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Deng YP, Li R, Zhang XL, Yi XL, Liu GH. The complete mitochondrial genome of cattle tick clade C reveals the genetic relationship within Rhipicephalus microplus complex. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:168. [PMID: 38517567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) are important economic ectoparasites causing direct and indirect damage to cattle and leading to severe economic losses in cattle husbandry. It is common knowledge that R. microplus is a species complex including five clades; however, the relationships within the R. microplus complex remain unresolved. In the present study, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome of clade C by next-generation sequencing and proved its correctness based on long PCR amplification. It was 15,004 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein genes, 22 transfer genes, and two ribosomal genes located in the two strains. There were two copies of the repeat region (pseudo-nad1 and tRNA-Glu). Data revealed that cox1, cox2, and cox3 genes were conserved within R. microplus with small genetic differences. Ka/Ks ratios suggested that 12 protein genes (excluding nad6) may be neutral selection. The genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that clade C was greatly close to clade B. Findings in the current study provided more data for the identification and differentiation of the R. microplus complex and made up for the lack of information about R. microplus clade C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xue-Ling Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xi-Long Yi
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China.
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2
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Lu XY, Zhang QF, Jiang DD, Wang T, Sun Y, Du CH, Zhang L, Yang X. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) kolonini (Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1951-1962. [PMID: 35505098 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks transmit diverse pathogens that cause human and animal diseases, leading to an increasing number of new challenges around the world. Genomic data research could help advance our learning of phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution. Mitochondrial genome DNA has been helpful in illustrating the phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotes containing ticks. In this research, we sequenced and assembled the circular complete mitogenome information of Haemaphysalis kolonini. The 14,948-bp mitogenome consists of 37 genes which included 13 genes for protein-coding, two genes for ribosomal RNA, 22 genes for transfer RNA, and two control regions (D-loops). Overall, the composition and arrangement of genes were compared with Haemaphysalis ticks previously recorded in Genbank. The phylogenetic tree based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) computational algorithms showed that H. kolonini has a close relationship with Haemaphysalis inermis. The complete mitogenome data provide a preferable perception to the phylogenetic relationship than the single-gene data analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first research exploring the complete mitogenome for the species H. kolonini. Our results provide new insights for further research on the evolution, population genetics, systematics, and molecular ecology of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Lu
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Fu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan-Dan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Yang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China.
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Deng YP, Yi JN, Fu YT, Nie Y, Zhang Y, Liu GH. Comparative analyses of the mitochondrial genomes of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus clades A and B from China. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1789-1797. [PMID: 35362742 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) is one of the most common ticks parasitizing livestock, causing diseases as the vector of pathogens. In this study, we amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of R. microplus from Hainan province of China and compared it with that of R. microplus from Guizhou province of China. The mt genome sequence of R. microplus from Hainan isolate was 15,163 bp in size, which was significantly longer (299 bp) than R. microplus from Guizhou isolate. Nucleotide sequence difference in the entire mt genome except for non-coding region was 5.6% between R. microplus from Hainan and Guizhou isolates. For the 13 protein-coding genes, this comparison revealed the sequence differences of nucleotide (3.8-10.1%) and amino acid (1.2-17.3%). Phylogenetic analysis of R. microplus indicated that R. microplus from Hainan isolate clustered in clade A, and R. microplus from Guizhou isolate clustered in clade B. Taken together, the findings support the recent proposal the existence of two lineages (clades A and B) of R. microplus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia-Ning Yi
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Nie
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China.
