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Caryl FM, Pearce J, Mitchell R, Shortt NK. Inequalities in children's exposure to alcohol outlets in Scotland: a GPS study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1749. [PMID: 36109778 PMCID: PMC9479265 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of harm in young people and increases the risk of alcohol dependence in adulthood. Alcohol use is also a key driver of rising health inequalities. Quantifying inequalities in exposure to alcohol outlets within the activity spaces of pre-adolescent children-a vulnerable, formative development stage-may help understand alcohol use in later life. METHODS GPS data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 10-and-11-year-old children (n = 688, 55% female). The proportion of children, and the proportion of each child's GPS, exposed to alcohol outlets was compared across area-level income-deprivation quintiles, along with the relative proportion of exposure occurring within 500 m of each child's home and school. RESULTS Off-sales alcohol outlets accounted for 47% of children's exposure, which was higher than expected given their availability (31% of alcohol outlets). The proportion of children exposed to alcohol outlets did not differ by area deprivation. However, the proportion of time children were exposed showed stark inequalities. Children living in the most deprived areas were almost five times more likely to be exposed to off-sales alcohol outlets than children in the least deprived areas (OR 4.83, 3.04-7.66; P < 0.001), and almost three times more likely to be exposed to on-sales alcohol outlets (OR 2.86, 1.11-7.43; P = 0.03). Children in deprived areas experienced 31% of their exposure to off-sales outlets within 500 m of their homes compared to 7% for children from less deprived areas. Children from all areas received 22-32% of their exposure within 500 m of schools, but the proportion of this from off-sales outlets increased with area deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Children have little control over what they are exposed to, so policies that reduce inequities in alcohol availability should be prioritised to ensure that all children have the opportunity to lead healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. Caryl
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jamie Pearce
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Research On Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rich Mitchell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Niamh K. Shortt
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Research On Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mc Carthy CM, de Vries R, Mackenbach JD. The influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming on diet-related outcomes in children-A systematic review. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13441. [PMID: 35301815 PMCID: PMC9286387 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Children are increasingly exposed to food and beverage marketing, but little is known about the specific effects of marketing through media most used by children. This study aims to systematically review the influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming on diet-related outcomes in children. Seven databases were systematically searched for English peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative scientific studies on the effects of marketing of unhealthy products through social media or advergaming on a range of diet-related outcomes in children. Risk of bias was assessed with tools specific for the different study designs. Twenty-six studies were included, of which 20 examined the effect of food and beverage marketing through advergaming and six through social media. Most studies had a high risk of bias. The results suggested that unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming has a significant effect on pester behaviors, food choice, and food intake of children. The studies demonstrate that unhealthy food and beverage marketing through media popular with children significantly impacts different diet-related outcomes. Combined with existing evidence on this effect in other settings, this review provides clear evidence of the need for policies targeting screen-based marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mc Carthy
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joreintje D Mackenbach
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Upstream Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kids in a Candy Store: An Objective Analysis of Children's Interactions with Food in Convenience Stores. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072143. [PMID: 32708485 PMCID: PMC7400802 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing rates of childhood obesity worldwide has focused attention on the obesogenic food environment. This paper reports an analysis of children's interactions with food in convenience stores. Kids'Cam was a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2014 to June 2015 in New Zealand in which 168 randomly selected children aged 11-14 years old wore a wearable camera for a 4-day period. In this ancillary study, images from children who visited a convenience store were manually coded for food and drink availability. Twenty-two percent of children (n = 37) visited convenience stores on 62 occasions during the 4-day data collection period. Noncore items dominated the food and drinks available to children at a rate of 8.3 to 1 (means were 300 noncore and 36 core, respectively). The food and drinks marketed in-store were overwhelmingly noncore and promoted using accessible placement, price offers, product packaging, and signage. Most of the 70 items purchased by children were noncore foods or drinks (94.6%), and all of the purchased food or drink subsequently consumed was noncore. This research highlights convenience stores as a key source of unhealthy food and drink for children, and policies are needed to reduce the role of convenience stores in the obesogenic food environment.
