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Nawras M, Chawla K, DeRiso A, Dubchuk C, Beran A, Aziz M, Pannell SM. The effect of preoperative endoscopic tattooing on lymph node retrieval in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2023; 38:166. [PMID: 37294461 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of preoperative endoscopic tattooing (ET) on accurate colorectal cancer localization and resection has been well established. However, its effect on lymph node (LN) retrieval remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to systematically compare LN retrieval between patients with colorectal cancer who underwent preoperative ET and those who did not. METHODS A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies that compared LN retrieval in patients with colorectal cancer with and without preoperative ET were included. Weighted pooled odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes using the random-effects model were calculated. RESULTS 10 studies, including 2231 patients with colorectal cancer were included. Six studies reported total LN yield and showed significantly higher LN yield in the tattooed group (MD:2.61; 95% CI:1.01-4.21, P=0.001). Seven studies reported the number of patients with adequate LN retrieval and showed a significantly higher number of patients with adequate LN retrieval in the tattooed group (OR:1.89, 95% CI:1.08-3.32, P=0.03). However, subgroup analysis revealed that both outcomes were only statistically significant in patients with rectal cancer, and not in patients with colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that preoperative ET is associated with increased LN retrieval in patients with rectal cancer, but not in colon cancer. Further large-scale randomized control trials are necessary to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Nawras
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Karan Chawla
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Armelle DeRiso
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Azizullah Beran
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Muhammad Aziz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie M Pannell
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Wlodarczyk J, Dewberry S, Yoon D, Hsieh C, Shin J, Lee SW, Cologne KG. Assessing the Association Between Endoscopic Tattooing and Lymph Node Yield in Rectal Cancer. J Surg Res 2023; 281:37-44. [PMID: 36115147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative endoscopic tattooing is an effective tool for intraoperative tumor localization in colon cancer. Endoscopic tattooing in rectal cancer may have unidentified benefits on lymph node yield, making it easier for pathologists to identify nodes during histopathologic assessment. There remains concern that tattoo ink may alter anatomical planes, increasing surgical difficulty. METHODS Retrospective chart reviews from 2016 to 2021 of n = 170 patients presenting with rectal cancer were divided into two groups: with (n = 79) and without (n = 91) endoscopic tattoos. Demographics, operative details, tumor characteristics, prior chemoradiation, and pathologic details were collected. Primary outcome was total lymph node yield. Secondary outcomes were rates of adequate (> 12) nodes, margin status, and operative variables including operative time. RESULTS No differences between pathologic stage, tumor height, high inferior mesenteric artery ligation, operative times, conversion rate, or surgical approach (open versus minimally invasive) were noted between groups. Receipt of neoadjuvant chemoradiation was less frequent in the endoscopic tattooing group (53.2% versus 76.9%, P ≤ 0.001). Total node number and rate of adequate lymph node yield were higher with endoscopic tattooing (20.5 ± 7.6 versus 16.8 ± 6.6 lymph nodes and 100.0% versus 83.5% adequate lymph node harvest, both P ≤ 0.001). Rates of positive circumferential and distal margins and complete total mesorectal excision were also similar. Regression analysis identified endoscopic tattooing (Incidence Risk Ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.31) and operative time more than 300 min (Incidence Risk Ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.99) had significant effects on lymph node harvest. Removal of patients with inadequate lymph node yield resulted in similar rates of total and positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic rectal tattooing is associated with increased lymph node yield (including after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy) without sacrificing oncologic or perioperative outcomes, although this effect is inconsistent when only considering patients with an adequate lymph node yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wlodarczyk
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Division of General Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Dong Yoon
- Division of General Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Hsieh
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joongho Shin
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sang W Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle G Cologne
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
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Wadhwa V, Patel N, Grover D, Ali FS, Thosani N. Interventional gastroenterology in oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2022; 73:286-319. [PMID: 36495087 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the foremost health problems worldwide and is among the leading causes of death in the United States. Gastrointestinal tract cancers account for almost one third of the cancer-related mortality globally, making it one of the deadliest groups of cancers. Early diagnosis and prompt management are key to preventing cancer-related morbidity and mortality. With advancements in technology and endoscopic techniques, endoscopy has become the core in diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal tract cancers. In this extensive review, the authors discuss the role endoscopy plays in early detection, diagnosis, and management of esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, ampullary, biliary tract, and small intestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Wadhwa
- Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole Patel
- Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dheera Grover
- Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faisal S Ali
- Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nirav Thosani
- Center for Interventional Gastroenterology at UTHealth (iGUT), Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wlodarczyk J, Kim D, Finney C, Gupta A, Cannom R, Duldulao M. Inking outside the box: systematic review on the utility of tattooing lesions in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:2101-2112. [PMID: 36044044 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-022-04239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoscopic tattooing in rectal cancer is infrequently utilized for fear of tattoo ink obscuring anatomical planes, increasing the difficulty of surgical excision. Colon cancer tattooing has demonstrated increased lymph node yields and increased accuracy in establishing adequate margins. Rectal cancer tattooing may be especially helpful after neoadjuvant chemoradiation, where complete clinical responses could limit lesion identification and lymph node yields are typically less robust. We seek to review and identify the effects of tattooing in rectal cancer. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS. Studies on endoscopic tattooing with cohorts consisting of at least ≥ 25% of rectal cancer patients were selected. Studies focusing solely on rectal cancer were also reviewed separately. RESULTS Of 416 studies identified, 10 studies encompassing 2460 patients were evaluated. Seven studies evaluated lymph node yields; five reported beneficial effects of endoscopic tattooing, while two reported no significant difference. Among four studies reporting lesion localization, successful localization rates were between 63 and 100%. Rates of intraoperative endoscopy performed to reevaluate lesion location ranged from 5.7 to 20%. The distal margin was evaluated in two studies, which reported more accurate placement of the distal resection margin after tattooing. When complications of tattooing were documented (7 studies with 889 patients), only five direct complications of endoscopic tattooing were observed (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Although the data is heterogenous, it suggests that endoscopic tattooing in rectal cancer may improve lymph node yields and assist in determining accurate distal margins without high rates of complication. Further research must be completed before practice management guidelines can change. TRIAL REGISTRATION No. CRD42021271784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wlodarczyk
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Debora Kim
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Abhinav Gupta
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Rebecca Cannom
- Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marjun Duldulao
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Mahmoud NN. Colorectal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2022; 31:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Qiao L. Sentinel lymph node mapping for metastasis detection in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 112:722-730. [PMID: 32894022 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.6767/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION controversy exists on the diagnostic performance of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in colorectal cancer. This study aimed to provide a more precise estimation of its clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS a systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to retrieve all relevant studies up to August 31st, 2019. Detection rate, sensitivity, and upstaging rate were pooled together, and a subgroup analysis was performed to identify factors that affect diagnostic performance. The prognostic value of upstaging was also explored. RESULTS sixty-eight studies were eligible and included. The pooled SLN detection rate was 0.93 (95 % CI, 0.91-0.94), with a significant higher rate in colon cancer or in studies including more than 100 patients. The overall sensitivity of the SLN procedure in colorectal cancer was 0.72 (95 % CI, 0.67-0.77). The tracers used were found to influence sensitivity. A mean weighted upstaging of 0.22 (95 % CI, 0.18-0.25) was identified. True upstaging, defined as micro-metastases, was 14 %. Upstaged patients were associated with worse overall survival (OS) when compared with node-negative patients (HR = 2.60, 95 % CI, 0.16-4.63). In addition, upstaged patients had a lower 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate than node-negative patients. CONCLUSION based on the results of the present meta-analysis, the SLN mapping procedure should focus on early stage patients to refine staging, since upstaging appeared to be a prognostic factor for DFS and OS. The SLN procedure can be recommended for colorectal cancer patients in addition to conventional resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likui Qiao
- Pathology, Tianjin fourth Center Hospital, China
