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Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Makuła M, Krętowski R, Naumowicz M, Sokołowska G, Serra-Majem L, Cechowska-Pasko M, Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P, Wiater J. Selected Fungicides as Potential EDC Estrogenic Micropollutants in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:7437. [PMID: 37959855 PMCID: PMC10648374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing level of pesticide exposition is being observed as a result of the consumption of large amounts of fruits, vegetables and grain products, which are key components of the vegetarian diet. Fungicides have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds, but their mechanisms of action have not yet been clarified. The effect of boscalid (B), cyprodinil (C) and iprodione (I) combined with Tamoxifen (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on cell viability, cell proliferation, reporter gene expression, ROS content, the cell membrane's function, cell morphology and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in MCF-7 and T47D-KBluc cell lines were investigated. The cell lines were chosen due to their response to 17β -estradiol. The selected fungicides are commonly used in Poland to protect crops against fungi. Our results revealed that the studied fungicides caused significant increases in cell viability and proliferation, and estrogenic activity was present in all studied compounds depending on their concentrations. Oxidative stress activated uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation by inducing ROS production and by inhibiting antioxidant defense. Our findings verify that the studied fungicides could possibly exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and exposure should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Marcin Makuła
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Rafał Krętowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Sokołowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Józefa Wiater
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland;
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Vullo AI, Vullo DL, Basack SB. Assessment of intensive periurban agriculture soil quality applying biomarkers in earthworms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118535. [PMID: 37399620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Periurban agriculture in Argentina is carried out by farmers without adequate control. The indiscriminate agrochemical application for productivity improvement negatively impacts the environment. The objective of this work was to test the quality of periurban agricultural soils by performing bioassays with Eisenia andrei as an indicator. Soils belonging to two orchards with intensive production (S: strawberry/broccoli crop plot and G: tomato/pepper crop greenhouse - Moreno District, Buenos Aires, Argentina) were sampled during 2015 and 2016. As subcellular biomarkers, cholinesterases (ChE), carboxylesterases (CaE), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) activities were analysed in E. andrei (7-day exposure). While no effect on ChE activities was observed, CaE activities were significantly reduced 18% (S-2016 soil). GST activities were increased 35% and 30% by S-2016 and G-2016, respectively. CaE decrease together with GST increase could be indicative of a negative disturbance. Concerning whole organism biomarkers, reproduction (56-day exposure), avoidance (3-day exposure), and feeding activity (bait-lamina test, 3-day exposure) were analysed. A reduced cocoons' viability (50%), hatchability (55%), accompanied by a low number of juveniles (50%) were observed in all cases. Additionally, the earthworms exhibited significant avoidance responses to S-2015, S-2016 and G-2016 whereas G-2015 soil induced migration. No significant effect on the feeding activity was registered in any case. Most of the E. andrei biomarkers tested could constitute an early warning of harmful effects produced by polluted periurban soils, even if the agrochemical treatment applied remains unknown. The results reveal the need to develop an action plan to avoid further deterioration of the productive soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Vullo
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana L Vullo
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvana B Basack
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Lari S, Vanka J, Jee B, Pandiyan A, Yamagani P, Kumar SB, Naidu M, Jonnalagadda P. Mitigation of pesticide residue levels in the exposed dermal regions of occupationally exposed farmworkers by use of personal protective equipment. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1232149. [PMID: 37719736 PMCID: PMC10502222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1232149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsafe pesticide handling practices with the limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by the Indian farming groups lead to an increased risk of exposure to pesticides. Therefore, a community-based follow-up study based on dosimeters, wipes, and hand-wash technique was carried out to evaluate the dermal exposure to pesticides and to analyze the impact of the usage of PPE on minimizing the exposure among the farmworkers of Rangareddy district, Telangana, India. Risk in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and safety analysis as margins of safety was assessed. Farmworkers averaged 18 years of farming experience and showed resistance to adopting good agricultural practices. Ten pesticide residues were detected in concentrations ranging from 0.000 to 246 mg ml-1 in hand-wash, 0.000 to 198.33 ng cm-2 in patch dosimeter, and 0.000 to 1,740 ng cm-2 in wipe samples collected from farmworkers not using PPE. The second phase includes the intervention study results that revealed a significant reduction both in the concentrations and the number of pesticide residues detected in the hand-wash, patch, and wipe samples of the farmworkers who have used the PPE provided to them (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the probabilistic health risk assessment in terms of the HQ values ranged from 0.02 to 1029.82, and HI was >1, suggesting the non-carcinogenic risks associated with dermal exposure to pesticides among them. Additionally, the safety risk assessment in terms of the margin of safety suggests that they follow risky handling practices. The study confirms that farmworkers are exposed to pesticides and emphasizes the significance of using PPE in reducing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Lari
