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Zhu Y, Liu W, Zhang L, Hu B. Endoscopic measurement of lesion size: An unmet clinical need. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:379-381. [PMID: 38053310 PMCID: PMC10876249 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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2
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Lee KJ, Chang WCL, Chen X, Valiyaveettil J, Ramirez-Alcantara V, Gavin E, Musiyenko A, Madeira da Silva L, Annamdevula NS, Leavesley SJ, Ward A, Mattox T, Lindsey AS, Andrews J, Zhu B, Wood C, Neese A, Nguyen A, Berry K, Maxuitenko Y, Moyer MP, Nurmemmedov E, Gorman G, Coward L, Zhou G, Keeton AB, Cooper HS, Clapper ML, Piazza GA. Suppression of Colon Tumorigenesis in Mutant Apc Mice by a Novel PDE10 Inhibitor that Reduces Oncogenic β-Catenin. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:995-1008. [PMID: 34584001 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10) is overexpressed in colon epithelium during early stages of colon tumorigenesis and essential for colon cancer cell growth. Here we describe a novel non-COX inhibitory derivative of the anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac, with selective PDE10 inhibitory activity, ADT 061. ADT 061 potently inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells expressing high levels of PDE10, but not normal colonocytes that do not express PDE10. The concentration range by which ADT 061 inhibited colon cancer cell growth was identical to concentrations that inhibit recombinant PDE10. ADT 061 inhibited PDE10 by a competitive mechanism and did not affect the activity of other PDE isozymes at concentrations that inhibit colon cancer cell growth. Treatment of colon cancer cells with ADT 061 activated cGMP/PKG signaling, induced phosphorylation of oncogenic β-catenin, inhibited Wnt-induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and suppressed TCF/LEF transcription at concentrations that inhibit cancer cell growth. Oral administration of ADT 061 resulted in high concentrations in the colon mucosa and significantly suppressed the formation of colon adenomas in the Apc+/min-FCCC mouse model of colorectal cancer without discernable toxicity. These results support the development of ADT 061 for the treatment or prevention of adenomas in individuals at risk of developing colorectal cancer. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: PDE10 is overexpressed in colon tumors whereby inhibition activates cGMP/PKG signaling and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin transcription to selectively induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. ADT 061 is a novel PDE10 inhibitor that shows promising cancer chemopreventive activity and tolerance in a mouse model of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lee
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xi Chen
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jacob Valiyaveettil
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | | | - Elaine Gavin
- Gynecologic Oncology Research Division, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Alla Musiyenko
- Gynecologic Oncology Research Division, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Luciana Madeira da Silva
- Gynecologic Oncology Research Division, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Naga S Annamdevula
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.,Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Silas J Leavesley
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.,Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.,Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Antonio Ward
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Tyler Mattox
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ashley S Lindsey
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Joel Andrews
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Bing Zhu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Charles Wood
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ashleigh Neese
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ashley Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kristy Berry
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Yulia Maxuitenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Adam B Keeton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
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3
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Leystra AA, Harvey KN, Kaunga E, Hensley H, Vanderveer LA, Devarajan K, Clapper ML. High Variability in Cellular Proliferation, Gene Expression, and Cytokine Production in the Nonneoplastic Colonic Epithelium of Young Apc+/Min-FCCC Mice. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705562. [PMID: 34513688 PMCID: PMC8429936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need exists to identify efficacious therapeutic preventive interventions for individuals who are at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. To maximize the benefits of preventive intervention, it is vital to identify the time interval during which the initiation of a preventive intervention will lead to an optimal outcome. The goal of the present study was to determine if oncogenic events can be detected in the nonneoplastic colonic mucosa of Apc+/Min-FCCC mice prior to formation of the first adenoma, thus defining an earlier point of intervention along the cancer continuum. Tissues taken at three potential points of intervention were characterized: prior to Apc mutation (wild type Apc+/+-FCCC mice); after initiation but prior to colon adenoma formation (tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC mice); and after formation of the first colon adenoma (tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC mice). Experimentation focused on molecular processes that are dysregulated in early colon lesions: 1) cellular proliferation (proliferative index and size of the proliferative zone); 2) cellular stemness (expression of Ascl2, Grem1, Lgr5 and Muc2); 3) EGFR signaling (expression of Ereg); and 4) inflammation (expression of Mmp9, Ptsg2, and Reg4, as well as secretion of 18 cytokines involved in immune activation and response). Interestingly, the nonneoplastic colonic mucosa of wild type, tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC , and tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC mice did not display significant differences in average epithelial cell proliferation (fold change 0.8-1.3, p≥0.11), mucosal gene expression (fold change 0.8-1.4, p≥0.22), or secretion of specific cytokines from colonic mucosa (fold change 0.2-1.5, p≥0.06). However, the level of cytokine secretion was highly variable, with many (22% of wild type, 31% of tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC , and 31% of tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC ) mice categorized as outliers (> 1.5 x interquartile ranges below the first quartile or above the third quartile) due to elevated expression of at least one cytokine. In summary, no differences were observed in proliferation, stemness, and EGFR signaling in the colonic mucosa of wild type vs Apc+/Min-FCCC mice, with low baseline cytokine expression, prior to the formation of the first colon adenoma. The results of this study provide valuable baseline data to inform the design of future cancer prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Leystra
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristen N. Harvey
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esther Kaunga
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Harvey Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Belnoue E, Leystra AA, Carboni S, Cooper HS, Macedo RT, Harvey KN, Colby KB, Campbell KS, Vanderveer LA, Clapper ML, Derouazi M. Novel Protein-Based Vaccine against Self-Antigen Reduces the Formation of Sporadic Colon Adenomas in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040845. [PMID: 33671373 PMCID: PMC7923075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. However, high-risk populations with a genetic predisposition for colorectal cancer could benefit greatly from novel and efficacious immunopreventive strategies that afford long-lasting protection. The achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 (Ascl2) has been identified as a promising target for immunoprevention of colorectal cancer, based on its induction during the formation and progression of colorectal tumors and its minimal expression observed in healthy tissue. The goal of the present study was to determine the efficacy of a protein-based vaccine targeting Ascl2 in combination with an anti-PD-1 treatment in a spontaneous colorectal cancer mouse model. This novel vaccine strategy promotes potent tumor-specific immunity, and prevents the formation of colon adenomas in mice. The results demonstrate that Ascl2 is a promising target for immunoprevention for individuals at elevated risk of developing colorectal cancer. Abstract Novel immunopreventive strategies are emerging that show great promise for conferring long-term protection to individuals at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. The KISIMA vaccine platform utilizes a chimeric protein comprising: (1) a selected tumor antigen; (2) a cell-penetrating peptide to improve antigen delivery and epitope presentation, and (3) a TLR2/4 agonist to serve as a self-adjuvant. This study examines the ability of a KISIMA vaccine against achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 (Ascl2), an early colon cancer antigen, to reduce colon tumor formation by stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. Vaccine administrations were well-tolerated and led to circulating antibodies and antigen-specific T cells in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. To assess preventive efficacy, the vaccine was administered to mice either alone or in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1. When delivered to animals prior to colon tumor formation, the combination strategy significantly reduced the development of colon microadenomas and adenomas, as compared to vehicle-treated controls. This response was accompanied by an increase in the intraepithelial density of CD3+ T lymphocytes. Together, these data indicate that the KISIMA-Ascl2 vaccine shows great potential to be a safe and potent immunopreventive intervention for individuals at high risk of developing colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Belnoue
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.C.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Alyssa A. Leystra
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Susanna Carboni
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.C.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Harry S. Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Rodrigo T. Macedo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Kristen N. Harvey
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Kimberly B. Colby
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (K.B.C.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Kerry S. Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (K.B.C.); (K.S.C.)
| | - Lisa A. Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (A.A.L.); (H.S.C.); (R.T.M.); (K.N.H.); (L.A.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Madiha Derouazi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.C.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (M.D.)
