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Macpherson ESB, Hauser FE, Van Nynatten A, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR. Evolution of rhodopsin in flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) is associated with depth and migratory behavior. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38859571 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Visual signals are involved in many fitness-related tasks and are therefore essential for survival in many species. Aquatic organisms are ideal systems to study visual evolution, as the high diversity of spectral properties in aquatic environments generates great potential for adaptation to different light conditions. Flatfishes are an economically important group, with over 800 described species distributed globally, including halibut, flounder, sole, and turbot. The diversity of flatfish species and wide array of environments they occupy provides an excellent opportunity to understand how this variation translates to molecular adaptation of vision genes. Using models of molecular evolution, we investigated how the light environments inhabited by different flatfish lineages have shaped evolution in the rhodopsin gene, which is responsible for mediating dim-light visual transduction. We found strong evidence for positive selection in rhodopsin, and this was correlated with both migratory behavior and several fundamental aspects of habitat, including depth and freshwater/marine evolutionary transitions. We also identified several mutations that likely affect the wavelength of peak absorbance of rhodopsin, and outline how these shifts in absorbance correlate with the response to the light spectrum present in different habitats. This is the first study of rhodopsin evolution in flatfishes that considers their extensive diversity, and our results highlight how ecologically-driven molecular adaptation has occurred across this group in response to transitions to novel light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esme S B Macpherson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances E Hauser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Van Nynatten
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Belinda S W Chang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan R Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Souto-Neto JA, David DD, Zanetti G, Sua-Cespedes C, Freret-Meurer NV, Moraes MN, de Assis LVM, Castrucci AMDL. Light-specific wavelengths differentially affect the exploration rate, opercular beat, skin color change, opsin transcripts, and the oxi-redox system of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111551. [PMID: 37972916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Light is a strong stimulus for the sensory and endocrine systems. The opsins constitute a large family of proteins that can respond to specific light wavelengths. Hippocampus reidi is a near-threatened seahorse that has a diverse color pattern and sexual dimorphism. Over the years, H. reidi's unique characteristics, coupled with its high demand and over-exploitation for the aquarium trade, have raised concerns about its conservation, primarily due to their significant impact on wild populations. Here, we characterized chromatophore types in juvenile and adult H. reidi in captivity, and the effects of specific light wavelengths with the same irradiance (1.20 mW/cm2) on color change, growth, and survival rate. The xanthophores and melanophores were the major components of H. reidi pigmentation with differences in density and distribution between life stages and sexes. In the eye and skin of juveniles, the yellow (585 nm) wavelength induced a substantial increase in melanin levels compared to the individuals kept under white light (WL), blue (442 nm), or red (650 nm) wavelengths. In addition, blue and yellow wavelengths led to a higher juvenile mortality rate in comparison to the other treatments. Adult seahorses showed a rhythmic color change over 24 h, the highest reflectance values were obtained in the light phase, representing a daytime skin lightening for individuals under WL, blue and yellow wavelength, with changes in the acrophase. The yellow wavelength was more effective on juvenile seahorse pigmentation, while the blue wavelength exerted a stronger effect on the regulation of adult physiological color change. Dramatic changes in the opsin mRNA levels were life stage-dependent, which may infer ontogenetic opsin functions throughout seahorses' development. Exposure to specific wavelengths differentially affected the opsins mRNA levels in the skin and eyes of juveniles. In the juveniles, skin transcripts of visual (rh1, rh2, and lws) and non-visual opsins (opn3 and opn4x) were higher in individuals under yellow light. While in the juvenile's eyes, only rh1 and rh2 had increased transcripts influenced by yellow light; the lws and opn3 mRNA levels were higher in juveniles' eyes under WL. Prolonged exposure to yellow wavelength stimulates a robust increase in the antioxidant enzymes sod1 and sod2 mRNA levels. Our findings indicate that changes in the visible light spectrum alter physiological processes at different stages of life in H. reidi and may serve as the basis for a broader discussion about the implications of artificial light for aquatic species in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Araújo Souto-Neto
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Micropollutants, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Dantas David
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Zanetti
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristhian Sua-Cespedes
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Nathália Moraes
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.