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Mohamed WMA, Moustafa MAM, Kelava S, Barker D, Matsuno K, Nonaka N, Shao R, Mans BJ, Barker SC, Nakao R. Reconstruction of mitochondrial genomes from raw sequencing data provides insights on the phylogeny of Ixodes ticks and cautions for species misidentification. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101832. [PMID: 34607157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology has profoundly been involved in sequencing whole genomes of several organisms in a fast and cost-effective manner. Although HTS provides an alternative biomonitoring method to the time-consuming and taxonomy-expertise dependent morphological approach, still we cannot rule out the possibility of the impediment and misidentification biases. In this article we aim to retrieve whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences from publicly available raw sequencing data for phylogenetic comparison of Ixodes persulcatus. For this comparison, we sequenced whole mitogenomes of four I. persulcatus ticks from Japan and constructed mitogenomes from raw sequencing data of 74 I. persulcatus ticks from China. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were inferred by the concatenated fifteen mitochondrial genes. We further tested our results by the phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences. Our findings showed that 70 constructed mitogenomes from China were clustered with the sequenced four mitogenomes of I. persulcatus from Japan. We also revealed that mitogenome sequences retrieved from two data sets CRR142297 and CRR142298 were clustered with Ixodes nipponensis. Moreover, other two mitogenome sequences from CRR142310 and CRR142311 formed a clade with Ixodes pavlovskyi. The phylogenetic analysis of cox1 gene and ITS2 sequences confirmed the identification errors of these four samples. The overall phylogenetics in our study concluded that accurate morphological identification is necessary before implementing HTS to avoid any misidentification biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Samuel Kelava
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dayana Barker
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Pictorial dissection guide and internal anatomy of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101685. [PMID: 33611153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are pests and vectors of diseases that are of public health and veterinary importance. The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), is one of the most studied tick species because of its impact on livestock health and production in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, costing the cattle industry billions annually. Control methods have evolved throughout the years but so has R. microplus. Reliance upon chemical control has created a consistent need to develop new technologies to overcome the pesticide resistance that occurs as the ticks adapt. In order to utilize the more advanced tools such as RNAi or Crispr/Cas9 systems, tick tissues need to be isolated and manipulated. Unfortunately, there are a limited number of dissection guides available providing a detailed view of tick internal anatomy. This manual includes photomicrographs to guide the dissection of R. microplus adults, male and female. Topography and anatomical differences between the internal organs of unfed and gravid adult females are described. We were able to locate the crucial tissues for cattle tick physiology and lay out spatial and temporal guidelines for their identification and dissection. Examples of how this information can be used at the nexus between organismal and molecular research to innovate tick control technologies is discussed.
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Mitogenome analysis of Indian isolate of Rhipicephalus microplus clade A sensu ( ): A first report from Maritime South-East Asia. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:135-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhang L, Li S, Luo J, Du P, Wu L, Li Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang S, Cui J. Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the predatorPropylea japonicato understand its tolerance to insecticides and high temperatures. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:292-307. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Song Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation Beijing China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Pei Du
- Industrial Crops Research Institute Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plains Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crops Improvement Zhengzhou China
| | - Linke Wu
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Yarong Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Anyang China
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8
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Wang T, Zhang S, Pei T, Yu Z, Liu J. Tick mitochondrial genomes: structural characteristics and phylogenetic implications. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:451. [PMID: 31519208 PMCID: PMC6743180 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arachnid ectoparasites from the order Acarina, and many are notorious as vectors of a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. However, the systematics of ticks in several genera is still controversial. The mitochondrial genome (mt-genome) has been widely used in arthropod phylogeny, molecular evolution and population genetics. With the development of sequencing technologies, an increasing number of tick mt-genomes have been sequenced and annotated. To date, 63 complete tick mt-genomes are available in the NCBI database, and these genomes have become an increasingly important genetic resource and source of molecular markers in phylogenetic studies of ticks in recent years. The present review summarizes all available complete mt-genomes of ticks in the NCBI database and analyses their characteristics, including structure, base composition and gene arrangement. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from ticks. The results will provide important clues for deciphering new tick mt-genomes and establish a foundation for subsequent taxonomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