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Moon G, Pearce J. Twenty-five years of Health & Place: Citation classics, internationalism and interdisciplinarity. Health Place 2020; 61:102202. [PMID: 32329719 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To mark 25 years of Health & Place Health & Place, we identify and appraise some key contributions to the journal over this period. We use citation data to identify 'classics' from the journal's back catalogue. We also examine trends in the international reach and disciplinary homes of our authors. We show that there has been a near 7-fold increase in the number of published papers between the early and most recent years of the journal and that the journal's citation levels are amongst the top 2% of social science journals. Amongst the most cited papers, some clear themes are evident such as physical activity, diet/food, obesity and topics relating to greenspace. The profile of the journal's authors is becoming more internationally diverse, represents a broader range of disciplines, and increasingly demonstrating cross/interdisciplinary ways of working. Although Anglophone countries have led the way, there is an increasing number of contributions from elsewhere including emerging economies such as China. We conclude with some comments on likely future directions for the journal including enduring concerns such as greenspace, obesity, diet and unhealthy commodities (alcohol, tobacco, ultra-processed food) as well as more recent directions including planetary health, longitudinal and lifecourse analyses, and the opportunities (and challenges) of big data and machine learning. Whatever the thematic concerns of the papers over next 25 years, we will continue to welcome outstanding research that is concerned with the importance place makes to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Moon
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Pearce
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, EH8 9XP, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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McBride-Henry K, Lui SM, Woods L, Officer TN. Consumer alcohol exposure in supermarkets: legislatively adherent, but a societal problem. Aust N Z J Public Health 2020; 44:22-27. [PMID: 32003540 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012 came into force to promote the safe and responsible sale, supply, and consumption of alcohol in New Zealand. The Act was intended to minimise harm caused by excessive consumption of alcohol and reduce exposure to alcohol promotion. This study assessed supermarket adherence to sections 112-114 of the Act related to the display and advertisement of alcohol. It also assessed consumer exposure to alcohol marketing in these businesses. METHODS This paper reports on an audit of nine supermarkets in a major New Zealand city. RESULTS Supermarkets exhibited high average adherence with the Act (86% adherence across audit fields); despite this, exposure to alcohol displays, promotions and advertisements remained an issue regardless of supermarket geographic location, size or chain affiliation. CONCLUSIONS Supermarkets are an increasingly popular source of off-licence alcohol sales. Exposure to alcohol marketing in these businesses will likely influence consumer purchasing behaviour. Implications for public health: As an important public health challenge, based on this study, it would appear that supermarkets mostly meet the provisions of the Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012, but not the intent. Additional work is required to strengthen their response to the Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McBride-Henry
- Graduate School of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Si Man Lui
- Graduate School of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Woods
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tara Nikki Officer
- Health Services Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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Cao Y, Carrillo AS, Zhu SH, Shi Y. Point-of-Sale Marketing in Recreational Marijuana Dispensaries Around California Schools. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:72-78. [PMID: 31604606 PMCID: PMC6930340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE After marijuana commercialization, the presence of recreational marijuana dispensaries (RMDs) was rapidly increasing. The point-of-sale marketing poses concerns about children's exposure. This study examined advertising and promotions that potentially appeal to children and access restrictions in RMDs around California schools. METHODS This was a cross-sectional and observational study conducted from June to September 2018. Trained fieldworkers audited retail environments in 163 RMDs in closest proximity to 333 randomly sampled public schools in California. RESULTS About 44% of schools had RMDs located within 3 miles. Regarding interior marketing, 74% of RMDs had at least one instance of child-appealing products, packages, paraphernalia, or advertisements. RMDs closer to a school had a higher proportion with interior child-appealing marketing. More than three fourths of RMDs had generic promotional activities; particularly, 28% violated the free-sample ban. Regarding exterior marketing, only 2% of RMDs had those appealing to children. More than 60% of RMDs had exterior signs indicative of marijuana. Approximately, one-third had generic advertisements, and 13% had advertisements bigger than 1,600 square inches. Regarding access restrictions, almost all RMDs complied with age verification, but 84% had no age limit signs, and only 40% had security personnel. CONCLUSIONS Despite minimal point-of-sale marketing practices appealing to children on the exterior of RMDs around California schools, such practices were abundant on the interior. Marketing practices not specifically appealing to children were also common on both the interior and exterior of RMDs. Dispensaries' violation of age verification law, lack of security personnel, and presence of child-appealing marketing should be continuously monitored and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cao
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Angelina S. Carrillo
