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Kraemer WJ, Caldwell LK, Post EM, Beeler MK, Dickerson RM, Kennett MJ, Volek JS, Maresh CM, Hymer WC. Recovery using "float" from high intensity stress on growth hormone-like molecules in resistance trained men. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 55:101355. [PMID: 33032163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a novel "floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy" (floatation-REST) on growth hormone responses to an intense resistance exercise stress. DESIGN Nine resistance trained men (age: 23.4 ± 2.5 yrs.; height: 175.3 ± 5.4 cm; body mass: 85.3 ± 7.9 kg) completed a balanced, crossover-controlled study design with two identical exercise trials, differing only in post-exercise recovery intervention (i.e., control or floatation-REST). A two-week washout period was used between experimental conditions. Plasma lactate was measured pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise and after the 1 h. recovery interventions. Plasma iGH was measured pre-exercise, immediately-post exercise, and after the recovery intervention, as well as 24 h and 48 h after the exercise test. The bGH-L was measured only at pre-exercise and following each recovery intervention. RESULTS For both experimental conditions, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in lactate concentrations were observed immediately post-exercise (~14 mmol • L-1) and remained slightly elevated after the recovery condition. The same pattern of responses was observed for iGH with no differences from resting values at 24 and 48 h of recovery. The bGH-L showed no exercise-induced changes following recovery with either treatment condition, however concentration values were dramatically lower than ever reported. CONCLUSION The use of floatation-REST therapy immediately following intense resistance exercise does not appear to influence anterior pituitary function in highly resistance trained men. However, the lower values of bGH suggest dramatically different molecular processing mechanisms at work in this highly trained population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Emily M Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Matthew K Beeler
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Dickerson
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
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Hymer WC, Kennett MJ, Maji SK, Gosselink KL, McCall GE, Grindeland RE, Post EM, Kraemer WJ. Bioactive growth hormone in humans: Controversies, complexities and concepts. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 50:9-22. [PMID: 31809882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To revisit a finding, first described in 1978, which documented existence of a pituitary growth factor that escaped detection by immunoassay, but which was active in the established rat tibia GH bioassay. METHODS We present a narrative review of the evolution of growth hormone complexity, and its bio-detectability, from a historical perspective. RESULTS In humans under the age of 60, physical training (i.e. aerobic endurance and resistance training) are stressors which preferentially stimulate release of bioactive GH (bGH) into the blood. Neuroanatomical studies indicate a) that nerve fibers directly innervate the human anterior pituitary and b) that hind limb muscle afferents, in both humans and rats, also modulate plasma bGH. In the pituitary gland itself, molecular variants of GH, somatotroph heterogeneity and cell plasticity all appear to play a role in regulation of this growth factor. CONCLUSION This review considers more recent findings on this often forgotten/neglected subject. Comparison testing of a) human plasma samples, b) sub-populations of separated rat pituitary somatotrophs or c) purified human pituitary peptides by GH bioassay vs immunoassay consistently yield conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 4000076, India
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM 88001, United States of America
| | - Gary E McCall
- Department of Exercise Science Exercise and Neuroscience Program, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States of America
| | - Richard E Grindeland
- Life Science Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States of America
| | - Emily M Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America.