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Chen YT, Wang JY, Wang JW, Chai CY. Preoperative endoscopic tattooing technique improved lymph node retrieval in rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:267-272. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AimsTo describe the clinical utility of lymph node retrieval and prognostic value of tattooing in rectal cancer (RC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).MethodsA total 97 RC patients underwent preoperative CCRT, and 38 patients had preoperative endoscopic tattooing. Surgical intervention was performed after CCRT and the specimens were sampled as standard protocol in all patients. Other clinicopathological parameters correlated with lymph node retrieval status were also analysed.ResultsFifteen patients (39.5%) of 38 RC patients in the tattooing group (TG) had adequate lymph node retrieval (>12) compared with 12 (20.3%) of 59 in the non-tattooing group. Higher lymph node retrieval rate was noted in the TG (p=0.04). In multivariable analysis, it showed tattooing was an independent predictive factor for higher lymph node retrieval in RC patients after CCRT (p=0.024) by logistic regression modelling. Besides histological grade, positive lymphovascular invasion, presence of lymph node metastasis, poor CCRT response and advanced pathological stage, inadequate lymph node retrieval was significantly associated with poor survival (all p<0.05) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. In multivariable analyses, the results revealed that lymph node retrieval (p=0.005), pathological stage (p=0.001) and tumour progression grade (p=0.02) were independent prognostic markers in RC patients receiving CCRT.ConclusionPreoperative endoscopic tattooing is a useful technique for RC patient receiving neoadjuvant CCRT. It can improve lymph node retrieval and provide an adequate diagnosis for proper treatment and prognosis.
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Goo JJ, Ryu DG, Kim HW, Park SB, Kang DH, Choi CW, Kim SJ, Nam HS, Kim HS, Son GM, Park BS. Efficacy of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing with indocyanine green on lymph node harvest and factors associated with inadequate lymph node harvest in colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:666-672. [PMID: 31071272 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1612940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Adequate lymph node harvest (LNH) in colorectal cancer is closely related to survival. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing (PCT) with indocyanine green (ICG) on adequate LNH in colorectal cancer. Materials and methods: A total of 1079 patients who underwent surgical resection for colorectal cancer were divided into two groups: a tattooing group and a non-tattooing group. The patients were retrospectively analyzed for the number and adequacy of LNH according to tumor locations and stages. Univariate and multivariate analysis for factors associated with adequate LNH were done. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number and adequacy of LNH according to tumor locations. However, T1 colorectal cancer in the tattooing group had significantly higher adequate LNH (91.6% vs 82.1%, OR 2.370, p = .048) and T1 and N0 rectal cancer in the tattooing group also had higher adequate LNH although there was no statistical significance (100% vs 82.4%, OR 12.088, p = .095; 96.9% vs 84.8%, OR 5.570, p = .099) when compared to the non-tattooing group. Male sex and T1 stage were significantly associated with inadequate LNH in multivariate analysis (OR 0.556 (95% CI 0.340-0.909), p = .019; OR 0.555 (95% CI 0.339-0.910), p = .019, respectively). Conclusion: PCT with ICG did not improve adequate LNH in colorectal cancer but effectively improved adequate LNH in early colorectal cancer. Male sex and early cancer were risk factors for inadequate LNH in colorectal cancer, so PCT is needed for adequate LNH in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Jun Goo
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Good Moonwha Hospital , Busan , South Korea
| | - Dae Gon Ryu
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Su Bum Park
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kang
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Choi
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok Nam
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Kim
- c Department of Surgery , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Gyung Mo Son
- c Department of Surgery , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Park
- c Department of Surgery , Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan , South Korea
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Tattooing improves the detection of small lymph nodes and increases the number of retrieved lymph nodes in patients with rectal cancer who receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Surg 2017; 215:563-569. [PMID: 28693841 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rectal cancer who received chemoradiotherapy, the number of Lymph nodes (LNs) required remains unclear. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether preoperative tattooing increases the number of LNs and enhances the detection rate of metastatic LNs. METHODS Eighty patients with rectal cancer who received chemoradiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive no tattooing (C group) or to receive tattooing (T group). RESULTS The number of LNs was significantly higher in the T group (13.3 ± 7.4, mean ± SD) than in the C group (8.8 ± 5.9, p < 0.001), however, the number of positive LNs did not differ (0.5 ± 1.3 vs. 0.5 ± 1.1, p = 0.882). The long-axis diameter of LNs was significantly smaller in the T group than in the C group (3.4 ± 1.8 vs. 3.9 ± 2.3 mm, p < 0.001), however, the long-axis diameter of positive LNs did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Tattooing increased the number of retrieved LNs by 51%, however, there was no increase in the number of positive LNs.
