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Zhao H, Sun L, Liu J, Shi B, Zhang Y, Qu-Zong CR, Dorji T, Wang T, Yuan H, Yang J. Meta-analysis identifying gut microbial biomarkers of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau populations and the functionality of microbiota-derived butyrate in high-altitude adaptation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2350151. [PMID: 38715346 PMCID: PMC11086029 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2350151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The extreme environmental conditions of a plateau seriously threaten human health. The relationship between gut microbiota and human health at high altitudes has been extensively investigated. However, no universal gut microbiota biomarkers have been identified in the plateau population, limiting research into gut microbiota and high-altitude adaptation. 668 16s rRNA samples were analyzed using meta-analysis to reduce batch effects and uncover microbiota biomarkers in the plateau population. Furthermore, the robustness of these biomarkers was validated. Mendelian randomization (MR) results indicated that Tibetan gut microbiota may mediate a reduced erythropoietic response. Functional analysis and qPCR revealed that butyrate may be a functional metabolite in high-altitude adaptation. A high-altitude rat model showed that butyrate reduced intestinal damage caused by high altitudes. According to cell experiments, butyrate may downregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression and blunt cellular responses to hypoxic stress. Our research found universally applicable biomarkers and investigated their potential roles in promoting human health at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Longjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ci-Ren Qu-Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Tibet, China
| | - Tsechoe Dorji
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zhang CL, Zhang J, Tuersuntuoheti M, Zhou W, Han Z, Li X, Yang R, Zhang L, Zheng L, Liu S. Landscape genomics reveals adaptive divergence of indigenous sheep in different ecological environments of Xinjiang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166698. [PMID: 37683864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are important livestock animals that have evolved under various ecological pressures. Xinjiang is a region with diverse and harsh environments that have shaped many local sheep breeds with unique characteristics and environmental adaptability. However, these breeds are losing ecological flexibility due to the promotion of intensive farming practices. Here we sequenced 14 local sheep breeds from Xinjiang and analyzed their genetic structure and gene flow with other sheep breeds from neighboring regions. The Tibetan Plateau was the geographic origin of Xinjiang native sheep evolution. We performed genome-environment association analysis and identified Bio9: Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter and Bio15: Precipitation Seasonality as the key environmental factors affecting Xinjiang local sheep and the key genes involved in their survival and adaptation. We classified Xinjiang native sheep breeds into six groups based on their differential genes by pairwise selective sweep analysis and Community Network Analysis. We analyzed transcriptome expression data of 832 sheep tissues and detected tissue-specific enrichment of six group-specific genes in different biological systems. Our results revealed the genetic basis of year-round estrus, drought tolerance, hypoxia resistance, and cold tolerance traits of Xinjiang sheep breeds. Moreover, we proposed conservation strategies for Xinjiang local sheep breeds and provided theoretical guidance for breeding new sheep breeds under global extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mirenisa Tuersuntuoheti
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Langman Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Xingfu Road, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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3
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Ding M, Zhen Z, Ju M, Quzong S, Zeng X, Guo X, Li R, Xu M, Xu J, Li H, Zhang W. Metabolomic profiling between vitiligo patients and healthy subjects in plateau exhibited significant differences with those in plain. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109764. [PMID: 37683903 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is the most common disorder of depigmentation, which is caused by multiple factors like metabolic abnormality, oxidative stress and the disorders of immune. In recent years, several studies have used untargeted metabolomics to analyze differential metabolites in patients with vitiligo, however, the subjects in these studies were all in plain area. In our study, multivariate analysis indicated a distinct separation between the healthy subjects from plateau and plain areas in electrospray positive and negative ions modes, respectively. Similarly, a distinct separation between vitiligo patients and healthy controls from plateau and plain areas was detected in the two ions modes. Among the identified metabolites, the serum levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were markedly higher in vitiligo patients compare to healthy subjects in plain and markedly higher in healthy subjects in plateau compare to those in plain. There are significant differences in serum metabolome between vitiligo patients and healthy subjects in both plateau and plain areas, as well as in healthy subjects from plateau and plain areas. S1P metabolism alteration may be involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Ding
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zha Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang 850010, China
| | - Mei Ju
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Suolang Quzong
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang 850010, China