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Janardhan Vanka
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Pandiyan
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Praveen Yamagani
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Mohan Naidu
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Padmaja Jonnalagadda
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Lari S, Jonnalagadda PR, Yamagani P, Medithi S, Vanka J, Pandiyan A, Naidu M, Jee B. Assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides among farmers using dosimeter and hand washing methods. Front Public Health 2022; 10:957774. [PMID: 36091511 PMCID: PMC9449638 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.957774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of pesticides followed by unsafe handling practices to control the insect infestation among the farming groups in developing countries has resulted in a high exposure risk. The use of personal protective equipment is also negligible among Indian farmers due to their affordability to access the same. Very little research has been conducted to establish an exposure assessment procedure through dermal penetration of pesticide residues. Therefore, to quantify the contamination of pesticide residues through dermal exposure along with detailed field observations and pesticide management practices, a field study was conducted in Rangareddy district, Telangana, Southern India, to assess the dermal exposure based on dosimeter and hand washing methods. The analytical method was modified and validated in-house for performance parameters such as limit of detection, quantification, linear range, recovery, and precision. The potential dermal exposure values ranged from 0.15 to 13.45 μg, while a reduction was found in exposure levels as actual dermal exposure values ranged from 0 to 0.629 μg. Contamination through hand washing was the major contributor to overall dermal exposure. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the exposed dermal regions of the leg and torso after the use of PPE. Penetration factor for each anatomical region and risk evaluation in terms of the Margin of Safety implies unsafe handling of pesticides. The findings of the present study confirm the increased exposure to organophosphate pesticides among operators and highlight the importance of the use of protective measures, especially among those that focus on dermal exposure mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Lari
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja R. Jonnalagadda
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,*Correspondence: Padmaja R. Jonnalagadda
| | - Praveen Yamagani
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srujana Medithi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Janardhan Vanka
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arun Pandiyan
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohan Naidu
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
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Aprea MC, Centi L, Meniconi M, Lunghini L, Banchi B, Sartorelli P. Determinants of Skin and Respiratory Exposure to Lufenuron During Spraying and Re-entry in Italian Ornamental Plants Greenhouses. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:554-565. [PMID: 33837378 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate dermal and respiratory exposure of workers to Lufenuron during spraying and re-entry on ornamental plants (stapling) in greenhouses. Potential and real skin exposure were evaluated using filter paper pads, hand contamination by washing, and respiratory exposure by personal air sampling. Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) during re-entry were determined in order to calculate the dermal transfer factor (DTF). Lufenuron was analysed by liquid chromatography-mass detection. Respiratory dose (ReD) was calculated on the basis of a lung ventilation of 15-20 l min-1 and absorbed doses assuming a skin penetration of 13% and a respiratory retention of 100%. During stapling, from the dependence of exposure of hands from DFRs, the mean DTF was 0.575 cm2 h-1 (geometric mean). The ReD was 68.7-74.6 and 0.022-0.636% of the total real dose during spraying and stapling, respectively. The absorbed doses, 0.144-0.171 and 0.005-0.124 µg kg bw-1 during spraying and stapling, respectively, were less than the acceptable operator exposure level of 10 µg kg bw-1. Proper use of equipment and personal protective equipment and personal hygiene are aspects of fundamental importance on which workers must be trained. Adequate occupational hygiene studies are needed to support and verify working practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Aprea
- Department of Prevention, Unit of Occupational Hygiene and Toxicology, Public Health Laboratory, AUSL South-East Tuscany, Strada del Ruffolo, 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Letizia Centi
- Department of Prevention, Unit of Hygiene and Health in the Work Place, AUSL South-East Tuscany, Via Serdini, 46, 53041 Abbadia San Salvatore, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Meniconi
- Department of Technical Health Professions, Rehabilitation and Prevention, AUSL South-East Tuscany, Via Serdini, 46, 53041 Abbadia San Salvatore, Siena, Italy
| | - Liana Lunghini
- Department of Prevention, Unit of Occupational Hygiene and Toxicology, Public Health Laboratory, AUSL South-East Tuscany, Strada del Ruffolo, 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Banchi
- Department of Prevention, Unit of Occupational Hygiene and Toxicology, Public Health Laboratory, AUSL South-East Tuscany, Strada del Ruffolo, 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Sartorelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Unit of Occupational Medicine AOU Senese, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
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