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Kaminski MF, Thomas-Gibson S, Bugajski M, Bretthauer M, Rees CJ, Dekker E, Hoff G, Jover R, Suchanek S, Ferlitsch M, Anderson J, Roesch T, Hultcranz R, Racz I, Kuipers EJ, Garborg K, East JE, Rupinski M, Seip B, Bennett C, Senore C, Minozzi S, Bisschops R, Domagk D, Valori R, Spada C, Hassan C, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Rutter MD. Performance measures for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) quality improvement initiative. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:309-334. [PMID: 28507745 PMCID: PMC5415221 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and United European Gastroenterology present a short list of key performance measures for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. We recommend that endoscopy services across Europe adopt the following seven key performance measures for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy for measurement and evaluation in daily practice at a center and endoscopist level: 1 rate of adequate bowel preparation (minimum standard 90%); 2 cecal intubation rate (minimum standard 90%); 3 adenoma detection rate (minimum standard 25%); 4 appropriate polypectomy technique (minimum standard 80%); 5 complication rate (minimum standard not set); 6 patient experience (minimum standard not set); 7 appropriate post-polypectomy surveillance recommendations (minimum standard not set). Other identified performance measures have been listed as less relevant based on an assessment of their importance, scientific acceptability, feasibility, usability, and comparison to competing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal F Kaminski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Departments of Gastroenterological Oncology and Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siwan Thomas-Gibson
- Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St. Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Marek Bugajski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Departments of Gastroenterological Oncology and Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Bretthauer
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Colin J Rees
- South Tyneside NHS Foundation Trust, South Tyneside, UK
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geir Hoff
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Unidad de Gastroenterologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Stepan Suchanek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Ferlitsch
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Anderson
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Thomas Roesch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Hultcranz
- Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Istvan Racz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Petz Aladar County and Teaching Hospital, Györ, Hungary
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kjetil Garborg
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Maciej Rupinski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Departments of Gastroenterological Oncology and Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Birgitte Seip
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Cathy Bennett
- Centre for Technology Enabled Research, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Carlo Senore
- CPO Piemonte, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- CPO Piemonte, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Domagk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joseph’s Hospital, Warendorf, Germany
| | - Roland Valori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Cristiano Spada
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Servicio de Gastroenterologia, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matthew D Rutter
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
- School of Medicine, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Aldecoa I, Montironi C, Planell N, Pellise M, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Gines A, Delgado S, Momblan D, Moreira L, Lopez-Ceron M, Rakislova N, Martinez-Palli G, Balust J, Bombi JA, de Lacy A, Castells A, Balaguer F, Cuatrecasas M. Endoscopic tattooing of early colon carcinoma enhances detection of lymph nodes most prone to harbor tumor burden. Surg Endosc 2016; 31:723-733. [PMID: 27324339 PMCID: PMC5266760 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs result in the detection of early-stage asymptomatic carcinomas suitable to be surgically cured. Lymph nodes (LN) from early CRC are usually small and may be difficult to collect. Still, at least 12 LNs should be analyzed from colectomies, to