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Thyroid Hormone Signaling Is Required for Dynamic Variation in Opsins in the Retina during Metamorphosis of the Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030397. [PMID: 36979089 PMCID: PMC10044895 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the function of thyroid hormones (TH) in visual remodeling during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) metamorphosis through cellular molecular biology experiments. Our results showed that the expression of the five opsin genes of the flounder were highest in eye tissue and varied with the metamorphosis process. The expression of rh1, sws2aβ and lws was positively regulated by exogenous TH, but inhibited by thiourea (TU) compared to the control group. In addition, there was a significant increase in sws2aβ and lws in the rescue experiments performed with TU-treated larvae (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, T3 levels in flounder larvae were increased by TH and decreased by TU. Based on the differences in the expression of the three isoforms of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) (Trαa, Trαb and Trβ), we further hypothesized that T3 may directly or indirectly regulate the expression of sws2aβ through Trαa. This study demonstrates the regulatory role of TH in opsins during flounder metamorphosis and provides a basis for further investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the retinal photoreceptor system in flounders.
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Zhang Q, Wu Y, Li W, Wang J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Liu Q, Ying L, Yan H. Retinal development and the expression profiles of opsin genes during larval development in Takifugu rubripes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:380-394. [PMID: 36371656 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The light-sensitive capacity of fish larvae is determined by the structure of the retina and the opsins expressed in the retinal and nonretinal photoreceptors. In this study, the retinal structure and expression of opsin genes during the early developmental stage of Takifugu rubripes larvae were investigated. Histological examination showed that at 1 days after hatching (dah), seven layers were observed in the retina of T. rubripes larva, including the pigment epithelial layer [retinal pigment epithelium layer (RPE)], photoreceptor layer (PRos/is), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). At 2 dah, optic fibre layer (OFL) can be observed, and all eight layers were visible in the retina. By measuring the thickness of each layer, opposing developmental trends were found in the thickness of ONL, OPL, INL, IPL, GCL and OFL. The nuclear density of ONL, INL and GCL and the ratios of ONL/INL, ONL/GCL and INL/GCL were also measured and the ratio of ONL/GCL ranged from 1.9 at 2 dah to 3.4 at 8 dah and no significant difference was observed between the different developmental stages (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for the INL/GCL ratio between the different developmental stages, which ranged from 1.2 at 2 dah to 2.0 at 18 dah (P > 0.05). The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the expression of RH1, LWS, RH2-1, RH2-2, SWS2, rod opsin, opsin3 and opsin5 could be detected from 1 dah. These results suggest that the well-developed retina and early expression of the opsins of T. rubripes during the period of transition from endogenous to mixed feeding might be critical for vision-based survival skills during the early life stages after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Weiyuan Li
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Liu Ying
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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Bolstad K, Novales Flamarique I. Chromatic organization of retinal photoreceptors during eye migration of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). J Comp Neurol 2022; 531:256-280. [PMID: 36217253 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The retinas of fishes often have single and double cone photoreceptors that are organized in lattice-like mosaics. In flatfishes experiencing eye migration (i.e., the metamorphic process whereby one eye migrates to the other side of the head), the hexagonal lattice of single cones present in the larva undergoes major restructuring resulting in a dominant square mosaic postmetamorphosis consisting of four double cones surrounding each single cone. The expression of different opsin types during eye migration has not been examined despite its importance in understanding photoreceptor plasticity and whether cell fate (in terms of spectral phenotype) could influence square mosaic formation. Here, we probed the retina of Atlantic halibut undergoing eye migration for opsin expression using two antibodies, AHblue and AB5407, that labeled short wavelength sensitive 2 (SWS2) opsin and longer wavelength (predominantly middle wavelength sensitive, RH2) opsins, respectively. Throughout the retina, double and triple cones labeled with AB5407 exclusively, whereas the vast majority of single cones labeled with AHblue. A minority (<5%) of single cones in the square mosaic of the centroventral retina labeled with AB5407. In regions of mosaic transition and near peripheral growth zones, some single cones co-expressed at least two opsins as they labeled with both antibodies. Short wavelength (SWS2 expressing, or S) cones formed a nonrandom mosaic gradient from central to dorsal retina in a region dominated by the larval single cone mosaic. Our results demonstrate the expression of at least two opsins throughout the postmetamorphic retina and suggest opsin switching as a mechanism to create new cone spectral phenotypes. In addition, the S cone gradient at the onset of eye migration may underlie a plastic, cell induction mechanism by which a cone's phenotype determines that of its neighbors and the formation of the square mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Bolstad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iñigo Novales Flamarique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Photoreceptor distributions, visual pigments and the opsin repertoire of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8062. [PMID: 35577858 PMCID: PMC9110347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes often have cone photoreceptors organized in lattice-like mosaic formations. In flatfishes, these lattices undergo dramatic changes during metamorphosis whereby a honeycomb mosaic of single cones in the larva is replaced by a square mosaic of single and double cones in the adult. The spatio-temporal dynamics of this transition are not well understood. Here, we describe the photoreceptors and mosaic formations that occur during the larva to juvenile transition of Atlantic halibut from the beginning of eye migration to its completion. To gauge the possibility of colour vision, visual pigments in juveniles were measured by microspectrophotometry and the opsin repertoire explored using bioinformatics. At the start of eye migration, the larva had a heterogeneous retina with honeycomb mosaic in the dorsonasal and ventrotemporal quadrants and a square mosaic in the ventronasal and dorsotemporal quadrants. By the end of metamorphosis, the square mosaic was present throughout the retina except in a centrodorsotemporal area where single, double and triple cones occurred randomly. Six cone visual pigments were found with maximum absorbance (λmax, in nm) in the short [S(431) and S(457)], middle [M(500), M(514) and M(527)], and long [L(550)] wavelengths, and a rod visual pigment with λmax at 491 nm. These pigments only partially matched the opsin repertoire detected by query of the Atlantic halibut genome. We conclude that the Atlantic halibut undergoes a complex re-organization of photoreceptors at metamorphosis resulting in a multi-mosaic retina adapted for a demersal life style.