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Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC, Fragala MS. Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32158429 PMCID: PMC7052063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated primarily by genomic and possible non-genomic signaling, satellite cell activation, interaction with other anabolic signaling pathways, upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor, and potential roles in co-activators and transcriptional activity; (2) Differential influences of growth hormones depending on the "type" of the hormone being assayed and the magnitude of the physiological stress; (3) The exquisite regulation of IGF-1 by a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), which can either stimulate or inhibit biological action depending on binding; and (4) Circadian patterning and newly discovered variants of glucocorticoid isoforms largely dictating glucocorticoid sensitivity and catabolic, muscle sparing, or pathological influence. The downstream integrated anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of these hormones not only affect the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force; they also have implications for pharmaceutical treatments, aging, and prevalent chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, advances in our understanding of hormones that impact anabolic: catabolic processes have relevance for athletes and the general population, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: William J. Kraemer
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2019-2052. [PMID: 31343601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2019-2052, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan-Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Duran-Ortiz S, Bell S, Kopchick JJ. Standardizing protocols dealing with growth hormone receptor gene disruption in mice using the Cre-lox system. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:52-57. [PMID: 30195091 PMCID: PMC9704043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice and humans with reduced growth hormone (GH) action before birth are conferred positive health- and life-span advantages. However, little work has been performed to study the effect of conditional disruption of GH action in adult life. With this as our objective, we sought to elucidate a reproducible protocol that allows generation of adult mice with a global disruption of the GH receptor (Ghr) gene, using the tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible Cre-lox system, driven by the ROSA26 enhancer/promoter. Here we report the optimum conditions for the gene disruption. DESIGN Six month old mice, homozygous for the ROSA26-Cre and the Ghr-floxed gene, were injected, once daily for five days with four distinct TAM doses (from 0.08 to 0.32 mg of TAM/g of body weight). To evaluate the most effective TAM dose that leads to global disruption of the GHR, mRNA expression of the Ghr and insulin growth factor-1 (Igf1) genes were assessed in liver, adipose tissue, kidney, and skeletal and cardiac muscles of experimental and control mice. Additionally, serum GH and IGF-1 levels were evaluated one month after TAM injections in both, TAM-treated and TAM-untreated control mice. RESULTS A dose of 0.25 mg of TAM/g of body weight was sufficient to significantly reduce the Ghr and Igf1 expression levels in the liver, fat, kidney, and skeletal and cardiac muscle of six-month old mice that are homozygous for the Ghr floxed gene and Cre recombinase. The reduction of the Ghr mRNA levels of the TAM-treated mice was variable between tissues, with liver and adipose tissue showing the lowest and skeletal and cardiac muscle the highest levels of Ghr gene expression when compared to control mice. Moreover, liver tissue showed the 'best' Ghr gene disruption, resulting in decreased total circulating IGF-1 levels while GH levels were increased versus control mice. CONCLUSION The results show that in mice at six months of age, a total TAM dose of at least 0.25 mg of TAM/g of body weight is needed for a global downregulation of Ghr gene expression with a regimen of 100 μL intraperitoneal (ip) TAM injections, once daily for five consecutive days. Furthermore, we found that even though this system does not achieve an equivalent disruption of the Ghr between tissues, the circulating IGF-1 is >95% decreased. This work helped to create adult mice with a global GHR knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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Grindeland RE, Kraemer WJ, Hymer WC. Two types of rat pituitary somatotrophs secrete growth hormone with different biological and immunological profiles. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 36:52-56. [PMID: 28961552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two stable subpopulations of somatotrophs reside in the rat pituitary gland. We tested the hypothesis that one produced growth hormone (GH) with greater activity when tested in the tibial line bioassay (BGH) than the other, while differences in the activities between the two groups would be less dramatic when measured by immunoassay (IGH). DESIGN A series of studies using hypophysectomized rats, hollow fibers, treatments and culture models were used to differentiate differences in Type I and Type II anterior pituitary somatotrophs in both function and production of immunoactive and bioactive growth hormone. RESULTS We found that dense, Type II somatotrophs (>1.070g·cm-3) differed markedly in their secretion patterns of IGH vs BGH in different In vitro and in vivo tests. In culture, Type II cells secreted five times as much BGH, and three fourths as much IGH as the less dense Type I cells. Production (storage and secretion) of BGH was 7-fold greater by Type II cells whereas IGH production was identical for the two cell types. Implantation of Type II cells into hypophysectomized rats significantly increased body weight, epiphyseal cartilage thickness, and muscle weight of the recipients; in contrast, Type I cells elicited only a small increase in body weight. Type I somatotrophs isolated from rats which had been previously fasted or insulin-treated subsequently showed only small, inconsistent changes in release relative to that from cells in the unfractionated cell population. However, release of BGH from the Type II cells was markedly decreased. CONCLUSION Both IGH and BGH should be considered in the elucidation of GH physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Grindeland
- Life Science Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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