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5
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Machado VF, Parra RS, Leite CA, Minto SB, Cunha TM, Cunha FDQ, Garcia SB, Feitosa MR, da Rocha JJR, Feres O. Experimental Model of Rectal Carcinogenesis Induced by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosoguanidine in Mice with Endoscopic Evaluation. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2505-2510. [PMID: 33029093 PMCID: PMC7532479 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: The discovery of chemical substances with carcinogenic properties has allowed the development of several experimental models of colorectal cancer (CRC). Classically, experimental models of CRC in mice have been evaluated through clinical or serial euthanasia. The present study aims to investigate the role of low endoscopy in the analysis of carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Methods: Thirty C57BL6 mice were divided into two groups: a control group with fifteen animals that underwent rectal instillation of saline solution on day 0 and a carcinogen group with fifteen animals that underwent a 100 mg/kg MNNG rectal instillation on day 0. In both groups, low endoscopies were performed on weeks 4 and 8. We used a validated endoscopic scoring system to evaluate the severity of colitis and colorectal tumor. Euthanasia was carried out at week 12. Results: We observed higher inflammation scores (p <0.001) and a higher number of tumors (p <0.05) in the MNNG group than the control group, both at weeks 4 and 8. A worsening of inflammation scores from the first to the second endoscopy was also noticeable in the MNNG group. There were no bowel perforations related to the procedure, and there was one death in the control group. Conclusion: Low endoscopy in experimental animals allows safe macroscopic evaluation of colorectal carcinogenesis without the need for euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Foresto Machado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Serafim Parra
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Abner Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefania Bovo Minto
- Pathology and Legal Medicine Department, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Britto Garcia
- Pathology and Legal Medicine Department, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marley Ribeiro Feitosa
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Omar Feres
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Rioux CR, Clapper ML, Cooper HS, Michaud J, St Amant N, Koohsari H, Workman L, Kaunga E, Hensley H, Pilorget A, Gerard C. Self-antigen MASH2 combined with the AS15 immunostimulant induces tumor protection in colorectal cancer mouse models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210261. [PMID: 30682058 PMCID: PMC6347180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human achaete scute homolog 2 (HASH2) and its murine ortholog MASH2 are potential targets for colorectal cancer immunotherapy. We assessed immunogenicity and antitumor potential of recombinant MASH2 protein combined with AS15 immunostimulant (recMASH2+AS15) in CB6F1 and Apc+/Min-FCCC mice. CB6F1 mice received 4 injections of recMASH2+AS15 or AS15 alone before challenge with TC1-MASH2 tumor cells (Tumor Challenge). Apc+/Min-FCCC mice received 9 injections of recMASH2+AS15 or vehicle (phosphate buffer saline [PBS] or AS15 alone), before (two independent Prophylactic Studies) or after (Immunotherapy) colon adenomas were detectable by colonoscopy. CB6F1 mice immunized with recMASH2+AS15 had a significantly smaller mean tumor size and improved survival rate compared to controls (104 mm2 vs. 197 mm2 [p = 0.009] and 67% vs. 7% [p = 0.001], respectively). In Prophylactic Study 1, the mean number of colon adenomas was significantly lower in Apc+/Min-FCCC mice receiving recMASH2+AS15 compared to PBS (1.8 [95% confidence interval 1.0–3.3] vs. 5.2 [3.7–7.4], p = 0.003). Fewer microadenomas were observed in recMASH2+AS15 groups compared to PBS in both Prophylactic Studies (Study 1: mean 0.4 [0.2–1.0] vs. 1.5 [0.9–2.4], p = 0.009; Study 2: 0.4 [0.2–0.6] vs. 1.1 [0.8–1.5], p = 0.001). In the Immunotherapy Study, fewer colon adenomas tended to be observed in recMASH2+AS15-treated mice (4.1 [2.9–6.0]) compared to controls (AS15 4.7 [3.3–6.6]; PBS 4.9 [3.5–6.9]; no significant difference). recMASH2+AS15 induced MASH2-specific antibody and CD4+ responses in both mouse models. recMASH2+AS15 partially protected mice against MASH2-expressing tumors and reduced spontaneous colorectal adenomas in Apc+/Min-FCCC mice, indicating that MASH2/HASH2 antigens are targets for colorectal cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Harry S. Cooper
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Laura Workman
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Esther Kaunga
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Harvey Hensley
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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7