| | - Xuesi Zeng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Wang S, Ma J, Qiu H, Liu S, Zhang S, Liu H, Zhang P, Ge RL, Li G, Cui S. Plasma exosomal microRNA expression profiles in patients with high-altitude polycythemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2023; 98:102707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2022.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gao H, Xu J, Ma Q, Tang F, Ga Q, Li Y, Guan W, Ge RL, Yang YZ. Association Between the Polymorphism of Steroid Hormone Metabolism Genes and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema in the Chinese Han Population. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:787-794. [PMID: 35087285 PMCID: PMC8787081 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s345495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Steroid hormone metabolism plays an essential role in high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) progression. This study aimed to investigate the association between polymorphism in seven steroid hormone metabolism genes (STAR, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2) and HAPE susceptibility among Han Chinese. Patients and Methods A total of 41 tagSNPs in the seven genes were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY SNP assays from 169 HAPE patients (HAPE-p) and 309 matched Han Chinese individuals resistant to HAPE (HAPE-r). The genotypic and allele frequencies, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results Four SNPs, including the allele C of rs6203 (p = 0.034, OR [95% CI] = 1.344 [1.022−1.767]) in HSD3B1, allele G of rs3740397 (p = 0.044, OR [95% CI] = 1.314 [1.007−1.714]) and allele C of rs10786712 (p = 0.039, OR [95% CI] = 0.751 [0.572−0.986]) in CYP17A1, and allele T of rs6402 (p = 0.006, OR [95% CI] = 0.504 [0.306−0.830]) in CYP11B1, were significantly associated with HAPE. The distribution of the genotypes of these SNPs also significantly differed between the HAPE-p and HAPE-r groups. Moreover, six haplotypes (the linkage disequilibrium block including rs10883783, rs4919686, rs3740397, rs3824755, and rs10786712) of CYP17A1 were also significantly associated with HAPE. Conclusion The four SNPs located in HSD3B1 (rs6203), CYP17A1 (rs3740397 and rs10786712), and CYP11B1 (rs6402) and the six haplotypes of CYP17A1 are likely to have an effect on HAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Research Center for High Altitude Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
- Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Ga
- Research Center for High Altitude Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zhong Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
- Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ying-Zhong Yang Tel/Fax +86 971 6143168 Email
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Liang T, Liu F, Ma L, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huang T, Li J, Dong W, Zhang H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Ye W, Bai S, Kang L. Migration effects on the intestinal microbiota of Tibetans. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12036. [PMID: 34721954 PMCID: PMC8530097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet, environment, and genomic context have a significant impact on humans' intestinal microbiota. Moreover, migration may be accompanied by changes in human eating habits and living environment, which could, in turn, affect the intestinal microbiota. Located in southwestern China, Tibet has an average altitude of 4,000 meters and is known as the world's roof. Xianyang is situated in the plains of central China, with an average altitude of about 400 meters. METHODS To understand the association between intestinal microbiota and population migration, we collected the fecal samples from 30 Tibetan women on the first day (as TI1st), six months (as TI2nd), and ten months (as TI3rd) following migration from Tibet to Xianyang. Fecal samples were collected from 29 individuals (belonging to the Han women) as a control. The dietary information of the Tibetan women and the Han women was gathered. We performed a 16S rRNA gene survey of the collected fecal samples using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. RESULTS Following the migration, the alpha and beta diversity of Tibetan women's intestinal microbiota appeared unaffected. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that Klebsiella, Blautia, and Veillonella are potential biomarkers at TI1st, while Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were common in TI3rd. Finally, functional prediction by phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) found no significant up-regulation or down-regulation gene pathway in the intestinal microbiota of Tibetan women after migration. The present study reveals that the higher stability in Tibetan women's intestinal microbiota was less affected by the environment and diet, indicating that Tibetan women's intestinal microbiota is relatively stable. The main limitations of the study were the small sample size and all volunteers were women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Wenxue Dong
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Yaqiong Jiang
- Zashe Community Health Service Center, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Su Bai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shannxi Province, China