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Wang T, Zhang S, Pei T, Yu Z, Liu J. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Expression Profile of Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Genes in the Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:982. [PMID: 31417433 PMCID: PMC6682753 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is widely distributed in eastern Asia, New Zealand and Australia, and is well-known as a vector of multiple zoonotic pathogens. This species exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic reproduction. Hence, in the current study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations were assembled and analyzed, and the expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was evaluated and compared between the two reproductive populations. The results indicated that the length of the mitochondrial genomes of the two reproductive populations is 14,694 and 14,693 bp in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, respectively. The AT content in the mitochondrial genome of the bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic population reached 77.22 and 77.34%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed combining 13 protein-coding genes, which showed that the genetic distance between the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations was less than that between the subspecies. The expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was quantitatively analyzed at different feeding status for the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, and the results showed significant differences in the expression patterns of these genes, suggesting that they might trigger specific energy utilization mechanisms due to their different reproductive strategies and environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Roth A, Akad F, Zonstein I, King R, Orshan L, Erster O. Molecular characterization of six Hyalomma species using mitochondrial markers. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:911-917. [PMID: 31054919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyalomma species (Acari: Ixodidae) are vectors of several human and animal pathogens. However, due to their similar morphological properties, classification of related Hyalomma species is often challenging. Here we describe a combined approach for molecular characterization of six Hyalomma species: H. aegyptium, H. dromedarii, H. excavatum, H. impeltatum, H. marginatum and H. turanicum. This procedure was developed using a combination of PCR amplification of four molecular markers, followed by sequencing and species-specific restriction analysis. Segments from the following genes were used as markers: 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COX1), and Cytochrome B (CytB). Phylogenetic analysis based on the amplified sequences was consistent with the morphology-based classification. It revealed relative close proximity of H. excavatum, H. marginatum and H. turanicum, and close proximity of H. aegyptium and H. dromedarii to each other. H. impeltatum was examined using the COX1 and CytB markers, and in both cases was located on a separate clade from the other five species. Digestion of the amplified products using specific restriction enzymes enabled clear distinction between the six species. This report is the first to describe CytB marker sequences of the studied species, and the first to describe COX1 marker sequences of H. aegyptium, H. excavatum, H. impeltatum and H. turanicum. The information obtained in this study may therefore be useful for future combined morphological-molecular Hyalomma characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asael Roth
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Fouad Akad
- Entomology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Zonstein
- Entomology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Laor Orshan
- Entomology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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A countrywide molecular survey leads to a seminal identification of the invasive cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Cameroon, a decade after it was reported in Cote d'Ivoire. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:585-593. [PMID: 30765191 PMCID: PMC6446184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is the most important arthropod vector of livestock diseases globally. Since its introduction in West Africa a decade ago, it has been reported in Ivory Coast, Benin, Togo, Mali, Burkina Faso and Nigeria with potentially far-reaching adverse impacts on the livestock sector in the region. Cameroon is located on a major route for transboundary cattle trade between Central and West Africa and it is therefore at risk from R. microplus invasion. This study investigated the occurrence of R. microplus in Cameroon, the genetic polymorphism of the tick and population structure of isolates from different regions of the country to provide data that underpin the design of future vector control programs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which ticks were collected from cattle at 54 sites across the five Agroecological zones (AEZs) within Cameroon. Tick identity (sex and species) was assigned using taxonomic keys. Species identity was confirmed through amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes. A total of 7091 ticks were collected out of which 1112 (15.6%) were morphologically identified as R. microplus. The presence of R. microplus was confirmed in 4 out of 5 agroecological zones. Only two haplotypes were identified by both COI and 16S rRNA genes, indicating a very low divergence in the genetic structure of the R. microplus population in Cameroon. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed a new haplotype specific to Cameroon. Phylogenetic trees revealed that all isolates of R. microplus from Cameroon were grouped into the previously described Africa/Americas clade. Application of a niche modelling algorithm to R. microplus distribution in Cameroon predicted that suitable habitat for the tick extended into southern Nigeria. This study demonstrated for the first time the presence of R. microplus in Cameroon. Genetic diversity tests indicate that the tick has not evolved significantly since the initial introduction to West Africa. We suggest further longitudinal studies to better define the spatial and temporal expansion of the range of the tick and the drivers of this spread.