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Chang WCL, Jackson C, Riel S, Cooper HS, Devarajan K, Hensley HH, Zhou Y, Vanderveer LA, Nguyen MT, Clapper ML. Differential preventive activity of sulindac and atorvastatin in Apc +/Min-FCCCmice with or without colorectal adenomas. Gut 2018; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 29122850 PMCID: PMC6031273 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response of subjects to preventive intervention is heterogeneous. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of a chemopreventive agent differs in non-tumour-bearing animals versus those with colorectal tumours. Sulindac and/or atorvastatin was administered to Apc+/Min-FCCC mice with known tumour-bearing status at treatment initiation. DESIGN Male mice (6-8 weeks old) underwent colonoscopy and received control chow or chow with sulindac (300 ppm), atorvastatin (100 ppm) or sulindac/atorvastatin. Tissues were collected from mice treated for 14 weeks (histopathology) or 7 days (gene expression). Cell cycle analyses were performed on SW480 colon carcinoma cells treated with sulindac, atorvastatin or both. RESULTS The multiplicity of colorectal adenomas in untreated mice bearing tumours at baseline was 3.6-fold higher than that of mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.002). Atorvastatin completely inhibited the formation of microadenomas in mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.018) and altered the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with sulindac/atorvastatin led to a 43% reduction in the multiplicity of colorectal adenomas versus untreated tumour-bearing mice (P=0.049). Sulindac/atorvastatin increased the expression of Hoxb13 and Rprm significantly, suggesting the importance of cell cycle regulation in tumour inhibition. Treatment of SW480 cells with sulindac/atorvastatin led to cell cycle arrest (G0/G1). CONCLUSIONS The tumour status of animals at treatment initiation dictates response to therapeutic intervention. Atorvastatin eliminated microadenomas in tumour-free mice. The tumour inhibition observed with Sul/Atorva in tumour-bearing mice was greater than that achieved with each agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Jackson
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Riel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harvey H Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa A Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Minhhuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Park H, Ahn JY, Seo H, Pih GY, Na HK, Lee JH, Jung KW, Kim DH, Choi KD, Song HJ, Lee GH, Jung HY, Lee J, Jeong J, Kim SO, Lee JB. Validation of a novel endoscopic program for measuring the size of gastrointestinal lesions. Surg Endosc 2017; 31:4824-4830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Freeling JL, Rezvani K. Assessment of murine colorectal cancer by micro-ultrasound using three dimensional reconstruction and non-linear contrast imaging. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 5:16070. [PMID: 28053998 PMCID: PMC5147881 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relatively low success rates of current colorectal cancer (CRC) therapies have led investigators to search for more specific treatments. Vertebrate models of colorectal cancer are essential tools for the verification of new therapeutic avenues such as gene therapy. The evaluation of colorectal cancer in mouse models has been limited due to the lack of an accurate quantitative and longitudinal noninvasive method. This work introduces a method of three-dimensional micro-ultrasound reconstruction and microbubble administration for the comprehensive and longitudinal evaluation of CRC progression. This approach enabled quantification of both tumor volume and relative vascularity using a well-established inducible murine model of colon carcinogenesis. This inducible model recapitulated the adenocarcinoma sequence that occurs in human CRC allowing systematic in situ evaluation of the ultrasound technique. The administration of intravenous microbubbles facilitated enhancement of colon vascular contrast and quantification of relative vascularity of the mid and distal colon of the mouse in three dimensions. In addition, two-dimensional imaging in the sagittal orientation of the colon using Non-Linear Contrast Mode enabled calculation of relative blood volume and perfusion as the microbubbles entered the colon microvasculature. Quantitative results provided by the outlined protocol represent a noninvasive tool that can more accurately define CRC development and progression. This ultrasound technique will allow the practical and economical longitudinal study of murine CRC in both basic and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Freeling
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota , Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Khosrow Rezvani
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota , Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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10