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Matsumoto Y, Oda S, Mitani H, Kawamura S. Orthologous Divergence and Paralogous Anticonvergence in Molecular Evolution of Triplicated Green Opsin Genes in Medaka Fish, Genus Oryzias. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:911-923. [PMID: 32467976 PMCID: PMC7337190 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication of green (RH2) opsin genes and their spectral differentiation are well documented in many teleost fish. However, their evolutionary divergence or conservation patterns among phylogenetically close but ecologically diverse species is not well explored. Medaka fish (genus Oryzias) are broadly distributed in fresh and brackish waters of Asia, with many species being laboratory-housed and feasible for genetic studies. We previously showed that a Japan strain (HNI) of medaka (Oryzias latipes) possessed three RH2 opsin genes (RH2-A, RH2-B, and RH2-C) encoding spectrally divergent photopigments. Here, we examined the three RH2 opsin genes from six Oryzias species representing three species groups: the latipes, the celebensis, and the javanicus. Photopigment reconstitution revealed that the peak absorption spectra (λmax) of RH2-A were divergent among the species (447–469 nm), whereas those of RH2-B and RH2-C were conservative (516–519 and 486–493 nm, respectively). For the RH2-A opsins, the largest spectral shift was detected in the phylogenetic branch leading to the latipes group. A single amino acid replacement T94C explained most of the spectral shift. For RH2-B and -C opsins, we detected tracts of gene conversion between the two genes homogenizing them. Nevertheless, several amino acid differences were maintained. We showed that the spectral difference between the two opsins was attributed to largely the E/Q amino acid difference at the site 122 and to several sites with individually small spectral effects. These results depict dynamism of spectral divergence of orthologous and paralogous green opsin genes in phylogenetically close but ecologically diverse species exemplified by medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Wu L, Song C, Ma X, Xu S, Du T, Li X, Li J. Evolutionary ecology of the visual opsin gene sequence and its expression in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:114. [PMID: 34098879 PMCID: PMC8186084 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As flatfish, turbot undergo metamorphosis as part of their life cycle. In the larval stage, turbot live at the ocean surface, but after metamorphosis they move to deeper water and turn to benthic life. Thus, the light environment differs greatly between life stages. The visual system plays a great role in organic evolution, but reports of the relationship between the visual system and benthic life are rare. In this study, we reported the molecular and evolutionary analysis of opsin genes in turbot, and the heterochronic shifts in opsin expression during development. Results Our gene synteny analysis showed that subtype RH2C was not on the same gene cluster as the other four green-sensitive opsin genes (RH2) in turbot. It was translocated to chromosome 8 from chromosome 6. Based on branch-site test and spectral tuning sites analyses, E122Q and M207L substitutions in RH2C, which were found to be under positive selection, are closely related to the blue shift of optimum light sensitivities. And real-time PCR results indicated the dominant opsin gene shifted from red-sensitive (LWS) to RH2B1 during turbot development, which may lead to spectral sensitivity shifts to shorter wavelengths. Conclusions This is the first report that RH2C may be an important subtype of green opsin gene that was retained by turbot and possibly other flatfish species during evolution. Moreover, E122Q and M207L substitutions in RH2C may contribute to the survival of turbot in the bluish colored ocean. And heterochronic shifts in opsin expression may be an important strategy for turbot to adapt to benthic life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01837-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Wang
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Lele Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Changbin Song
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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Sato I, Kasagi S, Takahashi A, Mizusawa K. Expression dynamics of visual opsin genes in marbled sole Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae during metamorphosis from the larval to the juvenile stage. Gene 2021; 787:145622. [PMID: 33798679 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We clarified the properties of visual opsin genes in the marbled sole (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae) by cDNA sequencing, quantification of the opsin gene expression from the larval to the juvenile stage, and measurement of the maximum absorption spectra (λmax) using photopigment reconstitution. In the marbled sole eye, at least eight visual opsin genes, lws, rh2-a, rh2-b, rh2-c, sws2a, sws2b, sws1, and rh1, were expressed. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of opsin genes increased (lws, rh2-c, sws2a, and rh1) or decreased (rh2-a, rh2-b, sws2b, and sws1) from the larval to the juvenile stage. Notably, rh2-a expression was observed only in pre- to mid-metamorphic stage larvae and disappeared after metamorphosis. Thus, pre-metamorphism-specific expression of rh2-a in the marbled sole suggests that its function is restricted to the developmental stage. The reconstituted RH2-A opsin λmax was 470 nm, which is typical of acanthopterygian species. These results strongly suggest that mid-wavelength-sensitive rh2-a expression was diminished drastically in the marbled sole, probably resulting in a shift of spectral sensitivity during its metamorphosis from the larval to the juvenile stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iku Sato