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Li J, Chen ZH, Jiang L, Wu CY, Liao SQ, Lin XH, Xiang R, Lv MN, Qi NS, Zhang JF, Chen QL, Sun MF. Characterization of cattle-origin ticks from Southern China. Acta Trop 2018; 187:92-98. [PMID: 30055177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To characterize ticks in cattle from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, Southern China, 783 cattle in four localities were examined. Among them, 232 (29.63%) cattle were positive for tick infection. A total of 503 ticks collected in these cattle were further investigated. Two Rhipicephalus species, namely R. microplus and R. sanguineus, were firstly identified by morphological features. Thereinto, R. microplus is the prevalent species in cattle in southern China, with high prevalent in summer and autumn annually. Mixed infection of R. microplus and R. sanguineus was just found in yellow cattle. To further confirm the morphological identification of these cattle-origin ticks, a phylogeographic analysis inferred from the sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) was performed, and R. microplus and R. sanguineus were identified. However, the morphological taxonomy of R. microplus has been challenged in recent years. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) marker was then used to provide higher resolution of R. mircoplus complex. The re-constructed cox1 phylogenetic tree further identified these R. mircoplus tick samples as R. microplus Clade A. These findings illustrated the prevalence and characterization of cattle-origin ticks in Southern China for the first time, and provided base-line information for further control of tick and tick-borne disease in these areas.
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13
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Mans BJ, Featherston J, Kvas M, Pillay KA, de Klerk DG, Pienaar R, de Castro MH, Schwan TG, Lopez JE, Teel P, Pérez de León AA, Sonenshine DE, Egekwu NI, Bakkes DK, Heyne H, Kanduma EG, Nyangiwe N, Bouattour A, Latif AA. Argasid and ixodid systematics: Implications for soft tick evolution and systematics, with a new argasid species list. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:219-240. [PMID: 30309738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The systematics of the genera and subgenera within the soft tick family Argasidae is not adequately resolved. Different classification schemes, reflecting diverse schools of scientific thought that elevated or downgraded groups to genera or subgenera, have been proposed. In the most recent classification scheme, Argas and Ornithodoros are paraphyletic and the placement of various subgenera remains uncertain because molecular data are lacking. Thus, reclassification of the Argasidae is required. This will enable an understanding of soft tick systematics within an evolutionary context. This study addressed that knowledge gap using mitochondrial genome and nuclear (18S and 28S ribosomal RNA) sequence data for representatives of the subgenera Alectorobius, Argas, Chiropterargas, Ogadenus, Ornamentum, Ornithodoros, Navis (subgen. nov.), Pavlovskyella, Persicargas, Proknekalia, Reticulinasus and Secretargas, from the Afrotropical, Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Hard tick species (Ixodidae) and a new representative of Nuttalliella namaqua (Nuttalliellidae), were also sequenced with a total of 83 whole mitochondrial genomes, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes generated. The study confirmed the utility of next-generation sequencing to retrieve systematic markers. Paraphyly of Argas and Ornithodoros was resolved by systematic analysis and a new species list is proposed. This corresponds broadly with the morphological cladistic analysis of Klompen and Oliver (1993). Estimation of divergence times using molecular dating allowed dissection of phylogeographic patterns for argasid evolution. The discovery of cryptic species in the subgenera Chiropterargas, Ogadenus and Ornithodoros, suggests that cryptic speciation is common within the Argasidae. Cryptic speciation has implications for past biological studies of soft ticks. These are discussed in particular for the Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata and Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) savignyi groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa.