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Khondee S, Rabinsky EF, Owens SR, Joshi BP, Qiu Z, Duan X, Zhao L, Wang TD. Targeted therapy of colorectal neoplasia with rapamycin in peptide-labeled pegylated octadecyl lithocholate micelles. J Control Release 2015; 199:114-21. [PMID: 25483425 PMCID: PMC4308466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many powerful drugs have limited clinical utility because of poor water solubility and high systemic toxicity. Here, we formulated a targeted nanomedicine, rapamycin encapsulated in pegylated octadecyl lithocholate micelles labeled with a new ligand for colorectal neoplasia, LTTHYKL peptide. CPC;Apc mice that spontaneously develop colonic adenomas were treated with free rapamycin, plain rapamycin micelles, and peptide-labeled rapamycin micelles via intraperitoneal injection for 35days. Endoscopy was performed to monitor adenoma regression in vivo. We observed complete adenoma regression at the end of therapy. The mean regression rate for peptide-labeled rapamycin micelles was significantly greater than that for plain rapamycin micelles, P<0.01. On immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant reduction in phospho-S6 but not β-catenin expression and reduced tumor cell proliferation, suggesting greater inhibition of downstream mTOR signaling. We observed significantly reduced renal toxicity for peptide-labeled rapamycin micelles compared to that of free drug, and no other toxicities were found on chemistries. Together, this unique targeted micelle represents a potential therapeutic for colorectal neoplasia with comparable therapeutic efficacy to rapamycin free drug and significantly less systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supang Khondee
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Emily F Rabinsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott R Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bishnu P Joshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiyu Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Chadebecq F, Tilmant C, Bartoli A. How big is this neoplasia? live colonoscopic size measurement using the Infocus-Breakpoint. Med Image Anal 2014; 19:58-74. [PMID: 25277373 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Colonoscopy is the reference medical examination for early diagnosis and treatment of colonic diseases. This minimally invasive technique allows endoscopists to explore the colon cavity and remove neoplasias - abnormal growths of tissue - which may develop into malignant tumors. The size, shape and appearance of a neoplasia are essential cues for diagnostic. However, the size is difficult to estimate because the absolute scale of the observed tissue is not directly conveyed in the 2D colonoscopic images. An erroneous size estimate may lead to inappropriate treatment. There currently exist no solutions to reproducible neoplasia size measurement adapted to colonoscopy. We propose a colonoscopic size measurement system for neoplasias. By using a simple planar geometry, the key technical problem is reduced to resolving scale. Our core contribution is introducing the Infocus-Breakpoint (IB) that allows us to resolve scale from a regular colonoscopic video. We define the IB as the lower limit of the colonoscope's depth of field. The IB corresponds to a precise colonoscope to tissue distance, called the reference depth, which we calibrate preoperatively. We detect the IB intraoperatively thanks to two novel modules: deformable Blur-Estimating Tracking (BET) and Blur-Model Fitting (BMF). With our system, the endoscopist may interactively measure the length and area of a neoplasia in a 2D colonoscopic image directly. Our system needs no hardware modification to standard monocular colonoscopes, yet reaching a size measurement accuracy of the order of a millimeter, as shown on several phantom and patient datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chadebecq
- ISIT UMR 6284 CNRS/Université d'Auvergne, Bâtiment 3C, Faculté de Médecine, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal UMR 6602 CNRS/Université Blaise Pascal/IFMA, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - C Tilmant
- Institut Pascal UMR 6602 CNRS/Université Blaise Pascal/IFMA, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - A Bartoli
- ISIT UMR 6284 CNRS/Université d'Auvergne, Bâtiment 3C, Faculté de Médecine, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Oka K, Seki T, Akatsu T, Wakabayashi T, Inui K, Yoshino J. Clinical study using novel endoscopic system for measuring size of gastrointestinal lesion. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4050-4058. [PMID: 24744595 PMCID: PMC3983462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To verify the performance of a lesion size measurement system through a clinical study.
METHODS: Our proposed system, which consists of a conventional endoscope, an optical device, an optical probe, and a personal computer, generates a grid scale to measure the lesion size from an endoscopic image. The width of the grid scale is constantly adjusted according to the distance between the tip of the endoscope and lesion because the lesion size on an endoscopic image changes according to the distance. The shape of the grid scale was corrected to match the distortion of the endoscopic image. The distance was calculated using the amount of laser light reflected from the lesion through an optical probe inserted into the instrument channel of the endoscope. The endoscopist can thus measure the lesion size without contact by comparing the lesion with the size of the grid scale on the endoscopic image. (1) A basic test was performed to verify the relationship between the measurement error eM and the tilt angle of the endoscope; and (2) The sizes of three colon polyps were measured using our system during endoscopy. These sizes were immediately measured by scale after their removal.