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Shu-hong Zhu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Yuyan Shi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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McKerchar C, Smith M, Stanley J, Barr M, Chambers T, Abel G, Lacey C, Gage R, Ni Mhurchu C, Signal L. Food store environment examination - FoodSee: a new method to study the food store environment using wearable cameras. Glob Health Promot 2019; 27:73-81. [PMID: 31451082 DOI: 10.1177/1757975919859575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food environments shape food behaviours and are implicated in rising rates of obesity worldwide. Measurement of people's interactions with food stores is important to advance understanding of the associations between the food environment and in-store behaviour. This paper describes a new method, Food Store Environment Examination (FoodSee) to measure people's interaction with the food store environment in a feasibility study focused on convenience stores and children. METHODS One hundred and sixty-eight randomly selected children (aged 11-13 years) recruited from 16 randomly selected schools in Wellington, New Zealand, used wearable cameras for 4 days that recorded images every 7 s. The study was conducted from July 2014 to June 2015. All images of convenience stores and service stations, and a sample of images from supermarkets, were evaluated to determine the feasibility of assessing food availability and marketing. The outcomes of interest assessed were: food product availability, placement, packaging, branding, price promotion, purchases and consumption. RESULTS Thirty-seven children (22%) visited a convenience store or service station at least once during the study period. In total, there were 65 visits to 34 different stores. Seven hundred and nineteen images revealed the in-store environment. Of those, 86.1% were usable and able to be analysed for the outcomes of interest. CONCLUSIONS The FoodSee methodology provides a promising new method to study people's interaction with the in-store food environment. The evidence generated will be valuable in understanding and improving the food store environment within which people shop, and will contribute to efforts to address obesity globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McKerchar
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Moira Smith
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Barr
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Chambers
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Abel
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Lacey
- Māori and Indigenous Health Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Gage
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise Signal
- Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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8
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High Stakes: Children’s Exposure to Gambling and Gambling Marketing Using Wearable Cameras. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Public health research has witnessed a rapid development in the use of location, environmental, behavioral, and biophysical sensors that provide high-resolution objective time-stamped data. This burgeoning field is stimulated by the development of novel multisensor devices that collect data for an increasing number of channels and algorithms that predict relevant dimensions from one or several data channels. Global positioning system (GPS) tracking, which enables geographic momentary assessment, permits researchers to assess multiplace personal exposure areas and the algorithm-based identification of trips and places visited, eventually validated and complemented using a GPS-based mobility survey. These methods open a new space-time perspective that considers the full dynamic of residential and nonresidential momentary exposures; spatially and temporally disaggregates the behavioral and health outcomes, thus replacing them in their immediate environmental context; investigates complex time sequences; explores the interplay among individual, environmental, and situational predictors; performs life-segment analyses considering infraindividual statistical units using case-crossover models; and derives recommendations for just-in-time interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Chaix
- Nemesis Team, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, UMR-S 1136 (Inserm, Sorbonne Universités), 75012, Paris, France;
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10
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Downing KL, Janssen X, Reilly JJ. Feasibility of wearable cameras to assess screen time and time spent restrained in children aged 3 to 5 years: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028265. [PMID: 31122998 PMCID: PMC6538289 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wearable cameras may help overcome the limitations of existing tools to measure young children's sedentary behaviour, but their use introduces a range of ethical challenges. The primary aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of using wearable cameras to measure the two aspects of sedentary behaviour currently included in evidence-based guidelines (ie, screen time and time spent restrained). If shown to be feasible, a secondary aim will be to validate subjective measures against the directly measured screen time and time spent restrained. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A convenience sample (n=20) will be recruited via flyers at the University of Strathclyde and advertisements on online forums for parents of young children (aged 3 to 5 years). Children will be provided with a wearable camera, attached to the front of their clothing with a clip, to be worn for 3 days (2 non-childcare days and 1 weekend day) in non-public settings. Once switched on, the camera will record continuous video footage. Parents will complete an online survey providing their feedback on their own and their child's experience of the wearable camera. They will also report their own and their child's demographical characteristics and their child's usual daily screen time and time spent restrained in the past week. Data will be downloaded using specialised software and second-by-second coding will be undertaken. Feasibility and acceptability will be assessed using percentages and by analysing qualitative data. If feasibility is shown, intraclass coefficients will be used to determine agreement between video data and parent-reported sedentary behaviours. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been granted by the School of Psychological Sciences and Health Ethics Committee at the University of Strathclyde. Results will be used to inform future studies and will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at major international conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xanne Janssen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J Reilly