| | - Jonathan Featherston
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council-Biotechnology Platform, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Marija Kvas
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council-Biotechnology Platform, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Kerry-Anne Pillay
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council-Biotechnology Platform, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Daniel G de Klerk
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ronel Pienaar
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Minique H de Castro
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Job E Lopez
- Department of Paediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Paediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pete Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States; Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Noble I Egekwu
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Deon K Bakkes
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Heloise Heyne
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Esther G Kanduma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nkululeko Nyangiwe
- Döhne Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim, 4930, South Africa
| | - Ali Bouattour
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdalla A Latif
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Westville, South Africa
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14
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Genome Sequence of Coxiella-Like Endosymbiont Strain CLE-RmD, a Bacterial Agent in the Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) Deutsch Strain. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/13/e00003-18. [PMID: 29599150 PMCID: PMC5876479 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00003-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a partial genome sequence for the Coxiella-like endosymbiont strain CLE-RmD, assembled from metagenomics data obtained from the southern cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) Deutsch strain.
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15
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Wang HH, Corson MS, Grant WE, Teel PD. Quantitative models of Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus
) ticks: historical review and synthesis. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | | | - William E. Grant
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Pete D. Teel
- Department of Entomology; Texas A&M AgriLife Research; College Station Texas 77843 USA
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16
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Barrero RA, Guerrero FD, Black M, McCooke J, Chapman B, Schilkey F, Pérez de León AA, Miller RJ, Bruns S, Dobry J, Mikhaylenko G, Stormo K, Bell C, Tao Q, Bogden R, Moolhuijzen PM, Hunter A, Bellgard MI. Gene-enriched draft genome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus: assembly by the hybrid Pacific Biosciences/Illumina approach enabled analysis of the highly repetitive genome. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:569-583. [PMID: 28577881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, an ectoparasite with global distribution, is estimated to be 7.1Gbp in length and consists of approximately 70% repetitive DNA. We report the draft assembly of a tick genome that utilized a hybrid sequencing and assembly approach to capture the repetitive fractions of the genome. Our hybrid approach produced an assembly consisting of 2.0Gbp represented in 195,170 scaffolds with a N50 of 60,284bp. The Rmi v2.0 assembly is 51.46% repetitive with a large fraction of unclassified repeats, short interspersed elements, long interspersed elements and long terminal repeats. We identified 38,827 putative R. microplus gene loci, of which 24,758 were protein coding genes (≥100 amino acids). OrthoMCL comparative analysis against 11 selected species including insects and vertebrates identified 10,835 and 3,423 protein coding gene loci that are unique to R. microplus or common to both R. microplus and Ixodes scapularis ticks, respectively. We identified 191 microRNA loci, of which 168 have similarity to known miRNAs and 23 represent novel miRNA families. We identified the genomic loci of several highly divergent R. microplus esterases with sequence similarity to acetylcholinesterase. Additionally we report the finding of a novel cytochrome P450 CYP41 homolog that shows similar protein folding structures to known CYP41 proteins known to be involved in acaricide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Felix D Guerrero
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Michael Black
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia
| | - John McCooke
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Brett Chapman
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Faye Schilkey
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Callum Bell
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Paula M Moolhuijzen
- Centre for Crop Disease and Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Matthew I Bellgard
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6151, Australia.