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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Kasagi S, Miura M, Okazaki T, Mizusawa K, Takahashi A. Effects of tank color brightness on the body color, somatic growth, and endocrine systems of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 298:113581. [PMID: 32800773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of tank brightness on body color, growth, and endocrine systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Five different tank colors that produce varying levels of brightness were used, including black, dark gray [DG], light gray [LG], white, and blue. The fish were reared in these tanks for 59 days under natural photoperiod and water temperature. The body color was affected by tank brightness, such that body color brightness was correlated with tank brightness (white-housed ≥ LG-housed ≥ DG-housed ≥ blue-housed ≥ black-housed). No difference in somatic growth was observed among the fish reared in the five tanks. The mRNA levels of melanin-concentrating hormone (mch1) was higher in white-housed fish than those in the other tanks, and the mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortins (pomc-a and pomc-b) were higher in fish housed in a black tank than those in other tanks. mRNA level of somatolactin, a member of growth hormone family, was higher in black-housed fish than those in white-housed fish. The mRNA levels of mch1 and mch2 in blue-housed fish were similar to those in black-housed fish, while the mRNA levels of pomc-a and pomc-b in blue-housed fish were similar to those in white-housed fish. The current results suggest that tank color is not related to fish growth, therefore any color of conventional rearing tank can be used to grow fish. Moreover, the association between somatolactin with body color changes is suggested in addition to the role of classical MCH and melanophore stimulating hormone derived from POMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Oshino Branch, Yamanashi Prefectural Fisheries Technology Center, Oshino, Yamanashi 401-0511, Japan
| | - Takumi Okazaki
- Oshino Branch, Yamanashi Prefectural Fisheries Technology Center, Oshino, Yamanashi 401-0511, Japan
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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11
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Chang CH, Wang YC, Shao YT, Liu SH. Phylogenetic analysis and ontogenetic changes in the cone opsins of the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240313. [PMID: 33048954 PMCID: PMC7553354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To convert external light into internal neural signal, vertebrates rely on a special group of proteins, the visual opsins. Four of the five types of visual opsins—short-wavelength sensitive 1 (Sws1), short-wavelength sensitive 2 (Sws2), medium-wavelength sensitive (Rh2), and long-wavelength sensitive (Lws)—are expressed in cone cells for scotopic vision, with the fifth, rhodopsin (Rh1), being expressed in rod cells for photopic vision. Fish often display differing ontogenetic cone opsin expression profiles, which may be related to dietary and/or habitat ontogenetic shift. The western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is an aggressive invader that has successfully colonized every continent except Antarctica. The strong invasiveness of this species may be linked to its visual acuity since it can inhabit turbid waters better than other fishes. By genome screening and transcriptome analysis, we identify seven cone opsin genes in the western mosquitofish, including one sws1, two sws2, one rh2, and three lws. The predicted maximal absorbance wavelength (λmax) values of the respective proteins are 353 nm for Sws1, 449 nm for Sws2a, 408 nm for Sws2b, 516 nm for Rh2-1, 571 nm for Lws-1, and 519 nm for Lws-3. Retention of an intron in the lws-r transcript likely renders this visual opsin gene non-functional. Our real-time quantitative PCR demonstrates that adult male and female western mosquitofish do not differ in their cone opsin expression profiles, but we do reveal an ontogenetic shift in cone opsin expression. Compared to adults, larvae express proportionally more sws1 and less lws-1, suggesting that the western mosquitofish is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths in the larval stage, but becomes more sensitive to longer wavelengths in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- TIGP Biodiversity Program, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Center for Ecology and Environment, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Planning and Information Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi Ta Shao
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hui Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: ,
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12