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Smith M, Stanley J, Signal L, Barr M, Chambers T, Balina A, Ni Mhurchu C, Wilson N. Children's healthy and unhealthy beverage availability, purchase and consumption: A wearable camera study. Appetite 2019; 133:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sila-Nowicka K, Thakuriah P. Multi-sensor movement analysis for transport safety and health applications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210090. [PMID: 30703128 PMCID: PMC6363243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases in the use of and applications for wearable technology has opened up many new avenues of research. In this paper, we consider the use of lifelogging and GPS data to extend fine-grained movement analysis for improving applications in health and safety. We first design a framework to solve the problem of indoor and outdoor movement detection from sensor readings associated with images captured by a lifelogging wearable device. Second we propose a set of measures related with hazard on the road network derived from the combination of GPS movement data, road network data and the sensor readings from a wearable device. Third, we identify the relationship between different socio-demographic groups and the patterns of indoor physical activity and sedentary behaviour routines as well as disturbance levels on different road settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sila-Nowicka
- Urban Big Data Centre, School of Political and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Piyushimita Thakuriah
- Urban Big Data Centre, School of Political and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 PMCID: PMC6208350 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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14
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Ferreri F, Bourla A, Mouchabac S, Karila L. e-Addictology: An Overview of New Technologies for Assessing and Intervening in Addictive Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29545756 PMCID: PMC5837980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New technologies can profoundly change the way we understand psychiatric pathologies and addictive disorders. New concepts are emerging with the development of more accurate means of collecting live data, computerized questionnaires, and the use of passive data. Digital phenotyping, a paradigmatic example, refers to the use of computerized measurement tools to capture the characteristics of different psychiatric disorders. Similarly, machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence-can improve the classification of patients based on patterns that clinicians have not always considered in the past. Remote or automated interventions (web-based or smartphone-based apps), as well as virtual reality and neurofeedback, are already available or under development. OBJECTIVE These recent changes have the potential to disrupt practices, as well as practitioners' beliefs, ethics and representations, and may even call into question their professional culture. However, the impact of new technologies on health professionals' practice in addictive disorder care has yet to be determined. In the present paper, we therefore present an overview of new technology in the field of addiction medicine. METHOD Using the keywords [e-health], [m-health], [computer], [mobile], [smartphone], [wearable], [digital], [machine learning], [ecological momentary assessment], [biofeedback] and [virtual reality], we searched the PubMed database for the most representative articles in the field of assessment and interventions in substance use disorders. RESULTS We screened 595 abstracts and analyzed 92 articles, dividing them into seven categories: e-health program and web-based interventions, machine learning, computerized adaptive testing, wearable devices and digital phenotyping, ecological momentary assessment, biofeedback, and virtual reality. CONCLUSION This overview shows that new technologies can improve assessment and interventions in the field of addictive disorders. The precise role of connected devices, artificial intelligence and remote monitoring remains to be defined. If they are to be used effectively, these tools must be explained and adapted to the different profiles of physicians and patients. The involvement of patients, caregivers and other health professionals is essential to their design and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ferreri
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Bourla
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Mouchabac
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Karila
- Université Paris Sud - INSERM U1000, Addiction Research and Treatment Center, APHP, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
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15