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17
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Complete mitochondrial genomes of Dermacentor silvarum and comparative analyses with another hard tick Dermacentor nitens. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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de la Fuente J, Kopáček P, Lew-Tabor A, Maritz-Olivier C. Strategies for new and improved vaccines against ticks and tick-borne diseases. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:754-769. [PMID: 27203187 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticks infest a variety of animal species and transmit pathogens causing disease in both humans and animals worldwide. Tick-host-pathogen interactions have evolved through dynamic processes that accommodated the genetic traits of the hosts, pathogens transmitted and the vector tick species that mediate their development and survival. New approaches for tick control are dependent on defining molecular interactions between hosts, ticks and pathogens to allow for discovery of key molecules that could be tested in vaccines or new generation therapeutics for intervention of tick-pathogen cycles. Currently, tick vaccines constitute an effective and environmentally sound approach for the control of ticks and the transmission of the associated tick-borne diseases. New candidate protective antigens will most likely be identified by focusing on proteins with relevant biological function in the feeding, reproduction, development, immune response, subversion of host immunity of the tick vector and/or molecules vital for pathogen infection and transmission. This review addresses different approaches and strategies used for the discovery of protective antigens, including focusing on relevant tick biological functions and proteins, reverse genetics, vaccinomics and tick protein evolution and interactomics. New and improved tick vaccines will most likely contain multiple antigens to control tick infestations and pathogen infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - P Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - A Lew-Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Poelchau MF, Coates BS, Childers CP, Peréz de León AA, Evans JD, Hackett K, Shoemaker D. Agricultural applications of insect ecological genomics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 13:61-69. [PMID: 27436554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural entomology is poised to benefit from the application of ecological genomics, particularly the fields of biofuels generation and pest control. Metagenomic methods can characterize microbial communities of termites, wood-boring beetles and livestock pests, and transcriptomic approaches reveal molecular bases behind wood-digesting capabilities of these insects, leading to potential mechanisms for biofuel generation. Genome sequences are being exploited to develop new pest control methods, identify candidate antigens to vaccinate livestock, and discover RNAi target sequences and potential non-target effects in other insects. Gene content analyses of pest genome sequences and their endosymbionts suggest metabolic interdependencies between organisms, exposing potential gene targets for insect control. Finally, genome-wide association studies and genotyping by high-throughput sequencing promise to improve management of pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica F Poelchau
- USDA-ARS, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | | | - Adalberto A Peréz de León
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, United States
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Kevin Hackett
- USDA-ARS, Office of National Programs, Crop Production and Protection, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - DeWayne Shoemaker
- USDA-ARS, Imported Fire Ant and Household Insects Research Unit, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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20
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Hussein HE, Scoles GA, Ueti MW, Suarez CE, Adham FK, Guerrero FD, Bastos RG. Targeted silencing of the Aquaporin 2 gene of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus reduces tick fitness. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:618. [PMID: 26626727 PMCID: PMC4667534 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that can affect human and animal health both directly by blood-feeding and indirectly by transmitting pathogens. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most economically important ectoparasites of bovines worldwide and it is responsible for the transmission of the protozoan Babesia bovis, the etiological agent of bovine babesiosis. Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins implicated in physiological mechanisms of osmoregulation. Members of the AQP family are critical for blood-feeding arthropods considering the extreme osmoregulatory changes that occur during their feeding. We investigated the pattern of expression of a newly identified AQP2 gene of R. microplus (RmAQP2) in different tick tissues and stages. We also examined in vivo the biological implications of silencing expression of RmAQP2 silencing during tick feeding on either uninfected or B. bovis-infected cattle. METHODS In silico gene analyses were performed by multiple alignments of amino acid sequences and topology prediction. Levels of RmAQP2 transcripts in different tick tissues and stages were analyzed by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR. Patterns of expression of RmAQP2 protein were investigated by immunoblots. Gene silencing was performed by RNA interference and in vivo functional analyses carried out by feeding ticks on either uninfected or B. bovis-infected cattle. RESULTS RmAQP2 transcripts were found in unfed larvae, engorged nymphs, and salivary glands and guts of partially engorged females; however, of all tick tissues and stages examined, RmAQP2 protein was found only in salivary glands of partially engorged females. RmAQP2 silencing significantly reduced tick fitness and completely abrogated protein expression. The effect of RmAQP2 silencing on fitness was more pronounced in females fed on a B. bovis-infected calf than in ticks fed on an uninfected calf and none of their larval progeny survived. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, considering the gene expression and tick fitness data, we conclude that RmAQP2 is critical for tick blood feeding and may be a suitable candidate target for the development of novel strategies to control R. microplus and tick-borne parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala E Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Glen A Scoles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Fatma K Adham
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Felix D Guerrero
- USDA-ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insect Research laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA. .,USDA-ARS Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, USA.
| | - Reginaldo G Bastos
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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