RESULTS: There was no error at α = 0°. In addition, the values of eM (mean ± SD) were 0.24 ± 0.11 mm (α = 10°), 0.90 ± 0.58 mm (α = 20°) and 2.31 ± 1.41 mm (α = 30°). According to these results, our system has been confirmed to measure accurately when the tilt angle is less than 20°. The measurement error was approximately 1 mm in the clinical study. Therefore, it was concluded that our proposed measurement system was also effective in clinical examinations.
CONCLUSION: By combining simple optical equipment with a conventional endoscope, a quick and accurate system for measuring lesion size was established.
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13
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Irving AA, Young LB, Pleiman JK, Konrath MJ, Marzella B, Nonte M, Cacciatore J, Ford MR, Clipson L, Amos-Landgraf JM, Dove WF. A simple, quantitative method using alginate gel to determine rat colonic tumor volume in vivo. Comp Med 2014; 64:128-134. [PMID: 24674588 PMCID: PMC3997291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies of the response of colonic tumors to therapeutics use tumor multiplicity as the endpoint to determine the effectiveness of the agent. These studies can be greatly enhanced by accurate measurements of tumor volume. Here we present a quantitative method to easily and accurately determine colonic tumor volume. This approach uses a biocompatible alginate to create a negative mold of a tumor-bearing colon; this mold is then used to make positive casts of dental stone that replicate the shape of each original tumor. The weight of the dental stone cast correlates highly with the weight of the dissected tumors. After refinement of the technique, overall error in tumor volume was 16.9% ± 7.9% and includes error from both the alginate and dental stone procedures. Because this technique is limited to molding of tumors in the colon, we utilized the Apc(Pirc/+) rat, which has a propensity for developing colonic tumors that reflect the location of the majority of human intestinal tumors. We have successfully used the described method to determine tumor volumes ranging from 4 to 196 mm³. Alginate molding combined with dental stone casting is a facile method for determining tumor volume in vivo without costly equipment or knowledge of analytic software. This broadly accessible method creates the opportunity to objectively study colonic tumors over time in living animals in conjunction with other experiments and without transferring animals from the facility where they are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lindsay B Young
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer K Pleiman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael J Konrath
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Blake Marzella
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Nonte
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin Cacciatore
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Madeline R Ford
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Amos-Landgraf
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - William F Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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14
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Adachi T, Hinoi T, Sasaki Y, Niitsu H, Saito Y, Miguchi M, Shimomura M, Ohdan H. Colonoscopy as a tool for evaluating colorectal tumor development in a mouse model. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:217-23. [PMID: 24212401 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A sporadic colon cancer mouse model with conditional mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is biologically relevant for human colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to determine the utility and limitations of colonoscopy for evaluating colon tumors in this mouse model. METHODS We compared the estimates of location, size, and miss rate of tumors detected during colonoscopy with those determined by necropsy. Sixty-six CPC-Apc mice originating from Apc (F/wt) mice harbor a Cdx2-Cre transgene in which colorectal tumorigenesis was driven by Apc allelic loss. The sensitivity and specificity of colonoscopy for detecting tumors in a mouse CRC model were investigated. RESULTS A strong positive correlation was found between tumor location as measured by colonoscopy and the location determined by necropsy (p < 0.001). A total of 120 tumors were graded during colonoscopy (grades 1-5: 0, 8, 20, 27, and 65 lesions, respectively), and a strong positive correlation was found between the tumor grade determined by colonoscopy and size measured by necropsy (grades 2-5: 2.08, 2.98, 4.02, and 5.09 mm, respectively; p < 0.005). Although the miss rate was 47.1 %, most of the missed tumors (96 %) were in close proximity (within 5 mm) of another tumor. CONCLUSIONS A colonoscopic method for the reliable measurement of colorectal tumors in vivo has been established. The application of this technique to mouse models of colon carcinogenesis will provide a better understanding of the dynamics of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Adachi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Sciences, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Kodani T, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Corridoni D, Lopetuso L, Di Martino L, Marks B, Pizarro J, Pizarro T, Chak A, Cominelli F. Flexible colonoscopy in mice to evaluate the severity of colitis and colorectal tumors using a validated endoscopic scoring system. J Vis Exp 2013:e50843. [PMID: 24193215 DOI: 10.3791/50843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kodani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
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16