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Yokoyama S, Jia H. Origin and adaptation of green-sensitive (RH2) pigments in vertebrates. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:873-882. [PMID: 32189477 PMCID: PMC7193153 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the critical times for the survival of animals is twilight where the most abundant visible lights are between 400 and 550 nanometres (nm). Green-sensitive RH2 pigments help nonmammalian vertebrate species to better discriminate wavelengths in this blue-green region. Here, evaluation of the wavelengths of maximal absorption (λmax s) of genetically engineered RH2 pigments representing 13 critical stages of vertebrate evolution revealed that the RH2 pigment of the most recent common ancestor of vertebrates had a λmax of 503 nm, while the 12 ancestral pigments exhibited an expanded range in λmax s between 474 and 524 nm, and present-day RH2 pigments have further expanded the range to ~ 450-530 nm. During vertebrate evolution, eight out of the 16 significant λmax shifts (or |Δλmax | ≥ 10 nm) of RH2 pigments identified were fully explained by the repeated mutations E122Q (twice), Q122E (thrice) and M207L (twice), and A292S (once). Our data indicated that the highly variable λmax s of teleost RH2 pigments arose from gene duplications followed by accelerated amino acid substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yokoyama
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Willamette ViewPortlandORUSA
| | - Huiyong Jia
- Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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13
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Frau S, Novales Flamarique I, Keeley PW, Reese BE, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Straying from the flatfish retinal plan: Cone photoreceptor patterning in the common sole (Solea solea) and the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2283-2307. [PMID: 32103501 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The retinas of nonmammalian vertebrates have cone photoreceptor mosaics that are often organized as highly patterned lattice-like distributions. In fishes, the two main lattice-like patterns are composed of double cones and single cones that are either assembled as interdigitized squares or as alternating rows. The functional significance of such orderly patterning is unknown. Here, the cone mosaics in two species of Soleidae flatfishes, the common sole and the Senegalese sole, were characterized and compared to those from other fishes to explore variability in cone patterning and how it may relate to visual function. The cone mosaics of the common sole and the Senegalese sole consisted of single, double, and triple cones in formations that differed from the traditional square mosaic pattern reported for other flatfishes in that no evidence of higher order periodicity was present. Furthermore, mean regularity indices for single and double cones were conspicuously lower than those of other fishes with "typical" square and row mosaics, but comparable to those of goldfish, a species with lattice-like periodicity in its cone mosaic. Opsin transcripts detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (sws1, sws2, rh2.3, rh2.4, lws, and rh1) were uniformly expressed across the retina of the common sole but, in the Senegalese sole, sws2, rh2.4, and rh1 were more prevalent in the dorsal retina. Microspectrophotometry revealed five visual pigments in the retina of the common sole [S(472), M(523), M(536), L(559), and rod(511)] corresponding to the repertoire of transcripts quantified except for sws1. Overall, these results indicate a loss of cone mosaic patterning in species that are primarily nocturnal or dwell in low light environments as is the case for the common sole and the Senegalese sole. The corollary is that lattice-like patterning of the cone mosaic may improve visual acuity. Ecological and physiological correlates derived from observations across multiple fish taxa that live in low light environments and do not possess lattice-like cone mosaics are congruent with this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frau
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Iñigo Novales Flamarique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick W Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Benjamin E Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain
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14
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Ontogenetic expression rhythms of visual opsins in senegalese sole are modulated by photoperiod and light spectrum. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:185-204. [PMID: 32048006 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the fish retina, rods and cones are responsible for nocturnal vision and colour perception, respectively, and exhibit a repertoire of light-sensitive opsin photopigments that permits the adaptation to different photic environment. The metamorphosis of Senegalese sole determines a migration from pelagic to benthic environments, which is accompanied by essential changes in light intensity and spectrum. In this paper, we analysed the daily expression rhythms of rod opsin and five cone opsins during sole ontogeny in animals maintained under light-dark cycles of white (LDW), blue (LDB), red (LDR) and continuous white (LL) lights. We showed that the expression of visual opsins at early stages of development was enhanced under LDB in relation to LDW, LDR and LL. Moreover, daily rhythms of opsins were more robust under LDW and LDB conditions, in particular, before and after metamorphosis. A shift in the phase of opsin rhythms was observed between hatching and pre-metamorphosis. Metamorphosis was accompanied by a transient loss in the expression rhythms for most of the opsins, which were significantly influenced by light photoperiod and spectrum. In LDR, transcript levels and rhythms were markedly affected for the majority of the opsins analysed. Under LL, most of the opsins examined exhibited endogenous rhythms, although amplitudes and acrophases changed considerably. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the daily expression rhythms of visual opsins during the ontogeny of a metamorphic flatfish and further emphasises the importance of using natural lighting conditions for proper development of Senegalese sole.