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Dong K, Wu K, Zheng T, Yue J, Wang W, Luo R, You L, He X, Li J, Hong Z, Zuo H, Pei X. Comparative Study of Oral Bacteria and Fungi Microbiota in Tibetan and Chinese Han Living at Different Altitude. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 254:129-139. [PMID: 34193764 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.254.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the impact of altitude and ethnicity on human oral microbiota is currently limited. To obtain the baseline of normal salivary microbiota, we analyzed the bacteria and fungi composition in Tibetan (HY group) and Han population (CD group) living at different altitudes by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology combined with PICRUSt and FUNGuild analyses. There were significant differences in oral microbiota composition between the two groups at phylum and genus levels. At the phylum level, the HY group had higher relative abundances of Firmicutes and Ascomycota, whereas the Bacteroidetes and Basidiomycota in the CD group were richer. These changes at the phylum level reflected different dominant genus compositions. Compared with the Han population, Candida, Fusarium, Zopfiella, Streptococcus, Veillonella and Rothia in Tibetan were higher. Surprisingly, the Zopfiella was found almost exclusively in the Tibetan. The PICRUSt and FUNGuild analysis also indicated that the function of the bacterial and fungal communities was altered between the two groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that there are significant differences in oral microbial structure and metabolic characteristics and trophic modes among Tibetan and Han population living at different altitudes. We first established the oral microbiota framework and represented a critical step for determining the diversity of oral microbiota in the Tibetan and Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Tianli Zheng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Ji Yue
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Weipeng Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Ruocheng Luo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Lan You
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Jingjing Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Zehui Hong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Haojiang Zuo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
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8
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Mairbäurl H, Gassmann M, Muckenthaler MU. Geographical ancestry affects normal hemoglobin values in high-altitude residents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1451-1459. [PMID: 33002380 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a major mechanism adjusting arterial oxygen content to decreased oxygen partial pressure of inspired air at high altitude. Approximately 5% of the world's population living at altitudes higher than 1,500 m shows this adaptive mechanism. Notably, there is a wide variation in the extent of increase in Hb concentration among different populations. This short review summarizes available information on Hb concentrations of high-altitude residents living at comparable altitudes (3,500-4,500 m) in different regions of the world. An increased Hb concentration is found in all high-altitude populations. The highest mean Hb concentration was found in adult male Andean residents and in Han Chinese living at high altitude, whereas it was lowest in Ethiopians, Tibetans, and Sherpas. A lower plasma volume in Andean high-altitude natives may offer a partial explanation. Indeed, male Andean high-altitude natives have a lower plasma volume than Tibetans and Ethiopians. Moreover, Hb values were lower in adult, nonpregnant females than in males; differences between populations of different ancestry were less pronounced. Various genetic polymorphisms were detected in high-altitude residents thought to favor life in a hypoxic environment, some of which correlate with the relatively low Hb concentration in the Tibetans and Ethiopians, whereas differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme allele distribution may be related to elevated Hb in the Andeans. Taken together, these results indicate different sensitivity of oxygen dependent control of erythropoiesis or plasma volume among populations of different geographical ancestry, offering explanations for differences in the Hb concentration at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Departmment of Translational Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Departmment of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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9
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Ahmed S, Altaf N, Ejaz M, Zulfiqar Z, Janjua K, Festila D, Cristina N. Genetic variations in the drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2E1, among various ethnic populations of Pakistan. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9721. [PMID: 32879799 PMCID: PMC7443092 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism in cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase genes is an important source of interindividual variability of drug response. CYP enzyme activities may change as a result of such polymorphisms which then, may affect drug metabolism. This would result in a change in the severity and frequency of adverse effects in addition to the non-responder phenomenon. CYP2E1, a member of CYP superfamily, affects the metabolism of several clinically important drugs such as halothane, paracetamol, etc. Genetic variation in CYP2E1 is known to cause significant inter-individual differences in drug response and adverse effects. The degree of genetic variation is found to be different in different populations around the world. The frequencies of two important polymorphisms in the CYP2E1*7C, NC_000010.10:g.135340548A>G (rs2070672) and CYP2E1, NC_000010.10:g.135339244G>C (rs3813865), are not known in the Pakistani population. In the present investigation, 636 healthy human volunteers were screened for these two single nucleotide polymorphism. Our results indicate that about 18% (rs2070672) and 28% (rs3813865) of the Pakistani population has a genotype containing at least one low activity allele. A significant interethnic variation in the frequencies of both the polymorphisms was observed. These results suggest that pharmacogenetics screening for low activity genotypes would be a helpful tool for clinicians when they prescribe medications metabolized by CYP2E1, as a significant fraction of the Pakistani population is expected to have a variable response to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagheer Ahmed