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Chambers T, Pearson AL, Kawachi I, Rzotkiewicz Z, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr M, Ni Mhurchu C, Signal L. Kids in space: Measuring children's residential neighborhoods and other destinations using activity space GPS and wearable camera data. Soc Sci Med 2017; 193:41-50. [PMID: 28992540 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defining the boundary of children's 'neighborhoods' has important implications for understanding the contextual influences on child health. Additionally, insight into activities that occur outside people's neighborhoods may indicate exposures that place-based studies cannot detect. This study aimed to 1) extend current neighborhood research, using data from wearable cameras and GPS devices that were worn over several days in an urban setting; 2) define the boundary of children's neighborhoods by using leisure time activity space data; and 3) determine the destinations visited by children in their leisure time, outside their neighborhoods. METHOD One hundred and fourteen children (mean age 12y) from Wellington, New Zealand wore wearable cameras and GPS recorders. Residential Euclidean buffers at incremental distances were paired with GPS data (thereby identifying time spent in different places) to explore alternative definitions of neighborhood boundaries. Children's neighborhood boundary was at 500 m. A newly developed software application was used to identify 'destinations' visited outside the neighborhood by specifying space-time parameters. Image data from wearable cameras were used to determine the type of destination. RESULTS Children spent over half of their leisure time within 500 m of their homes. Children left their neighborhood predominantly to visit school (for leisure purposes), other residential locations (e.g. to visit friends) and food retail outlets (e.g. convenience stores, fast food outlets). Children spent more time at food retail outlets than at structured sport and in outdoor recreation locations combined. CONCLUSION Person-centered neighborhood definitions may serve to better represent children's everyday experiences and neighborhood exposures than previous methods based on place-based measures. As schools and other residential locations (friends and family) are important destinations outside the neighborhood, such destinations should be taken into account. The combination of image data and activity space GPS data provides a more robust approach to understanding children's neighborhoods and activity spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chambers
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - A L Pearson
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand; Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48825, USA
| | - I Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Z Rzotkiewicz
- Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48825, USA
| | - J Stanley
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M Smith
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M Barr
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - C Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - L Signal
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO BOX 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
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Signal LN, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr MB, Chambers TJ, Zhou J, Duane A, Gurrin C, Smeaton AF, McKerchar C, Pearson AL, Hoek J, Jenkin GLS, Ni Mhurchu C. Children's everyday exposure to food marketing: an objective analysis using wearable cameras. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:137. [PMID: 28988542 PMCID: PMC5632829 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past three decades the global prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased by 47%. Marketing of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods and beverages contributes to this worldwide increase. Previous research on food marketing to children largely uses self-report, reporting by parents, or third-party observation of children’s environments, with the focus mostly on single settings and/or media. This paper reports on innovative research, Kids’Cam, in which children wore cameras to examine the frequency and nature of everyday exposure to food marketing across multiple media and settings. Methods Kids’Cam was a cross-sectional study of 168 children (mean age 12.6 years, SD = 0.5) in Wellington, New Zealand. Each child wore a wearable camera on four consecutive days, capturing images automatically every seven seconds. Images were manually coded as either recommended (core) or not recommended (non-core) to be marketed to children by setting, marketing medium, and product category. Images in convenience stores and supermarkets were excluded as marketing examples were considered too numerous to count. Results On average, children were exposed to non-core food marketing 27.3 times a day (95% CI 24.8, 30.1) across all settings. This was more than twice their average exposure to core food marketing (12.3 per day, 95% CI 8.7, 17.4). Most non-core exposures occurred at home (33%), in public spaces (30%) and at school (19%). Food packaging was the predominant marketing medium (74% and 64% for core and non-core foods) followed by signs (21% and 28% for core and non-core). Sugary drinks, fast food, confectionary and snack foods were the most commonly encountered non-core foods marketed. Rates were calculated using Poisson regression. Conclusions Children in this study were frequently exposed, across multiple settings, to marketing of non-core foods not recommended to be marketed to children. The study provides further evidence of the need for urgent action to reduce children’s exposure to marketing of unhealthy foods, and suggests the settings and media in which to act. Such action is necessary if the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity’s vision is to be achieved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Signal
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
| | - J Stanley
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M Smith
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M B Barr
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - T J Chambers
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - J Zhou
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Duane
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Gurrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A F Smeaton
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C McKerchar
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - A L Pearson
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48825, USA
| | - J Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Level 4, Business School, Clyde St, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - G L S Jenkin
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - C Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
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