ensure a reliable pN0 stage. Presurgical endoscopic tattooing improves LN procurement. In addition, molecular detection of occult LN tumor burden in histologically pN0 CRC patients is associated with a decreased survival rate. We aimed to study the impact of presurgical endoscopic tattooing on the molecular detection of LN tumor burden in early colon neoplasms. Methods A prospective cohort study from a CRC screening-based population was performed at a tertiary academic hospital. LNs from colectomies with and without preoperative endoscopic tattooing were assessed by two methods, hematoxylin and eosin (HE), and RT-LAMP, to detect tumor cytokeratin 19 (CK19) mRNA. We compared the amount of tumor burden and LN yields from tattooed and non-tattooed specimens. Results HE and RT-LAMP analyses of 936 LNs were performed from 71 colectomies containing early carcinomas and endoscopically unresectable adenomas (8 pT0, 17 pTis, 27 pT1, 19 pT2); 47 out of 71 (66.2 %) were tattooed. Molecular positivity correlated with the presence of tattoo in LN [p < 0.001; OR 3.1 (95 % CI 1.7–5.5)]. A significantly higher number of LNs were obtained in tattooed specimens (median 17 LN vs. 14.5 LN; p = 0.019). Conclusions Endoscopic tattooing enables the analysis of those LNs most prone to harbor tumor cells and improves the number of LN harvested. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00464-016-5026-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iban Aldecoa
- Pathology Department-Centre de Diagnostic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona (CIBERehd) and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Escala 3, Planta 5, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Montironi
- Pathology Department-Centre de Diagnostic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona (CIBERehd) and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Escala 3, Planta 5, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Pellise
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Angels Gines
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Dulce Momblan
- Surgery Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Ceron
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rakislova
- Pathology Department-Centre de Diagnostic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona (CIBERehd) and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Escala 3, Planta 5, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Balust
- Anestesiology Department, ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic-IDIPAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Bombi
- Pathology Department-Centre de Diagnostic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona (CIBERehd) and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Escala 3, Planta 5, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology Department-Centre de Diagnostic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona (CIBERehd) and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Escala 3, Planta 5, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wood P, Peirce C, Mulsow J. Non-surgical factors influencing lymph node yield in colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:466-473. [PMID: 27190586 PMCID: PMC4865714 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i5.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous factors which can affect the lymph node (LN) yield in colon cancer specimens. The aim of this paper was to identify both modifiable and non-modifiable factors that have been demonstrated to affect colonic resection specimen LN yield and to summarise the pertinent literature on these topics. A literature review of PubMed was performed to identify the potential factors which may influence the LN yield in colon cancer resection specimens. The terms used for the search were: LN, lymphadenectomy, LN yield, LN harvest, LN number, colon cancer and colorectal cancer. Both non-modifiable and modifiable factors were identified. The review identified fifteen non-surgical factors: (13 non-modifiable, 2 modifiable) which may influence LN yield. LN yield is frequently reduced in older, obese patients and those with male sex and increased in patients with right sided, large, and poorly differentiated tumours. Patient ethnicity and lower socioeconomic class may negatively influence LN yield. Pre-operative tumour tattooing appears to increase LN yield. There are many factors that potentially influence the LN yield, although the strength of the association between the two varies greatly. Perfecting oncological resection and pathological analysis remain the cornerstones to achieving good quality and quantity LN yields in patients with colon cancer.