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15
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Kasagi S, Mizusawa K, Takahashi A. The effects of chromatic lights on body color and gene expressions of melanin-concentrating hormone and proopiomelanocortin in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113266. [PMID: 31493394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of photic environments, such as background color (white and black) and chromatic lights (blue, green, and red), on body color and gene expressions of melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) in the brain and proopiomelanocortin (pomc) in the pituitary, as well as the roles of the eyes and brain as mediators of ambient light to these genes, were examined in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Body color of goldfish exposed to fluorescent light (FL) under white background (WBG) was paler than those under black background (BBG). Gene expression levels for mch and pomc were reciprocally different depending on background color; under WBG, mRNA levels of mch and pomc were high and low, respectively, while under BBG, these levels were reversed. mch and pomc mRNA expressions of the fish exposed to chromatic light from LED were primarily similar to those exposed to FL, while blue light stimulated the expressions of mch and pomc. Ophthalmectomized goldfish exposed to FL or blue light showed minimum expression levels of mch gene, suggesting that eyes are the major mediator of ambient light for mch gene expression. Contrastingly, mRNA expressions of pomc in ophthalmectomized goldfish exposed to FL were different from those of intact goldfish. These results suggest that eyes play a functional role in mediating ambient light to regulate pomc gene expression. Since ophthalmectomy caused an increase in pomc mRNA contents in the fish exposed to blue light, we suggest that the brain is an additional mediator to regulate pomc gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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16
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Shimizu D, Kasagi S, Takeuchi R, Maeda T, Furufuji S, Mizusawa K, Andoh T, Takahashi A. Effects of green light on the growth of spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus, and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and on the endocrine system of spotted halibut at different water temperatures. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 271:82-90. [PMID: 30419230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the somatic growth of barfin flounder, Verasper moseri, was promoted by green light. The present study was undertaken to elucidate whether growth-promoting effect of green light can be observed in other flatfishes and to understand the roles of endocrine systems in green light-induced growth. Herein, we demonstrated facilitation of growth by green light in the spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus, and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Blue and blue-green light showed potencies that were similar to that of green light, while the potencies of red and white light were equivalent to that of ambient light (control). We also examined the effects of green light on growth and endocrine systems of V. variegatus at various water temperatures. Growth of the fish was facilitated by green light at four different water temperatures examined; the fish were reared for 31 days at 12 and 21 °C, and 30 days at 15 and 18 °C. Increase in condition factor was observed at 15 and 18 °C. Among the genes encoding hypothalamic hormones, expression levels of melanin-concentrating hormone 1 (mch1) were enhanced by green light at the four water temperatures. Expression levels of other genes including mch2 increased at certain water temperatures. No difference was observed in the expression levels of pituitary hormone genes, including those of growth hormone and members of proopiomelanocortin family, and in plasma levels of members of the insulin family. The results suggest that green light may generally stimulate growth of flatfishes. Moreover, it is conceivable that MCH, production of which is stimulated by green light, is a key hormone; it augments food intake, which is intimately coupled with somatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shimizu
- Miyako Laboratory, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Miyako, Iwate 027-0097, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryota Takeuchi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Miyako Laboratory, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Miyako, Iwate 027-0097, Japan
| | | | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tadashi Andoh
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
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17
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Visual pigment genes and absorbance spectra in the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus (Teleostei: Clupeiformes). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 218:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Savelli I, Novales Flamarique I, Iwanicki T, Taylor JS. Parallel opsin switches in multiple cone types of the starry flounder retina: tuning visual pigment composition for a demersal life style. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4763. [PMID: 29555918 PMCID: PMC5859124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable expression of visual pigment proteins (opsins) in cone photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina is a primary determinant of vision plasticity. Switches in opsin expression or variable co-expression of opsins within differentiated cones have been documented for a few rodents and fishes, but the extent of photoreceptor types affected and potential functional significance are largely unknown. Here, we show that both single and double cones in the retina of a flatfish, the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), undergo visual pigment changes through opsin switches or variable opsin co-expression. As the post-metamorphic juvenile (i.e., the young asymmetric flatfish with both eyes on one side of the body) grows from ~5 g to ~196 g, some single cones and one member of unequal double cones switched from a visual pigment with maximum wavelength of absorbance, λmax, at shorter wavelengths (437 nm and 527 nm) to one with longer λmax (456 nm and 545 nm, respectively) whereas other cones had intermediate visual pigments (λmax at 445 nm or 536 nm) suggesting co-expression of two opsins. The shift toward longer wavelength absorbing visual pigments was in line with maximizing sensitivity to the restricted light spectrum at greater depths and achromatic detection of overhead targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Savelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Iñigo Novales Flamarique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Tom Iwanicki