- Pharmacogenetic Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Altaf
- Overseas Pakistanis Foundation Boys College, Sector H-8, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Ejaz
- Pharmacogenetic Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaira Zulfiqar
- Pharmacogenetic Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kholood Janjua
- Shifa Clinical Research Center, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dana Festila
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicula Cristina
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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10
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Whole-Genome Sequencing Identifies the Egl Nine Homologue 3 (egln3/phd3) and Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Inhibitor Subunit 2 (PPP1R2P1) Associated with High-Altitude Polycythemia in Tibetans at High Altitude. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:5946461. [PMID: 31827636 PMCID: PMC6881591 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5946461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The hypoxic conditions at high altitudes are great threats to survival, causing pressure for adaptation. More and more high-altitude denizens are not adapted with the condition known as high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) that featured excessive erythrocytosis. As a high-altitude sickness, the etiology of HAPC is still unclear. Methods In this study, we reported the whole-genome sequencing-based study of 10 native Tibetans with HAPC and 10 control subjects followed by genotyping of selected 21 variants from discovered single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in an independent cohort (232 cases and 266 controls). Results We discovered the egl nine homologue 3 (egln3/phd3) (14q13.1, rs1346902, P = 1.91 × 10−5) and PPP1R2P1 (Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Inhibitor Subunit 2) gene (6p21.32, rs521539, P = 0.012). Our results indicated an unbiased framework to identify etiological mechanisms of HAPC and showed that egln3/phd3 and PPP1R2P1 may be associated with the susceptibility to HAPC. Egln3/phd3b is associated with hypoxia-inducible factor subunit α (HIFα). Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Inhibitor is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Conclusions Our genome sequencing conducted in Tibetan HAPC patients identified egln3/phd3 and PPP1R2P1 associated with HAPC.
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11
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Gassmann M, Mairbäurl H, Livshits L, Seide S, Hackbusch M, Malczyk M, Kraut S, Gassmann NN, Weissmann N, Muckenthaler MU. The increase in hemoglobin concentration with altitude varies among human populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1450:204-220. [PMID: 31257609 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decreased oxygen availability at high altitude requires physiological adjustments allowing for adequate tissue oxygenation. One such mechanism is a slow increase in the hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) resulting in elevated [Hb] in high-altitude residents. Diagnosis of anemia at different altitudes requires reference values for [Hb]. Our aim was to establish such values based on published data of residents living at different altitudes by applying meta-analysis and multiple regressions. Results show that [Hb] is increased in all high-altitude residents. However, the magnitude of increase varies among the regions analyzed and among ethnic groups within a region. The highest increase was found in residents of the Andes (1 g/dL/1000 m), but this increment was smaller in all other regions of the world (0.6 g/dL/1000 m). While sufficient data exist for adult males and females showing that sex differences in [Hb] persist with altitude, data for infants, children, and pregnant women are incomplete preventing such analyses. Because WHO reference values were originally based on [Hb] of South American people, we conclude that individual reference values have to be defined for ethnic groups to reliably diagnose anemia and erythrocytosis in high-altitude residents. Future studies need to test their applicability for children of different ages and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonid Livshits
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Seide
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthes Hackbusch
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Malczyk
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norina N Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Zhang Y, La Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Zhao Y, Li F, Liu B, Jiang Z. Deep Genome Resequencing Reveals Artificial and Natural Selection for Visual Deterioration, Plateau Adaptability and High Prolificacy in Chinese Domestic Sheep. Front Genet 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 31001329 PMCID: PMC6454055 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep were one of the earliest domesticated animals. Both artificial and natural selection during domestication has resulted in remarkable changes in behavioral, physiological, and morphological phenotypes; however, the genetic mechanisms underpinning these changes remain unclear, particularly for indigenous Chinese sheep. In the present study, we performed pooled whole-genome resequencing of 338 sheep from five breeds representative of indigenous Chinese breeds and compared them to the wild ancestors of domestic sheep (Asian mouflon, Ovis orientalis) for detection of genome-wide selective sweeps. Comparative genomic analysis between domestic sheep and Asian mouflon showed that selected regions were enriched for genes involved in bone morphogenesis, growth regulation, and embryonic and neural development in domestic sheep. Moreover, we identified several vision-associated genes with funtional mutations, such as PDE6B (c.G2994C/p.A982P and c.C2284A/p.L762M mutations), PANK2, and FOXC1/GMSD in all five Chinese native breeds. Breed-specific selected regions were determined including genes such as CYP17 for hypoxia adaptability in Tibetan sheep and DNAJB5 for heat tolerance in Duolang sheep. Our findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying important phenotypic changes that have occurred during sheep domestication and subsequent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yangzi Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yongfu La