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Alves KZ, Soletti RC, de Britto MA, de Matos DG, Soldan M, Borges HL, Machado JC. In vivo endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Acad Radiol 2013; 20:90-8. [PMID: 22959583 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The gold-standard tool for colorectal cancer detection is colonoscopy, but it provides only mucosal surface visualization. Ultrasound biomicroscopy allows a clear delineation of the epithelium and adjacent colonic layers. The aim of this study was to design a system to generate endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic images of the mouse colon, in vivo, in an animal model of inflammation-associated colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen mice (Mus musculus) were used. A 40-MHz miniprobe catheter was inserted into the accessory channel of a pediatric flexible bronchofiberscope. Control mice (n = 3) and mice treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium (n = 10) were subjected to simultaneous endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and white-light colonoscopy. The diagnosis obtained with endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and colonoscopy was compared and confirmed by postmortem histopathology. RESULTS Endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic images showed all layers of the normal colon and revealed lesions such as lymphoid hyperplasias and colon tumors. Additionally, endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy was able to detect two cases of mucosa layer thickening, confirmed by histology. Compared to histologic results, the sensitivities of endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and colonoscopy were 0.95 and 0.83, respectively, and both methods achieved specificities of 1.0. CONCLUSIONS Endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy can be used, in addition to colonoscopy, as a diagnostic method for colonic lesions. Moreover, experimental endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy in mouse models is feasible and might be used to further develop research on the differentiation between benign and malignant colonic diseases.
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17
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Multimodal imaging of growth and rapamycin-induced regression of colonic adenomas in apc mutation-dependent mouse. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:313-20. [PMID: 23066439 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that rapamycin can induce regression of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) mutation-dependent colonic adenomas in genetically engineered mice (CPC;Apc). An endoscope was used to visualize adenomas in CPC;Apc mice weekly for 10 weeks. The lesion surface areas were measured using a distance gauge and digitally generated grid. Coronal scans were performed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to localize adenomas, and tumor volumes were measured from regions of interest drawn on consecutive axial scans. Rapamycin (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally daily for 5 weeks. Endoscopy and MRI were performed weekly to monitor adenoma regression. Caliper measurements and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on adenomas postmortem. Dimensions from n = 30 adenomas in n = 7 animals were measured. Adenoma surface areas on endoscopy correlated with volumes on MRI and with postmortem caliper measurements, R(2) = 0.84 and R(2) = 0.81, respectively. The mean adenoma doubling times on endoscopy and MRI were 0.95 ± 0.14 and 1.21 ± 0.16 weeks, respectively. The minimum detectable adenoma surface area and volume on endoscopy and MRI was 0.69 mm(2) and 1.76 mm(3), respectively. On histology, the rapamycin-treated adenomas showed limited regions of dysplasia. Rapamycin therapy resulted in much lower mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and cell proliferation. Lower expression of phospho-S6 and reduced numbers of Ki67-positive cells were seen on IHC compared to vehicle-treated lesions. Endoscopy can be validated by MRI as a robust methodology for quantitative monitoring of therapy, representing a promising approach for future preclinical efforts to assess utility of novel colorectal cancer prevention strategies.
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18
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Detection of colorectal adenomas using a bioactivatable probe specific for matrix metalloproteinase activity. Neoplasia 2011; 13:685-91. [PMID: 21847360 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of colorectal adenomas, in particular those that lack an elevated growth component, continue to escape detection during endoscopic surveillance. Elevation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of zinc endopeptidases, in adenomas serves as a biomarker of early tumorigenesis. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a newly developed near-infrared bioactivatable probe (MMPSense 680) that reports the activity of a broad array of MMP isoforms to detect early colorectal adenomas. Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)(+/Min-FCCC) mice that spontaneously develop multiple colorectal adenomas were injected with MMPSense 680, and the colons were imaged in an IVIS Spectrum system ex vivo. Image analyses were correlated with histopathologic findings for all regions of interest (ROIs). The biochemical basis of fluorescent signal was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of MMP-7 and -9. A strong correlation (Kendall = 0.80) was observed between a positive signal and the presence of pathologically confirmed colonic adenomas; 92.9% of the 350 ROIs evaluated were classified correctly. The correlation between two independent observers was 0.87. MMP-7 expression was localized to epithelial cells of adenomas and microadenomas, whereas staining of MMP-9 was found in infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the adenomas. MMPSense 680 identifies colorectal adenomas, both polypoid and nonpolypoid, in Apc(+/Min-FCCC) mice with high specificity. Use of this fluorescent probe in combination with colonoscopy could aid in preventing colorectal neoplasias by providing new opportunities for early detection and therapeutic intervention.