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13
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Effect of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing on lymph node harvest in T1 colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2015; 30:1349-55. [PMID: 26152843 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-015-2308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the impact of preoperative colonoscopic tattooing (PCT) on lymph node harvest in T1 colorectal cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and forty-three patients were included who underwent curative resection and were diagnosed with T1 colorectal cancer. These patients were categorized into the tattooing group and the non-tattooing group depending on whether preoperative India ink tattooing was done. Clinicopathological findings and lymph node harvest were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The median number of lymph nodes examined was 18 in the tattooing group and 13 in the non-tattooing group (p < 0.001). The rate of adequate lymph node harvest (retrieval of more than 12 lymph nodes) was higher in the tattooing group than that in the non-tattooing group (83.7 vs. 58.5 %, p = 0.002). The PCT was significantly associated with adequate lymph node harvest in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95 % confidence interval, 1.5-9.2; p = 0.003). Among the 40 patients who showed at least one carbon particle-containing lymph nodes, the positive lymph node rate was not different between carbon-containing LNs (0.9 %) and non-carbon-containing LNs (1.7 %). CONCLUSIONS PCT was associated with higher lymph node yield in T1 colorectal cancer. It is questionable if tattooing has additional detection power as a sentinel lymph node mapping tool in T1 colorectal cancer.
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Bianco F, Arezzo A, Agresta F, Coco C, Faletti R, Krivocapic Z, Rotondano G, Santoro GA, Vettoretto N, De Franciscis S, Belli A, Romano GM. Practice parameters for early colon cancer management: Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Colo-Rettale; SICCR) guidelines. Tech Coloproctol 2015; 19:577-85. [PMID: 26403233 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-015-1361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early colon cancer (ECC) has been defined as a carcinoma with invasion limited to the submucosa regardless of lymph node status and according to the Royal College of Pathologists as TNM stage T1 NX M0. As the potential risk of lymph node metastasis ranges from 6 to 17% and the preoperative assessment of lymph node metastasis is not reliable, the management of ECC is still controversial, varying from endoscopic to radical resection. A meeting on recent advances on the management of colorectal polyps endorsed by the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) took place in April 2014, in Genoa (Italy). Based on this material the SICCR decided to issue guidelines updating the evidence and to write a position statement paper in order to define the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for ECC treatment in context of the Italian healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianco
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - A Arezzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F Agresta
- Department of General Surgery, Ulss1 9 of the Veneto, Civic Hospital, Adria (TV), Italy
| | - C Coco
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - R Faletti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology Institute University Hospital City of Health and Science, Turin University, Turin, Italy
| | - Z Krivocapic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute for Digestive Disease, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | - G Rotondano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maresca Hospital, Torre del Greco (NA), Italy
| | - G A Santoro
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - N Vettoretto
- Department of General Surgery, Montichiari Hospital, Civic Hospitals of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S De Franciscis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - A Belli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - G M Romano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
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Feo CV, Portinari M, Zuolo M, Targa S, Matarese VG, Gafà R, Forini E, Lanza G. Preoperative endoscopic tattooing to mark the tumour site does not improve lymph node retrieval in colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study. J Negat Results Biomed 2015; 14:9. [PMID: 25947298 PMCID: PMC4430988 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-015-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A direct correlation between number of lymph nodes retrieved and evaluated after a colectomy for colorectal cancer and survival of the patient has been reported, and consensus guidelines recommend to assess at least 12 lymph nodes for adequate staging. Many factors (i.e., patients' and tumour characteristics, surgeon, and pathologist) may influence the evaluation of the presence of neoplastic disease in lymph nodes as well as the total number of lymph nodes examined. Preoperative endoscopic tattooing to mark the site of the tumour has recently been suggested to facilitate the retrieval of lymph nodes in colorectal specimens. The aim of this study was to investigate its association with adequate lymphadenectomy (≥12 nodes) after colorectal resection for cancer. RESULTS All patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer between 2009 and 2011 at the S. Anna University Hospital in Ferrara, Italy (N = 250) were retrospectively divided into two cohorts according to whether ink tattooing to mark the tumour site was performed during preoperative colonoscopy. The two cohorts were comparable regarding age, gender, body mass index, tumour location and size, TNM staging, and DNA microsatellite instability-high status. No difference between the tattoo (N = 107) and control (N = 143) groups could be detected in the rate of adequate lymphadenectomies performed (78% vs. 79%, p = 0.40). All factors known to influence lymph nodes retrieval from colorectal specimen were specifically evaluated. Rectal and colonic cancers were analysed together and separately. Full adjusted logistic regression analysis in patients who underwent colonic resection showed that right hemicolectomy (OR 4.72; CI95% 1.09-20.36) was the only factor associated to adequate lymphadenectomy. No association between ink tattooing performed preoperatively to mark the site of the tumour and adequate lymphadenectomy after colorectal resection was found with logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION This study shows that preoperative ink tattooing utilized to mark the site of the tumour does not improve adequate lymphadenectomy and lymph nodes yield from colorectal cancer specimens. Further studies are therefore needed to determine if preoperative colonoscopic tattooing to mark the tumour site can refine staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo V Feo
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Clinica Chirurgica, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 Room 2 34 03 (1C2), 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy.