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, 96822, USA
| | - John S Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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19
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Takahashi A, Kasagi S, Murakami N, Furufuji S, Kikuchi S, Mizusawa K, Andoh T. Effects of different green light intensities on the growth performance and endocrine properties of barfin flounder Verasper moseri. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:203-210. [PMID: 28427902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the somatic growth of barfin flounder, Verasper moseri, was effectively stimulated by the green light compared to the blue and red lights. Herein, we report the effects of different green light intensities on the growth and endocrine system of the fish. Fish were reared in a dark room with light from a light-emitting diode (LED) at a peak wavelength of 518nm under controlled photoperiod (10.5:13.5h, light:dark cycle; 06:00-16:30, light) with three levels of photon flux density (PFD)-2 (low), 7 (medium), or 21 (high) μmol·m-2·s-1 at the water surface. The average water temperature was 10.2°C, and the fish were fed until satiety. The fish reared under high PFD of green light showed the highest specific growth rates, followed by the medium PFD group. Under high PFD, the fish showed the highest amount of melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA in their brains and insulin in plasma, while the lowest amount of growth hormone was observed in their pituitary glands. These results suggest that the green light stimulated the growth of barfin flounders in a light intensity-dependent manner in association with their central and peripheral endocrine systems. However, when the fish were reared in an ordinary room where they received both ambient and green LED lights, the fish under LED and ambient light grew faster than those under ambient light only (control). Moreover, no difference was observed in the specific growth rate of the fish reared under the three different green LED light intensities, suggesting that the growth was equally stimulated by the green light within a certain range of intensities under ambient light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Naoto Murakami
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hokkaido 088-1108, Japan
| | | | | | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tadashi Andoh
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
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20
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Kasagi S, Mizusawa K, Takahashi A. Green-shifting of SWS2A opsin sensitivity and loss of function of RH2-A opsin in flounders, genus Verasper. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:1399-1410. [PMID: 29375806 PMCID: PMC5773313 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified visual opsin genes for three flounder species, including the spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus), slime flounder (Microstomus achne), and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Structure and function of opsins for the three species were characterized together with those of the barfin flounder (V. moseri) that we previously reported. All four flounder species possessed five basic opsin genes, including lws, sws1, sws2, rh1, and rh2. Specific features were observed in rh2 and sws2. The rh2-a, one of the three subtypes of rh2, was absent in the genome of V. variegatus and pseudogenized in V. moseri. Moreover, rh2-a mRNA was not detected in M. achne and P. olivaceus, despite the presence of a functional reading frame. Analyses of the maximum absorption spectra (λmax) estimated by in vitro reconstitution indicated that SWS2A of M. achne (451.9 nm) and P. olivaceus (465.6 nm) were blue-sensitive, whereas in V. variegatus (485.4 nm), it was green-sensitive and comparable to V. moseri (482.3 nm). Our results indicate that although the four flounder species possess a similar opsin gene repertoire, the SWS2A opsin of the genus Verasper is functionally green-sensitive, while its overall structure remains conserved as a blue-sensitive opsin. Further, the rh2-a function seems to have been reduced during the evolution of flounders. λmax values of predicted ancestral SWS2A of Pleuronectiformes and Pleuronectidae was 465.4 and 462.4 nm, respectively, indicating that these were blue-sensitive. Thus, the green-sensitive SWS2A is estimated to be arisen in ancestral Verasper genus. It is suggested that the sensitivity shift of SWS2A from blue to green may have compensated functional reduction in RH2-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences Kitasato University Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences Kitasato University Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences Kitasato University Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
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21
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Iwanicki TW, Novales Flamarique I, Ausiό J, Morris E, Taylor JS. Fine-tuning light sensitivity in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) retina: Regional variation in photoreceptor cell morphology and opsin gene expression. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2328-2342. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom W. Iwanicki
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Iñigo Novales Flamarique
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Juan Ausiό
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Emily Morris
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - John S. Taylor
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
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22