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youzhang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Sheep Breeding and Reproduction Biotechnology in Gansu Province, Minqin, China
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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13
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Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Tibetans with High-Altitude Polycythemia Show Increased HIF-1A Expression and ROS Production. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6317015. [PMID: 31001558 PMCID: PMC6437737 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Living at a high plateau in a very hostile environment and low oxygen levels often leads to the development of high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) and gastric mucosal lesions caused by high-level reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1A (HIF-1A) helps maintain oxygen homeostasis by promoting the transcription of various genes and can be affected by ROS levels. To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which HAPC causes the gastric mucosal lesions, the expression of HIF-1A was measured in Tibetans with HAPC and in healthy subjects. Ultrastructural, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the gastric tissues of both groups, and the expression of HIF-1A in the gastric mucosa was detected using qPCR and Western Blot. Results The microvessel density and average diameter of gastric mucosal vessels were significantly greater in the HAPC patients than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The number of red blood cells in the gastric mucosa was also significantly higher in the HAPC group than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). In addition, the density of the mitochondrial vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum and pathological apoptosis were significantly increased in the gastric cells from HAPC patients compared to those from the healthy subjects. The levels of ROS and HIF-1A in the gastric mucosa were increased in HAPC patients compared to those in controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions An increased level of HIF-1A was associated with HAPC development in the stomach of Tibetans living at a high altitude. ROS upregulated the levels of HIF-1A. Thus, ROS-mediated HIF-1A signaling transduction may be the mechanism associated with HAPC-induced gastric lesions.
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14
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Congenital and evolutionary modulations of hypoxia sensing and their erythroid phenotype. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Plateau Area: A Study Based on the Tibetan Population. World Neurosurg 2018; 116:e769-e774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Lan D, Ji W, Lin B, Chen Y, Huang C, Xiong X, Fu M, Mipam TD, Ai Y, Zeng B, Li Y, Cai Z, Zhu J, Zhang D, Li J. Correlations between gut microbiota community structures of Tibetans and geography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16982. [PMID: 29209019 PMCID: PMC5717229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities of human gut directly influence health and bear adaptive potential to different geography environment and lifestyles. However, knowledge about the influences of altitude and geography on the gut microbiota of Tibetans is currently limited. In this study, fecal microbiota from 208 Tibetans across six different locations were analyzed by MiSeq sequencing; these locations included Gannan, Gangcha, Tianzhu, Hongyuan, Lhasa and Nagqu, with altitudes above sea level ranging from 2800 m to 4500 m across the Tibetan plateau. Significant differences were observed in microbial diversity and richness in different locations. At the phylum level, gut populations of Tibetans comprised Bacteroidetes (60.00%), Firmicutes (29.04%), Proteobacteria (5.40%), and Actinobacteria (3.85%) and were marked by a low ratio (0.48) of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Analysis based on operational taxonomic unit level revealed that core microbiotas included Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia, whereas Prevotella predominated all locations, except Gangcha. Four community state types were detected in all samples, and they mainly belong to Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae. Principal component analysis and related correspondence analysis results revealed that bacterial profiles in Tibetan guts varied significantly with increasing altitude, BMI, and age, and facultative anaerobes were rich in Tibetan guts. Gut microbiota may play important roles in regulating high-altitude and geographical adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Lan
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenhui Ji
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 624000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianrong Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tserang Donko Mipam
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ai
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Cai
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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