesis. The remaining 40% (16 of 40) of patients had a poor response to pulsatile GnRH treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not reveal any correlation between pituitary response and pituitary height and/or integrity of the pituitary stalk. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that gonadotrophs in patients with CCPHD can exist and be functional-even with MRI evidence of pituitary hypoplasia or dysplasia. Pulsatile GnRH therapy restored pituitary-testis axis function in 60% of patients with CCPHD. These results may directly guide the clinical therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bingkun Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
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Ergun SG, Akay GG, Ergun MA, Perçin EF. LRP5- linked osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome mimicking isolated microphthalmia. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:200-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Fang Q, George AS, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Gergics P, Cheung LYM, Daly AZ, Ajmal A, Pérez Millán MI, Ozel AB, Kitzman JO, Mills RE, Li JZ, Camper SA. Genetics of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Roadmap into the Genome Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:636-675. [PMID: 27828722 PMCID: PMC5155665 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving 30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of this disorder is valuable for predicting disease progression, avoiding unnecessary surgery, and family planning. We expect that the application of high throughput sequencing will uncover additional contributing genes and eventually become a valuable tool for molecular diagnosis. For example, in the last 3 years, six new genes have been implicated in CPHD using whole-exome sequencing. In this review, we present a historical perspective on gene discovery for CPHD and predict approaches that may facilitate future gene identification projects conducted by clinicians and basic scientists. Guidelines for systematic reporting of genetic variants and assigning causality are emerging. We apply these guidelines retrospectively to reports of the genetic basis of CPHD and summarize modes of inheritance and penetrance for each of the known genes. In recent years, there have been great improvements in databases of genetic information for diverse populations. Some issues remain that make molecular diagnosis challenging in some cases. These include the inherent genetic complexity of this disorder, technical challenges like uneven coverage, differing results from variant calling and interpretation pipelines, the number of tolerated genetic alterations, and imperfect methods for predicting pathogenicity. We discuss approaches for future research in the genetics of CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akima S George
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandre Z Daly
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adnan Ajmal
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - María Ines Pérez Millán
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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16
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Castinetti F, Reynaud R, Saveanu A, Jullien N, Quentien MH, Rochette C, Barlier A, Enjalbert A, Brue T. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: An update in the genetic aetiologies of combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R239-47. [PMID: 26733480 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 5 years, new actors involved in the pathogenesis of combined pituitary hormone deficiency in humans have been reported: they included a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily glycoprotein and ciliary G protein-coupled receptors, as well as new transcription factors and signalling molecules. New modes of inheritance for alterations of genes encoding transcription factors have also been described. Finally, actors known to be involved in a very specific phenotype (hypogonadotroph hypogonadism for instance) have been identified in a wider range of phenotypes. These data thus suggest that new mechanisms could explain the low rate of aetiological identification in this heterogeneous group of diseases. Taking into account the fact that several reviews have been published in recent years on classical aetiologies of CPHD such as mutations of POU1F1 or PROP1, we focused the present overview on the data published in the last 5 years, to provide the reader with an updated review on this rapidly evolving field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Castinetti
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Reynaud
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d
| | - Nicolas Jullien
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Helene Quentien
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Claire Rochette
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d
| | - Alain Enjalbert
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAPHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceCentre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY13385 cedex 15 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, FranceAPHMHôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005 Marseille, France
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17
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Goldsmith S, Lovell-Badge R, Rizzoti K. SOX2 is sequentially required for progenitor proliferation and lineage specification in the developing pituitary. Development 2016; 143:2376-88. [PMID: 27226320 PMCID: PMC4958329 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 mutations are associated with pituitary hormone deficiencies and the protein is required for pituitary progenitor proliferation, but its function has not been well characterized in this context. SOX2 is known to activate expression of Six6, encoding a homeodomain transcription factor, in the ventral diencephalon. Here, we find that the same relationship likely exists in the pituitary. Moreover, because Six6 deletion is associated with a similar phenotype as described here for loss of Sox2, Six6 appears to be an essential downstream target of SOX2 in the gland. We also uncover a second role for SOX2. Whereas cell differentiation is reduced in Sox2 mutants, some endocrine cells are generated, such as POMC-positive cells in the intermediate lobe. However, loss of SOX2 here results in complete downregulation of the melanotroph pioneer factor PAX7, and subsequently a switch of identity from melanotrophs to ectopic corticotrophs. Rescuing proliferation by ablating the cell cycle negative regulator p27 (also known as Cdkn1b) in Sox2 mutants does not restore melanotroph emergence. Therefore, SOX2 has two independent roles during pituitary morphogenesis; firstly, promotion of progenitor proliferation, and subsequently, acquisition of melanotroph identity. Summary: SOX2 has two independent roles during pituitary morphogenesis: promoting progenitor proliferation via SIX6 and determining melanotroph identity via PAX7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Goldsmith
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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18
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Williamson KA, FitzPatrick DR. The genetic architecture of microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:369-80. [PMID: 24859618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma (MAC) are distinct phenotypes that represent a continuum of structural developmental eye defects. In severe bilateral cases (anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia) the genetic cause is now identifiable in approximately 80 percent of cases, with de novo heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SOX2 or OTX2 being the most common. The genetic cause of other forms of MAC, in particular isolated coloboma, remains unknown in the majority of cases. This review will focus on MAC phenotypes that are associated with mutation of the genes SOX2, OTX2, PAX6, STRA6, ALDH1A3, RARB, VSX2, RAX, FOXE3, BMP4, BMP7, GDF3, GDF6, ABCB6, ATOH7, C12orf57, TENM3 (ODZ3), and VAX1. Recently reported mutation of the SALL2 and YAP1 genes are discussed in brief. Clinical and genetic features were reviewed in a total of 283 unrelated MAC cases or families that were mutation-positive from these 20 genes. Both the relative frequency of mutations in MAC cohort screens and the level of confidence in the assignment of disease-causing status were evaluated for each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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