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Development of a mouse model for sporadic and metastatic colon tumors and its use in assessing drug treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1565-70. [PMID: 20080688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908682107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models for colon cancer are based on tissuewide or germline gene modification, resulting in tumors predominantly of the small intestine. Several of these models involve modification of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene and are excellent models for familial cancer predisposition syndromes. We have developed a stochastic somatic mutation model for sporadic colon cancer that presents with isolated primary tumors in the distal colon and recapitulates the entire adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis axis seen in human colon cancer. Using this model, we have analyzed tumors that are either solely mutant in the Apc gene or in combination with another colon cancer-associated mutant gene, the Kras G12D allele. Because of the restricted location in the distal colon, the natural history of the tumors can be analyzed by serial colonoscopy. As the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical component of the complex signaling network in colon cancer, we used this model to assess the efficacy of mTOR blockade through rapamycin treatment of mice with established tumors. After treatment, Apc mutant tumors were more than 80% smaller than control tumors. However, tumors that possessed both Apc and Kras mutations did not respond to rapamycin treatment. These studies suggest that mTOR inhibitors should be further explored as potential colorectal cancer therapies in patients whose tumors do not have activating mutations in KRAS.
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Durkee BY, Shinki K, Newton MA, Iverson CE, Weichert JP, Dove WF, Halberg RB. Longitudinal assessment of colonic tumor fate in mice by computed tomography and optical colonoscopy. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:1475-82. [PMID: 19896065 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative merits of micro-computed tomograph colonography (mCTC) and optical colonoscopy (OC) for longitudinal studies of colonic tumors in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colonic tumors in mice carrying the Min allele of Apc were followed over several weeks using mCTC and OC. A total of 146 colonic tumors were monitored: 62 in 32 untreated Min mice, 53 in 43 Min mice treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 31 in 17 Min mice treated with piroxicam. RESULTS Colonic tumors in Min mice had three different spontaneous fates: 29 grew, 24 remained static, and 9 regressed. Treating Min mice with 5-FU increased the percentage of regressing tumors from 15% to 58%. The response was dependent in part on the initial size of the tumor. By contrast, treating Min mice with piroxicam did not alter colonic tumor fate. CONCLUSIONS mCTC and OC can be used to determine the spontaneous fates of colonic tumors in mice and to document their individual responses to treatment. The ability to follow individually annotated colonic tumors reduces the number of mice needed for testing.
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Durkee BY, Weichert JP, Halberg RB. Small animal micro-CT colonography. Methods 2009; 50:36-41. [PMID: 19651214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography colonography (mCTC) is a new method for detecting colonic tumors in living animals and estimating their volume, which allows investigators to determine the spontaneous fate of individually annotated tumors as well as their response to chemotherapeutics. This imaging platform was developed using the Min mouse, but is applicable to any murine model of human colorectal cancer. MicroCT is capable of 20 micron resolution, however, 100 microns is sufficient for this application. Scan quality is primarily dependent on animal preparation with the most critical parameters being proper anesthesia, bowel cleansing, and sufficient insufflation. The detection of colonic tumors is possible by both 2D and 3D rendering of image data. Tumor volume is estimated using a semi-automated five-step process which is based on three algorithms within the Amira software package. The estimates are precise, accurate and reproducible enabling changes in volume as small as 16% to be readily observed. Confirmation of mCTC observations by gross examination and histology is sometimes useful in this otherwise non-invasive protocol. Finally, mCTC is compared to other newly developed small animal imaging platforms including microMRI and microoptical colonoscopy. A major advantage of these platforms is that investigators can be perform longitudinal studies, which often have much greater statistical power than traditional cross-sectional studies; consequently, fewer animals are required for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Durkee
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
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