| | - Mattia Portinari
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Clinica Chirurgica, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 Room 2 34 03 (1C2), 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy.
| | - Michele Zuolo
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Clinica Chirurgica, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 Room 2 34 03 (1C2), 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy.
| | - Simone Targa
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Clinica Chirurgica, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 Room 2 34 03 (1C2), 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo G Matarese
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Gastroenterology, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elena Forini
- Unit of Statistics, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, and University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Jiang Y, Lin N, Huang S, Lin C, Jin N, Zhang Z, Ke J, Yu Y, Zhu J, Wang Y. Tracking nonpalpable breast cancer for breast-conserving surgery with carbon nanoparticles: implication in tumor location and lymph node dissection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e605. [PMID: 25761181 PMCID: PMC4602461 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the feasibility of using carbon nanoparticles to track nonpalpable breast cancer for breast-conserving surgery. During breast-conserving surgery, it is often very challenging to determine the boundary of tumor and identify involved lymph nodes. Currently used methods are useful in identifying tumor location, but do not provide direct visual guidance for resection margin during surgery. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Fuzhou General Hospital (Fuzhou, China). The current retrospective analysis included 16 patients with nonpalpable breast cancer receiving breast-conserving surgery under the guidance of preoperative marking using a carbon nanoparticle, as well as 3 patients receiving carbon nanoparticle marking followed by neoadjuvant treatment and then breast-conserving surgery. The Tumor Node Metastasis stage in the 16 cases included: T1N0M0 in 7, T1N1M0 in 2, T2N0M0 in 4, and T2N1M0 in the remaining 3 cases. The nanoparticle was injected at 12 sites at 0.5 cm away from the apparent edge under colored ultrasonography along 6 tracks separated by 60 degrees (2 sites every track). Lymph node status was also examined. The resection edge was free from cancer cells in all 16 cases (and the 3 cases with neoadjuvant treatment). Cancer cells were identified in majority of stained lymph nodes, but not in any of the unstained lymph nodes. No recurrence or metastasis was noticed after the surgery (2 to 22-month follow-up; median: 6 months). Tracking nonpalpable breast cancer with carbon nanoparticle could guide breast-conserving surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- From the Department of Ultrasonography (YJ, CL, JZ); Department of General Surgery (NL, SH, NJ, ZZ, JK, YW); and Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (YY)
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Bartels SAL, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA. Response to Tutticci et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77:831-2. [PMID: 23582537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tutticci N, Cameron D, Croese J, Roche E. Tattoo of more than lymph nodes. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77:831. [PMID: 23582536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The intraoperative identification of the lesions found at endoscopic examination is often difficult, especially during laparoscopic surgery. At present, the most used technique for the intraoperative detection of pathological lesions is endoscopic tattooing. The large majority of studies carried out concern colorectal lesions; however, endoscopic tattooing has also been described for esophageal, gastric, small bowel and, more recently, pancreatic lesions. In this review, the authors evaluated indications, substances used, injection techniques, accuracy, safety and, finally, the risk of complications related to this procedure.
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Moss A. Colonic tattooing: the revival of a black art? Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:801-3. [PMID: 22985644 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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