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Miyazaki T, Kondrashev SL, Kasagi S, Mizusawa K, Takahashi A. Sequence and localization of an ultraviolet (sws1) opsin in the retina of the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus (Teleostei: Clupeiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:954-967. [PMID: 27861878 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A full-length complementary (c)DNA encoding ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive opsin (sws1) was isolated from the retina of the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus. The sws1 phylogenetic tree showed a sister group relationship with the Cypriniformes, following the ray-finned fish phylogeny. By expressing reconstituted opsin in vitro, it was determined that the maximum absorbance spectrum (λmax ) of sws1 is around 382 nm, being intermediate in position between two subtypes of sws1 pigment that are UV sensitive (λmax = 355-380 nm) and violet sensitive (λmax = 388-455 nm), which have been reported to date. The ocular media transmitted >20% transmittance of light in the range of 360-600 nm. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that sws1 messenger (m)RNA is localized in a central single cone surrounded by four double cones in a square mosaic. The square mosaic occupies the ventro-temporal quadrant of the retina and the in situ hybridization signals were dominant in this area suggesting that the fish may use UV vision when looking upward. Based on these results, considerable significances of potential UV sensitivity, in relation to characteristic habits of S. melanostictus, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyazaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - S L Kondrashev
- A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - S Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - K Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - A Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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23
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Takahashi A, Kasagi S, Murakami N, Furufuji S, Kikuchi S, Mizusawa K, Andoh T. Chronic effects of light irradiated from LED on the growth performance and endocrine properties of barfin flounder Verasper moseri. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:101-8. [PMID: 26795919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of specific wavelengths of light on the growth of barfin flounder. The fish, reared in white tanks in a dark room, were irradiated with light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak wavelengths of 464nm (blue), 518nm (green), and 635nm (red) under a controlled photoperiod (10.5:13.5, light-dark cycle; 06:00-16:30, light). Fish were reared for four weeks in three independent experiments at three different water temperatures (averages of 14.9°C, 8.6°C, and 6.6°C). The fish irradiated with blue and green light had higher specific growth rates (% body weight⋅day(-1)) than fish irradiated with red light. Notably, green light had the greatest effect on growth among the three light wavelengths at 6.6°C. In the brains of fish reared at 6.6°C, the amounts of melanin-concentrating hormone 1 mRNA under green light were lower than those under red light, and amounts of proopiomelanocortin-C mRNA under blue and green light were higher than those under red light. No differences were observed for other neuropeptides tested. In the pituitary, no difference was observed in growth hormone mRNA content. In plasma, higher levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I were observed in fish under green light than those of fish under red light. These results suggest that the endocrine systems of barfin flounder are modulated by a specific wavelength of light that stimulates somatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Naoto Murakami
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Hokkaido 088-1108, Japan
| | | | | | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tadashi Andoh
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
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Chang CH, Shao YT, Fu WC, Anraku K, Lin YS, Yan HY. Differentiation of visual spectra and nuptial colorations of two Paratanakia himantegus subspecies (Cyprinoidea: Acheilognathidae) in response to the distinct photic conditions of their habitats. Zool Stud 2015; 54:e43. [PMID: 31966130 DOI: 10.1186/s40555-015-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vision, an important sensory modality of many animals, exhibits plasticity in that it adapts to environmental conditions to maintain its sensory efficiency. Nuptial coloration is used to attract mates and hence should be tightly coupled to vision. In Taiwan, two closely related bitterlings (Paratanakia himantegus himantegus and Paratanakia himantegus chii) with different male nuptial colorations reside in different habitats. We compared the visual spectral sensitivities of these subspecies with the ambient light spectra of their habitats to determine whether their visual abilities correspond with photic parameters and correlate with nuptial colorations. RESULTS Theelectroretinogram (ERG) results revealed that the relative spectral sensitivity of P.h. himantegus was higher at 670 nm, but lower at 370 nm, than the sensitivity of P. h. chii. Both bitterlings could perceive and reflect UV light, but the UV reflection patterns differed between genders. Furthermore, the relative irradiance intensity of the light spectra in the habitat of P. h. himantegus was higher at long wavelengths (480-700 nm), but lower at short wavelengths (350-450 nm), than the light spectra in the habitats of P. h.chii. CONCLUSIONS Two phylogenetically closely related bitterlings, P. h. himantegus and P. h. chii, dwell in different waters and exhibit different nuptial colorations and spectral sensitivities, which may be the results of speciation by sensory drive. Sensory ability and signal diversity accommodating photic environment may promote diversity of bitterling fishes. UV light was demonstrated to be a possible component of bitterling visual communication. The UV cue may assist bitterlings in genderidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yi Ta Shao
- Sensory Physiology Laboratory, Marine Research Station, Academia Sinica, I-Lan, Taiwan.,Present Address: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Fu
- Sensory Physiology Laboratory, Marine Research Station, Academia Sinica, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhiko Anraku
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yeong-Shin Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong Young Yan
- Sensory Physiology Laboratory, Marine Research Station, Academia Sinica, I-Lan, Taiwan.,Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute of Advanced Study, Delmenhorst, Germany
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